- •English grammar
- •Билет №1 Simple Sentence (ss)
- •Билет №2 The Principal Parts of the Sentence
- •It as the subject of the sentence
- •The Compound Verbal Predicate
- •Mixed types of predicate
- •Билет №3 Secondary parts
- •Independent Parts of the Sentence
- •Билет №4 The Gerund
- •General description of verbals;
- •General characteristics of the g.;
- •The functions of the g. In the sentence
- •Билет №5 The Infinitive
- •Билет №6 Тhe Participle
- •Билет №7 Predicative Constructions with the Verbals
- •Infinitive Constructions
- •Билет №8 The Compound Sentence
- •Билет №9 The Complex Sentence. Nominal Clauses the plan
- •1.Nominal clause
- •2. Subject clause
- •3. Predicative clause
- •4. Object clause
- •It was appropriate that the guests wore evening dresses
- •Билет №10 The Complex Sentence. Attributive Clauses
- •Билет №11 The Complex Sentence. Adverbial Clauses
- •Билет №12 Tense and Aspect. Indefinite and Continuous
- •The Present Indefinite Tense
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
- •Билет №13 Tense and Aspect. Perfect and Perfect Continuous
- •Билет №14 Voice. The Passive Voice
- •Билет №15 Mood. The Subjunctive Mood
- •I wish you’d come oftener to see us. / я хотела бы, чтобы вы почаще заходили.
- •Билет №16 The use of the Subjunctive Mood in conditional sentences
- •Билет №17 Modal verbs. Can, may and their equivalents
- •General description of m.V.; their peculiarities (see №18)
- •Can/could
- •May/might
- •Билет №18 Modal verbs. Must, have to, be to and their equivalents
- •Билет №19 Modal verbs. Should, would, shall, will, dare, need
Билет №19 Modal verbs. Should, would, shall, will, dare, need
(C) ESP
SHOULD; OUGHT TO
Meaning:
a) deductions
b) advisability; weaker obligation
WILL/WOULD
Expresses:
1) Determination
I will do it now (also linked with the sudden decisions).
-
Request (in interrogative structures)
Will you please open the window?
If-clauses: if you will (would) sit down for a minute, I’ll show you the catalogue (Будьте добры, пересядьте, пожалуйста…)
-
Regularly repeated actions
We would get up early and go fishing.
-
Universal truths
Boys will be boys.
-
Inanimal subjects
The car won’t start.
-
Assumption
The phone is ringing. This will be your brother.
SHALL
1) Promise, threat or warning
You shall suffer for this.
2) Commitment
(Formal documents)
The supplier shall be responsible for the safe delivery…
3) Obligation (very formal)
Each student shall take 5 elected courses.
DARE
a) used as an ordinary verb:
She didn't dare to tell him what had happened. He's a man who dares to say what he thinks.
b) used as a modal verb:
How dare you! Take your hands off me at once!
c) idiomatic uses:
1) I dare say / daresay you are ready for a meal.
2) Mummy! Can I draw a picture on the wall? - You dare! [BrEJ; Don't vou dare!
3) I dare you to run across the road with your eyes shut. (Children use this expression to challenge each other to do frightening things).
NEED
Usage:
You needn't pay for that phone-call. = You don't need to pay for that phone call [with
reference to a particular occasion].
You don't need to pay for emergency calls in most countries [with reference to habitual,
general necessity]
We didn't need to reserve seats [= we DIDN'T reserve seats because it was unnecessary] We needn't have reserved seats [= we DID reserve seats, but it was quite unnecessary]