- •Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7
- •Volume 1
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1 Introduction 109
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction 185
- •4.3.1 Introduction 392
- •5.1 Introduction 511
- •6.1 Introduction 561
- •6.2.1 Introduction 563
- •6.4.1 Introduction 579
- •Volume 2
- •7.3.1 Introduction 628
- •7.4.1 Introduction 734
- •7.5.1 Introduction 777
- •7.6.1 Introduction 849
- •7.10.1 Introduction 887
- •8.1 Introduction 933
- •1 Introduction 1071
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
- •1 Introduction 1149
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •150.000 Annual Fiber Flow[kt]
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Void volume
- •Void volume fraction
- •Xylan and Fiber Morphology
- •Initial bulk residual
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction
- •In (Ai) Model concept Reference
- •Initial value
- •Validation and Application of the Kinetic Model
- •Inititial
- •Viscosity
- •Influence on Bleachability
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Introduction
- •International
- •Impregnation
- •Influence of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis
- •140 116 Total so2
- •Xylonic
- •Viscosity Brightness
- •Xyl Man Glu Ara Furf hoAc XyLa
- •Initial NaOh charge [% of total charge]:
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Xylosec
- •Xylan residues
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Initiator Promoter Inhibitor
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Intra-Stage Circulation and Circulation between Stages
- •Implications of Liquor Circulation
- •Vid Chalmers Tekniska
- •Introduction
- •It is a well-known fact that the mechanical properties of the viscose fibers
- •Increase in the low molecular-weight fraction [2]. The short-chain molecules represent
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In the cooking process or, alternatively, white liquor can be used for the cold
- •Is defined as the precipitate formed upon acidification of an aqueous alkaline solution
- •934 8 Pulp Purification
- •8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution 935
- •Is essentially governed by chemical degradation reactions involving endwise depolymerization
- •80 °C [12]. Caustic treatment: 5%consistency ,
- •30 Min reaction time, NaOh concentrations:
- •8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution
- •80 °C is mainly governed by chemical degradation reactions (e.G. Peeling reaction).
- •Investigated using solid-state cp-mas 13c-nmr spectroscopy (Fig. 8.4).
- •Indicates cleavage of the intramolecular hydrogen bond between o-3-h and o-5′,
- •8 Pulp Purification
- •Interaction between alkali and cellulose, a separate retention tower is not really
- •In the following section.
- •3% In the untreated pulp must be ensured in order to avoid a change in the supramolecular
- •8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction
- •Xylan content [%]
- •8 Pulp Purification
- •Is calculated as effective alkali (ea). Assuming total ea losses (including ea consumption
- •Xylan content [%]
- •8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction
- •120 °C (occasionally 140 °c). As mentioned previously, hce is carried out solely
- •Involved in alkaline cooks (kraft, soda), at less severe conditions and thus avoiding
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 953
- •954 8 Pulp Purification
- •120 Kg NaOh odt–1, 90–240 min, 8.4 bar (abs)
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 955
- •956 8 Pulp Purification
- •Into the purification reaction, either in the same (eo) or in a separate stage
- •960 8 Pulp Purification
- •8.4.1.5 Composition of Hot Caustic Extract
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 961
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Xyloisosaccharinic acid
- •Inorganicsa
- •Inorganic compounds
- •Value (nhv), which better reflects the actual energy release, accounts for the fact
- •968 9 Recovery
- •It should be noted that the recycling of bleach (e.G., oxygen delignification) and
- •9.1 Characterization of Black Liquors 969
- •9.1.2.1 Viscosity
- •9.1.2.3 Surface Tension
- •9.1.2.5 Heat Capacity [8,11]
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Is described by the empirical equation:
- •9 Recovery
- •Vent gases from all areas of the pulp mill. From an environmental perspective,
- •9.2.2.1 Introduction
- •In the sump at the bottom of the evaporator. The generated vapor escapes
- •Incineration, whereas sulphite ncg can be re-used for cooking acid preparation.
- •9 Recovery
- •Values related to high dry solids concentrations. The heat transfer rate is pro-
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •9.2.2.3 Multiple-Effect Evaporation
- •7% Over effects 4 and 5, but more than 30% over effect 1 alone.
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Increasing the dry solids concentration brings a number of considerable advantages
- •9.2.2.4 Vapor Recompression
- •Is driven by electrical power. In general, vapor coming from the liquor
- •Vapor of more elevated temperature, thus considerably improving their performance.
- •9 Recovery
- •Is typically around 6 °c. The resulting driving temperature difference
- •Is low, and hence vapor recompression plants require comparatively large heating
- •Vapor recompression systems need steam from another source for start-up.
- •9 Recovery
- •Its temperature is continuously falling to about 180 °c. After the superheaters,
- •In the furnace walls, and only 10–20% in the boiler bank. As water turns into
- •9.2.3.1.2 Material Balance
- •Is required before the boiler ash is mixed. In addition, any chemical make-up
- •In this simplified model, all the potassium from the black liquor (18 kg t–1
- •Values for the chemicals in Eq. (11) can be inserted on a molar basis, equivalent
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Input/output
- •9 Recovery
- •9.2.3.1.3 Energy Balance
- •In the black liquor, from water formed out of hydrogen in organic material, and
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •9.2.3.2 Causticizing and Lime Reburning
- •9.2.3.2.1 Overview
- •9.2.3.2.2 Chemistry
- •986 9 Recovery
- •Insoluble metal salts are kept low. Several types of filters with and without lime
- •Is, however, not considered a loss because some lime mud must be
- •988 9 Recovery
- •In slakers and causticizers needs special attention in order to avoid particle disintegration,
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes 989
- •Ing disks into the center shaft, and flows to the filtrate separator. There, the white
- •9.2.3.2.4 Lime Cycle Processes and Equipment
- •It is either dried with flue gas in a separate, pneumatic lime mud dryer or is fed
- •990 9 Recovery
- •Its temperature falls gradually. Only about one-half of the chemical energy in the
- •9.2.3.3.2 Black Liquor Gasification
- •Inorganics leave the reactor as solids, and into high-temperature techniques,
- •In the bed. Green liquor is produced from surplus bed solids. The product gas
- •992 9 Recovery
- •Incremental capacity for handling black liquor solids. The encountered difficulties
- •10% Of today’s largest recovery boilers. When the process and material issues are
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes 993
- •9.2.3.3.3 In-Situ Causticization
- •Is still in the conceptual phase, and builds on the formation of sodium titanates
- •9.2.3.3.4 Vision Bio-Refinery
- •Into primary and secondary recovery steps. This definition relates to the recovery
- •994 9 Recovery
- •Is largely different between sulfite cooking bases. While magnesium and
- •Introduction
- •In alkaline pulping the operation of the lime kiln represents an emission source.
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Is by the sophisticated management of these sources. This comprises their collection,
- •Ions, potassium, or transition metals) in the process requires the introduction
- •Industry”. Similarly guidelines for a potential kraft pulp mill in Tasmania [3]
- •Initially, the bleaching of chemical pulp was limited to treatment with hypochlorite
- •In a hollander, and effluent from the bleach plant was discharged without
- •In a heh treatment and permitted higher brightness at about 80% iso (using
- •Increasing pulp production resulted in increasing effluent volumes and loads.
- •10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development 999
- •It became obvious that the bleaching process was extremely difficult to operate in
- •In a c stage was detected as aox in the effluent (50 kg Cl2 t–1 pulp generated
- •1% Of the active chlorine is converted into halogenated compounds (50 kg active
- •In chlorination effluent [12] led to the relatively rapid development of alternative
- •1000 10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development
- •In 1990, only about 5% of the world’s bleached pulp was produced using ecf
- •64 Million tons of pulp [14]. The level of pulp still bleached with chlorine
- •10 000 Tons. These are typically old-fashioned, non-wood mills pending an
- •In developed countries, kraft pulp mills began to use biodegradation plants for
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •Indeed, all processes are undergoing continual development and further improvement.
- •Vary slightly different depending upon the type of combustion unit and the fuel
- •10.3Emissions to the Atmosphere
- •Volatile organic
- •In 2004 for a potential pulp mill in Tasmania using “accepted
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •Is woodyard effluent (rain water), which must be collected and treated biologically
- •10.4 Emissions to the Aquatic Environment
- •Is converted into carbon dioxide, while the other half is converted into biomass
- •Into alcohols and aldehydes; (c) conversion of these intermediates into acetic acid and
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •In North America, effluent color is a parameter which must be monitored.
- •It is not contaminated with other trace elements such as mercury, lead, or cadmium.
- •10.6 Outlook
- •Increase pollution by causing a higher demand for a chemical to achieve identical
- •In addition negatively affect fiber strength, which in turn triggers a higher
- •Introduction
- •2002, Paper-grade pulp accounts for almost 98% of the total wood pulp production
- •Important pulping method until the 1930s) continuously loses ground and finds
- •Importance in newsprint has been declining in recent years with the increasing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Virtually all paper and paperboard grades in order to improve strength properties.
- •In fact, the word kraft is the Swedish and German word for strength. Unbleached
- •Importance is in the printing and writing grades. In these grades, softwood
- •In this chapter, the main emphasis is placed on a comprehensive discussion of
- •1010 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is particularly sensitive to alkaline cleavage. The decrease in uronic acid content
- •Xylan in the surface layers of kraft pulps as compared to sulfite pulps has been
- •80% Cellulose content the fiber strength greatly diminishes [14]. This may be due
- •Viscoelastic and capable of absorbing more energy under mechanical stress. The
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp 1011
- •Various pulping treatments using black spruce with low fibril
- •In the viscoelastic regions. Fibers of high modulus and elasticity tend to peel their
- •1012 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity mL g–1 793 635 833 802 1020 868 1123
- •Xylose % od pulp 7.3 6.9 18.4 25.5 4.1 2.7 12.2
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Inorganic Compounds
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Insight into many aspects of pulp origin and properties, including the type of
- •Indicate oxidative damage of carbohydrates).
- •In general, the r-values of paper pulps are typically at higher levels as predicted
- •Is true for sulfite pulps. Even though the r-values of sulfite pulps are generally
- •Is rather unstable in acid sulfite pulping, and this results in a low (hemicellulose)
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Ing process, for example the kraft process, the cellulose:hemicellulose ratio is
- •Increases by up to 100%. In contrast to fiber strength, the sheet strength is highly
- •Identified as the major influencing parameter of sheet strength properties. It has
- •In contrast to dissolving pulp specification, the standard characterization of
- •Is observed for beech kraft pulp, which seems to correlate with the enhanced
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is significantly higher for the sulfite as compared to the kraft pulps, and indicates
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Xylan [24].
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Introduction
- •Various cellulose-derived products such as regenerated fibers or films (e.G.,
- •Viscose, Lyocell), cellulose esters (acetates, propionates, butyrates, nitrates) and
- •In pulping and bleaching operations are required in order to obtain a highquality
- •Important pioneer of cellulose chemistry and technology, by the statement that
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Involves the extensive characterization of the cellulose structure at three different
- •Is an important characteristic of dissolving pulps. Finally, the qualitative and
- •Inorganic compounds
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.1 Pulp Origin, Pulp Consumers
- •Include the recently evaluated Formacell procedure [7], as well as the prehydrolysis-
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.2 Chemical Properties
- •11.3.2.2.1 Chemical Composition
- •In the polymer. The available purification processes – particularly the hot and cold
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •In the steeping lye inhibits cellulose degradation during ageing due to the
- •Is governed by a low content of noncellulosic impurities, particularly pentosans,
- •Increase in the xylan content in the respective viscose fibers clearly support the
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Instability. Diacetate color is measured by determining the yellowness coefficient
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is, however, not the only factor determining the optical properties of cellulosic
- •In the case of alkaline derivatization procedures (e.G., viscose, ethers). In industrial
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •Viscose
- •In order to bring out the effect of mwd on the strength properties of viscose
- •Imitating the regular production of rayon fibers. To obtain a representative view
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Viscose Ether (hv) Viscose Acetate Acetate
- •Xylan % 3.6 3.1 1.5 0.9 0.2
- •1.3 Dtex regular viscose fibers in the conditioned
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more pronounced for sulfite than for phk pulps. Surprisingly, a clear correlation
- •Viscose fibers in the conditioned state related to the carbonyl
- •1038 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In a comprehensive study, the effect of placing ozonation before (z-p) and after
- •Increased from 22.9 to 38.4 lmol g–1 in the case of a pz-sequence, whereas
- •22.3 To 24.2 lmol g–1. The courses of viscosity and carboxyl group contents were
- •Viscosity measurement additionally induces depolymerization due to strong
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increasing ozone charges. For more detailed
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more selective when ozonation represents the final stage according to an
- •11.3.2.3 Supramolecular Structure
- •1042 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is further altered by subsequent bleaching and purification processes. This
- •Involved in intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The softened state favors
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Interestingly, the resistance to mercerization, which refers to the concentration of
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Illustrate that the difference in lye concentration between the two types of dissolving
- •Intensity (see Fig. 11.18: hw-phk high p-factor) clearly changes the supramolecular
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose filterability, thus indicating an improved reactivity.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Impairs the accessibility of the acetylation agent. When subjecting a low-grade dissolving
- •Identification of the cell wall layers is possible by the preferred orientation of
- •Viscose pulp (low p-factor) (Fig. 11.21b, top). Apparently, the type of pulp – as well
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •150 °C for 2 h, more than 70% of a xylan, which was added to the cooking liquor
- •20% In the case of alkali concentrations up to 50 g l–1 [67]. Xylan redeposition has
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Xylan added linters cooked without xylan linters cooked with xylan
- •Viscosity
- •In the surface layer than in the inner fiber wall. This is in agreement with
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content in peelings [wt%]
- •Xylan content located in the outermost layers of the beech phk fibers suggests
- •11.3.2.5 Fiber Morphology
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •50 And 90%. Moreover, bleachability of the screened pulps from which the wood
- •11.3.2.6 Pore Structure, Accessibility
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Volume (Vp), wrv and specific pore surface (Op) were seen between acid sulfite
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Irreversible loss of fiber swelling occurs; indeed, Maloney and Paulapuro reported
- •In microcrystalline areas as the main reason for hornification [85]. The effect of
- •105 °C, thermal degradation proceeds in parallel with hornification, as shown in
- •Increased, particularly at temperatures above 105 °c. The increase in carbonyl
- •In pore volume is clearly illustrated in Fig. 11.28.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increase in the yellowness coefficient, haze, and the amount of undissolved particles.
- •11.3.2.7 Degradation of Dissolving Pulps
- •In mwd. A comprehensive description of all relevant cellulose degradation processes
- •Is reviewed in Ref. [4]. The different modes of cellulose degradation comprise
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •50 °C, is illustrated graphically in Fig. 11.29.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In the crystalline regions.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Important dissolving pulps, derived from hardwood, softwood and cotton linters
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp 1061
- •Xylan rel% ax/ec-pad 2.5 3.5 1.3 1.0 3.2 0.4
- •Viscosity mL g–1 scan-cm 15:99 500 450 820 730 1500 2000
- •1062 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1072 1 Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Inventor of stone groundwood. Right: the second version
- •1074 2 A Short History of Mechanical Pulping
- •In refining, the thinnings (diameter 7–10cm) can also be processed.
- •In mechanical pulping as it causes foam; the situation is especially
- •In mechanical pulping, those fibers that are responsible for strength properties
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In mechanical pulping, the wood should have a high moisture content, and the
- •In the paper and reduced paper quality. The higher the quality of the paper, the
- •1076 3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp
- •1, Transversal resistance; 2, Longitudinal resistance; 3, Tanning limit.
- •3.2 Processing of Wood 1077
- •In the industrial situation in order to avoid problems of pollution and also
- •1078 3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp
- •2, Grinder pit; 3, weir; 4, shower water pipe;
- •5, Wood magazine; 6, finger plate; 7, pulp stone
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1.2.1 Softening of the Fibers
- •1080 4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •235 °C, whereas according to Styan and Bramshall [4] the softening temperatures
- •Isolated lignin, the softening takes place at 80–90 °c, and additional water
- •4.1 Grinding Processes 1081
- •1082 4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •1, Cool wood; 2, strongly heated wood layer; 3, actual grinding
- •4.1.2.2 Defibration (Deliberation) of Single Fibers from the Fiber Compound
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Influence of Parameters on the Properties of Groundwood
- •In the mechanical defibration of wood by grinding, several process parameters
- •Improved by increasing both parameters – grinding pressure and pulp stone
- •In practice, the temperature of the pit pulp is used to control the grinding process,
- •In Fig. 4.8, while the grit material of the pulp stone estimates the microstructure
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.1 Grinding Processes
- •Is of major importance for process control in grinding.
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.1.4.2 Chain Grinders
- •Is fed continuously, as shown in Fig. 4.17.
- •Initial thickness of the
- •75 Mm thickness, is much thinner than that of a concrete pulp stone, much
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Include:
- •Increases; from the vapor–pressure relationship, the boiling temperature is seen
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •In the pgw proves, and to prevent the colder seal waters from bleeding onto the
- •4.1 Grinding Processes
- •In pressure grinding, the grinder shower water temperature and flow are
- •70 °C, a hot loop is no longer used, and the grinding process is
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Very briefly at a high temperature and then refined at high
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Intensity caused by plate design and rotational speed.
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •1. Reduction of the chips sizes to units of matches.
- •2. Reduction of those “matches” to fibers.
- •3. Fibrillation of the deliberated fibers and fiber bundles.
- •1970S as result of the improved tmp technology. Because the key subprocess in
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Impregnation Preheating Cooking Yield
- •30%. Because of their anatomic structure, hardwoods are able to absorb more
- •Is at least 2 mWh t–1 o.D. Pulp for strongly fibrillated tmp and ctmp pulps from
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •1500 R.P.M. (50 Hz) or 1800 r.P.M. (60 Hz); designed pressure 1.4 mPa
- •1500 R.P.M. (50 Hz) or 1800 r.P.M. (60 Hz); designed pressure 1.4 mPa;
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •In hardwoods makes them more favorable than softwoods for this purpose. A
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1114 5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.2Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning 1115
- •In refiner mechanical pulping, there is virtually no such coarse material in the
- •1116 5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.2Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.3 Reject Treatment and Heat Recovery
- •55% Iso and 65% iso. The intensity of the bark removal, the wood species,
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1124 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Initially, the zinc hydroxide is filtered off and reprocessed to zinc dust. Then,
- •2000 Kg of technical-grade product is common. Typically, a small amount of a chelant
- •6.1 Bleaching with Dithionite 1125
- •Vary, but are normally ca. 10 kg t–1 or 1% on fiber. As the number of available
- •1126 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •70 °C, 2 h, amount of NaOh adjusted.
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •Is shown in Fig. 6.5, where silicate addition leads to a higher brightness and a
- •Volume (bulk). For most paper-grade applications, fiber volume should be low in
- •Valid and stiff fibers with a high volume are an advantage; however, this requires
- •1130 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •Very high brightness can be achieved with two-stage peroxide bleaching, although
- •In a first step. This excess must be activated with an addition of caustic soda. The
- •Volume of liquid to be recycled depends on the dilution and dewatering conditions
- •6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Is an essential requirement for bleaching effectiveness. Modern twin-wire presses
- •Is discharged to the effluent treatment plant. After the main bleaching stage, the
- •6.3 Technology of Mechanical Pulp Bleaching
- •1136 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •7.3 Shows the fractional composition according to the McNett principle versus
- •1138 7 Latency and Properties of Mechanical Pulp
- •7.2 Properties of Mechanical Pulp 1139
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion
- •4.0% Worldwide; 4.2% for the cepi countries; and 4.8% for Germany.
- •1150 1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Virgin fibers
- •74.4 % Mixed grades
- •Indonesia
- •Virgin fibers
- •Inhomogeneous sample Homogeneous sample
- •Variance of sampling Variance of measurement
- •1.Quartile
- •3.Quartile
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Integral
- •In Newtonion liquid
- •Velocity
- •Increasing dp
- •2Α filter
- •0 Reaction time
- •Increasing interaction of probe and cellulose
- •Increasing hydrodynamic size
- •Vessel cell of beech
- •Initial elastic range
- •Internal flow
- •Intact structure
- •Viscosity 457
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1292 Index
- •Visbatch® pulp 354
- •Index 1293
- •1294 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Viscosity–extinction 433
- •Index 1295
- •1296 Index
- •Index 1297
- •Inhibitor 789
- •1298 Index
- •Index 1299
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •1300 Index
- •Industries
- •Index 1301
- •1302 Index
- •Index 1303
- •Xylose 463
- •1304 Index
- •Index 1305
- •1306 Index
- •Index 1307
- •1308 Index
- •In conventional kraft cooking 232
- •Visbatch® pulp 358
- •Index 1309
- •In prehydrolysis-kraft process 351
- •Visbatch® cook 349–350
- •1310 Index
- •Index 1311
- •1312 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1313
- •Viscosity 459
- •Interactions 327
- •1314 Index
- •Index 1315
- •Viscosity 459
- •1316 Index
- •Index 1317
- •Xylose 461
- •Index 1319
- •Visbatch® pulp 355
- •Impregnation 151–158
- •1320 Index
- •Index 1321
- •1322 Index
- •Xylan water prehydrolysis 333
- •Index 1323
- •1324 Index
- •Viscosity 459
- •Index 1325
- •Xylose 940
- •1326 Index
- •Index 1327
- •In selected kinetics model 228–229
- •4OMeGlcA 940
- •1328 Index
- •Index 1329
- •Intermediate molecule 164–165
- •1330 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1331
- •1332 Index
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •Index 1333
- •1334 Index
- •Index 1335
- •1336 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Index 1337
- •1338 Index
- •Viscose process 7
- •Index 1339
- •Volumetric reject ratio 590
- •1340 Index
- •Index 1341
- •1342 Index
- •Index 1343
- •1344 Index
- •Index 1345
- •Initiator 788
- •Xylose 463
- •1346 Index
- •Index 1347
- •Vessel 385
- •Index 1349
- •1350 Index
- •Xylan 834
- •1352 Index
Insoluble
soluble
Insoluble
beta
cellulose
gamma
cellulose
soluble
Insoluble
alpha
cellulose
S 18 R 18
carbohydrate
content
carbohydrate
content
treatment by
NaOH 17,5 %
treatment by
NaOH 18 %
neutralization
by acetic acid
oxidation of
carbohydrates
by K2Cr2O4
1___ ___ ____ ___ __ _ _____ ___ ______________ __ _____ ______ __
_____
__" __, -_" 2____
: _______ _______ _ ____'__ __ _____ ___ ___ ___ _______ _____ _________
__ @E? :_C% __ _____ ____ ______ __ ______ $@E_ ___ __ __ __________ __ ___
)C ____ _ /<61_ ___ _____ _____ ____ _ _ _________ _,__ _ ______ _)@E_ __
__ _________&__ /<=1_ K _ _ ___ _ _____ _____ __ _ __! _ _________ _______
____'__ __ ___ $@E_ _____ _ _ _____ _ ____ @E? :_C% ____ ___ _______'
____ ___ _______ ____ @=_<? :_C%_
___3 _ ________ ____ __________
___ __________ __ ____________ ____
___
_ _ ____ _ _ % _.____!___,__
_ __________ _ ____ _____ _____ _____ _ __ __ ______ % ______ _______
__ ___ _ _____ __ __ _ _____ __ _____ ____ ___ ________ ____ ___ ___'
___ _ _ _ ______ _ _____ _____ ___ ___ _______ __ ____ _ _ _ _____ _______
__ __ __ _______ _ _ ___ _______ _ _ __________ ____ ____ __ ___
K _ ________ ___ _ __________ ___ ____ _&__ _____ ______ ___ _ __ __&___
______ _ _ _ __________ ____ ___ __________ ______ ___________ _ ________'
______ _____ __ ___ ______ ____ ___ ___ ____ _____ __ ____ _ _ __ _
___ ___ ____ _____ ______ _____ _ _____ __ ____ ___ ___ __ _______ _ ___'
_____ ___ __" ___ _ _____ _______ ____ K___ *_0__
_____
__________ _ _ _ _ ____!___,__ _____ 4.,_ _.___
_______ 5__ _!_ __ ____!.
_ ____ _ ____&_ _____ _ ____ ____ ___ __ ___ _______ ___ __ ____
____ __ _ ____&__ __ ________&___ _ ____ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ _______
____ ___ _ ______ ___ _ __ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _____ ___ ______ ____ ___'
________ _ ____ __ ________ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ ___________ __B)_ _______
_ ___ _____ _ _______ ___ ____ __ __ _ _ _ _________ __ __ _____ ___
____ _____ __ __ _ ____ __________ _ _A ___ _'_ ____ __ __ _____ __ __ ____'
_ __ __ _____ _ _ ___ _____D ____ ____ _ ___ _ _____ _ _ _ __ ___,_ __ ___
___ __ ___ _____ (_ _"____ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ ____ ___________ ___________
_ __ __ __ __ __ __ K___ *_+_
O
H
TMSO
H
TMSO
H
OTMS
OTMS
H
H
OTMS
O
H
TMSO
H
TMSO
H
H
OTMS
H
OTMS
OTMS
OTMS
H
H
H OTMS
OTMS H
O
H
TMSO
TMSO
H
OTMS
H
H OTMS
OTMS H
O
H
TMSO
TMSO
Si
CH3
CH3
TMS = CH3
1___ ___ ___ _____ _________ _ ___ ___________
_ ________ ____ __________
( ______'______ ____ __ _ ____________ ___________ _ ______ _ _______ ___
____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ________ ___ __ ___________ _ _ _ _ _____ __ _ ___
________ ____ ____ ____ _________ _K___ *_*__ -____ ____ ____ __ ___ _____
_____ __ _ _____ __ ____
O
H
HO
H
HO
H
OH
H OH
H
OH
CH2OH
H OH
HO H
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
CH2OAc
H OAc
AcO H
H OAc
OAc
CH2OAc
BH3 Ac2O
CH3
O
Ac =
1___ ___ ___ ____ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ __ ___ ______ _______ ___ __ ___
)__ _______ ___ ______ _ ___ __ ________ _ _____ _______ __ _____ ___
__ ___ _____ _ ____ ____ _________ ____ ____ _________ ___,_ _ _ __ ___
"_ ___ ____ ___ ______ ___ ___ ____ __ /<E1_ ( _______ ___ __ ___ _____
__ __ __ ________ ____ _ ____ _ __&___ _ _____ _ ___ _ _____ _ _________ ___,
_____ _ ___ __ ___ _____
_______ 6!__/__.__ _!_ __ ____!.
___ ______ "_ ___ ______ ___ ____ ___ __ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ __ _________
_________ _____ ____'____ __ ___ ______ /<>1_ __ _______ ____ __ __ ____ __ _
_____ ____ ______ ____ _____ __ ___ _ ___ ____ ____ ___ ___ _______ ______
___ ____ ______ __ ________ ____ ______ ________ ___ __________ _____ _____ '
__ _ ______
_______ __7_, _!_ __ ____!.
____ ___ __ ___ ______ ________ _ ____ __ ____ _ _____ __ _____ __ '
___ ______ ________ _ ___ ___ (_ _ _ ___ _ __ __ ______ _ __ ______ ___ __'
___ ____ _ __ __________ _______ ___ __ ___ ______ _ _ _____ ________ ___
_ _ ____ ______ __ ____ _____ ____ ____ ___ _____'_ ___ __ _____D _____
___ _____ __ ___ ______ ___ ____ __ __,__ ____ _ _______ ___ _____
________ B___________ _ __ ____ __ ___ ___ _____ ___ ______ __ _____
_ _______ _____ _ ___ __ _ ______ _____ _ _ -.'__ _ ______
____
___ __________ __ ____________
_____
__________ _ _ %___ ____ _____ 4.,_ _.___
____ ____ ___ __ __________ __ ____ _&___ _ __________ _ ___ ____ ____
-____ ___ __ ____ _____ ___ ____ ___ _ __ ________ ____ __" ___ __ __
______ ____ _ ____ "______'_______ _K___ *_0__
Hexose _ O
HO CHO
Hydroxymethyl furfural
Pentose _ O CHO
Furfural
1___ ___ _________ ______ _ ___ ___ ____ ___ __ ____ ___ _________
K______ __ __ ____ __ _ ___ _____ _ __"____ __ ________ __ _ _____ ____ __'
_ '_____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ ___ ___" ____ __ _ ___ ___ __ _ __'
_____ __ _ _________ _ 6*5 __ /651_ _ ______ _ _ ____ _________&__ ____ __
____ _______ _____ __ ____ ____ ___ ____ __ _________ ____ ___ ______ ______
_ ___ __ _ _____ ___________ _ _ ____ __'_____ _______ /6@1_
_____
__________ _ _ 8_ ___ *__,_ _____ 4.,_ _.___
__ ___________ _ ______ __ __ __________ _____ _ _ __ ___ _______ ____
____ _ ____ ________ _ ____ __,__ ____ _ _'_"_____ _______ _ ____
_ __ ___ _ ___ __ ____ _____ _ ____ _________ _ _____ ___ _____ ___ _____
________ _______ ___ ____ _______ ____ __ _____ _ ___ _ ______ ___ ____ _
__ __ ___ _ __ ____ (____ _____ ___ _"_____ _____ ________ __ _____ _ _'
__ _ ________ _ __ _ ______ ________ __ ______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ _____
_____ ___ ___ ________ G________ ___ ________ ______ __ ___ ___ ____
_____ ____ __ ________ _____ ______ ___ ____ ___ _ ____ ___ _______ _____
_ _________ ____ __ ___ _________ ____ _ _ _ _ __ ___ ______ ________
____ ____ _ _ __&_'_"___ _ __ ___ ______ ____ K___ *_+5__ ___ _______ __ __ ___
__________ ______ _ ___ _____ ___ ___ ____ __ _____
-_ __ ____ ___ __ _______ _____ _ _ __ ___ _______ _____ __ ___ ___'
____ _ ____ __ _____ ______ _ __ ____ __ _______ (___________ ___ ______
___ __ ___________ _ _____ _B) ___________ ___ ____&__ _____ ___ __ ___ ___'
____
K _ _____ __ ___ _______ _'_________'%3 __ ____ __ _ ________ _______ ____
____ ____ ___ __ ___ ______
_ ___ ____ ____ __ __ ____ ____ __ ______ __ _ H________I_ _____ ________
_________ ___ __ ________&__ __ __ ____ "_____ _ _ ___ _____ _____ ______
K _ ___ ____________ _ _ ___ _______ _________ _ ____ __ ____ ____ __ __
____ ______ ____ _ __ ____&__ _____ ____ __ ___ ___ __ ____&_ _ __ __
____ _ ___ _____ _____ ,__ ___ __ ___ _ ___ __ _____A(_____ ___ 2,_______
____
_ ________ ____ __________
________ _K___ *_<__ _____ __ ____ ___ _____ _ __ __ '__"__ __ ____ ___
__ ______ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ __ _____ _____ ___ __ ___ ______ ____'
_ __ ____ _ __"____ _ __ __ __ _____ ____ ___ _ ___ _ _ ____ __ _ _
__ _ ______
CHO
H OH
HO H
H OH
H OH
COOH
CH2OH
H O
HO H
H OH
H OH
COOH
CH2OH
H O
H OH
H OH
H OH
COOH
CHO
HO H
H OH
H OH
H OH
COOH
CHO
H OH
H OH
H OH
H OH
COOH
Glucoronic acid
Mannuronic acid Alluronic acid Altruronic acid
CHO
HO H
HO H
H OH
H OH
COOH
1___ __) !_____"_ __ ______ _ _ _________ ____
__)
1____ ___ 5_ __
__#__
____ _._ 1____ __
3___ __ __ ____ ___ __ ,__ _ _______ _____ ___ __ _____ _____ _ _ _____'
_____ _______ ___ _________ _ ___ ___ _______ _____ 3 __________ _____ __ ___
___ ________ _ __ ____ _____ _ _ _________ _ ___ __ ____ _ ___ _ _____'
_____ __ _____ ___ __ _ _____ __ ______ )__ __ ___ ___ _________ ____ __'
_____ __ _______ __ ______ : _____ ___ ________ _ _ ___ __ __ ___ __
____ __ _ ____ ______ ___ _____ _ __ ____ __ ___ __ $_ -._ ___
_____ _______ ___ ____ _:B$_ ___ _ _ __________ _________ _ ____ ______
____________ _______
____
___ _________ ____
3_____ ____ __ _ ___________ _ ___ ______ _____ __ _ _ ___ _ ___
__ ___ _ ___ __ __ ____ (_ ___ __ __ ___ ___ __ ______ __ __ ____ __ __
________ _ ___ ___ _ ___ __ _,__ __________ (_______ ___ __ "___&__ _
___ _____ _____ ____ ___ _ ___ ________ ___ ,__ ___ ___ __ ______ _ _ '
_ __ ( _________ ______ _______ ____ _ _____ _ __ ___ _ _____ _ _ )____
_____ _)____ *_@__
O
R
(H,R)
RNH2 N
R
(H,R)
+ R
Carbonyl Schiff base
-H2O
-_!__ ___ _____ __ _ ___ ______
_____ _____ ____ ______ _____ ___ ___ 3LC _ ___ "_ _ __ _ _ _____ _'
_ ___ ___ __ ____ ____ ___ _____ _______ _)____ *_+__ ____ _ ____ __ ___'
___ _ ___ __ __ _____
O
O
RNH2 N
O
+ R
lactone Schiff base
-H2O
-_!__ ___ $___ __ _ ___ ____ % _ ____ & _ __ _________ __ __ _ __________ ____ __'_
_____ _____ __ __ ___ ___ ______ ____ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___'
__ _ ___ _ _ __ _____________ _ ____ ____ ___ ___ __ __ __ _______ ____ &__
______ _ ___ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ _____ ___ __ _______ __ ____ _____ /6+1_
3 ______ __ ____ __ _ ___________ _ ___ ___ ____'_______ "____ ___ __'
_ _______ ____ ___
__#____ _ ____ ____ _9_(9)
___ ____ ______ __ _ ______ _______ _ _ ________&___ ___ _______ __ ___'
____ _ _ ________ _ ____ __ _____ _ ___ __ _______ _____ ___ _____ _ _
_"_______ ____ _ __________ ___ ________ ____ _____ _ __ "_____ __ ___
______ _ _______ _____ __ _________ ) _ _____ ___ __ _ ___ ___ __ ___
_______ __ ____ ______ __ __ __ ___ _______ __ G_ /661_
___ ____ ______ __ _______ __ ___ ______ _ _____ _ _____ ____ ___
3_+C_ ________ __ _ ___ ______ _ _ 3_)C0 __ @55 _ _ ___ _ _____ _______
___ __ _"_ ___ _ _ _ 3__ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _,____'________ _______ ___ 3_+C
_________ __ ___ ____ __ ___ _____ _______D _____ _______ ___ _______ ___ 3_+C
__ ____ ___ __ _ ___"___ _____ ___ ________ _____ _ _______ _____________
___)
_ ________ ____ __________
__#____ - ,_ : _ !.,__,_ ___! ,
:__%0 ______ ___ __ _ ____ "_ __ ____ _ _____ _ )____ *_*_ K _ ___
_____ __ __ _"___ _ ___ _______ _____ __ _____
O
R
(H,R)
CH
R
(H,R)
+ 8NaBH4 + 18H2O 32 OH + 2Na2B4O7 + 4NaOH
-_!__ ___ $____ __ _ ________ ______ __ _____ __________ ()*+),-_
) ____ _ _ ________ ____ __ _ _ ______ __ _____ _ ____ ___ __ __ ____
__ ___________ __ __ ___ _ ____ ___ ___ __ ______ ___ _)____ *_0__
2NaBH4 8H2 2B(OH)3 Na2SO4 H2SO4 + 6H + 2+ O +
-_!__ ___ ._______ __ _ _ ____ _____ __________ _ ________ ____
___ __ ___ _ ____ ___ __ ____ __ ____ ________ _ _________
__#____ 4.,__;___ ___! , _9'
____ ___ __ _________ __ _ _ ___ _ ________ _____&____ ___ ___ __ __ ___
_ __ _____& ___ _ _____ _ )____ *_<_
O
R
(H,R)
H2N NH2 N
R
(H,R)
NH2
buffer
H2SO4
+
-_!__ __) _____ __ ___ ________ __ _ _____"_____
(____ _____ _ ____ _____&___ ___ ________ ___ __ __ _____& __ __ ____ ___
__ ______ ___ ___ ___ ________ _____&___ __ __________ __________
__#____ <___ ___! , _9_
(_ ________ ____ "_ _____ ____ _ ____ __ ____ ____ _____ _ _____ _
)____ *_6_
O
R
(H,R)
NH2OH.HCl N
R
(H,R)
+ OH
Carbonyl Oxime
+H2O +HCl
-_!__ __9 / __ ____ __ _ ________ _______
___9
___ _________ ____
___ ________ _ _ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ _____ __ _ ___ __ ___ _
____ _ __ ___ __________ _ __ ___________ ___ _____ _ ____ ___ __ ___
_ ______ ____
__#___# 5____,/% ___! , __3
8_____ _ _______ __ _ __________ _____&____ ____ _____ ____ ___ __ __ ___ _
____ ___ ___ __ __ ____ ___ ______ _ __________ _ _____ ___ _ ___ ______
_ ___ ____ _ __ ______ __________ __ ___ ____ ___ _____ _ ___ __ ___ _
__ ___ ___ ____ _ _ ____ ____ ___ _"____ _ ____ __ ________ __________
__#___) _.__ !.,___ ___! ,
%___ ___ ______ __ _____ _____ _ ___ __ __ ___ _ _ __ ___ _______
_)____ *_=__
O
R
(H,R)
HCN
R OH
(H,R)
+
Carbonyl
Cyano hydrin
C N
-_!__ ___ _____ __ _ __________ (*_-_
___ ______ _ __________ _ _ ___ __ ___ __ __________ ___ ___ ____ ___ _'
_____
__#___* 1_ _______ _.___
$M_____ __ __ /=+1 ________ _ _____ ________ ____ _ _ ____&___ ___ ____
_____ _ _______ __ ______ __ ____ ____& _'>'___ "__ ___ /+'_+'___'
_ "_'___ "__'___ "_1'_____ _33C(__ ___ ________ ___ _____ _ _ ____ __
__ __ __ )____ *_E_
(_ ____ _______ ______ __ __ _____ __ _______________'______ _ ____
_GB(F__3_ _ _____ ___ _____ __ __ ___ __ ____ ___ ___ ____________ __
_ ___ __ -____ __'________ _ __ ___ ______ _8_3_ _________ ____ _ __
)(_)' ____ ____ ____ __________ ___ __ ______ ______ __ ___ _____ _
_________ _ ____ ______ __________ _ __ __ _______ ____ ___ ___ __ _'
____ _ ___ _________ _ ____ ______ _____ ___
____
_ ________ ____ __________
O
R
(H,R)
+
Carbonyl
H2N
O
Rf
N
R
(H,R)
O Rf
o-substituted oxime
- H2O
N
O
O
O
O
NH2
Rf
spacer
florophore
-_!__ __" _ ____ _ _________ ____ __ _________ ____ __ ___+ __/0_
__#__
____ _._ 1____ __
3___ "_ __ ___ ___ _______ _______ _ _ __ _"____ __ _ _ ____ ___ ___ __ ___
__ _ ___ __ ___ ___ _______ ( _____ __ ___ __ _________ __ "_____ _ _____ __
______ _______ ______ ___ ___ _______ _ ___ "__ __ ___ __ ___ ____ ___'
_ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ ______ _____ _ ____ _____ __ ___ __ ____ _ _______ _
___ ______ ___ _ _ ____,_ _ ____
3___ "__ _____ __ _ ___ __ ___ ___ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ ____ _
___ ___ __ __________ ______ _____ _ _'_"_____ _____ __ ____
)____ *_>__
R
O
OH
+ K+A- R
O
OK
+ H2O + H3O+ + A-
-_!__ __' !__ _ ______ ____ __ _ _____ ___ ___ ____
___ ____ ____ #N ____ __ _ _ ___ ____ ________ _ ___ "__ __ ___ ____ _
___ _____'_ _ (A_ ___ ________ _ _ ___ "__ __ ___ ___ ____ __ _____'
_____ __ ___ _______ __ _______ _ __ _______ _ _ ___ ____ ____ _______ #N_
(_ __ ___ _______ _ ____ __ _______ _ _ ___________ ___ "_ __ ___ ____
____ *_@__ ___ __ __ ____ __ _________&__ _ _,_ ____ :_%3C*_ ( _ _'
_"_____ ____ __ __ __ _____ ___ __ ____ _____ ___ ___ __ ____ ____ __
_______ __ _______ ____ ________ ___ ________ ___ "_ ______
___"
__ ! "_ __ _____ __#_____ $___ ____ __%
6___ ___ 1_ ____ __ __ __ _____ __ _ _____ ___ _______
_______ %________ _ ________ _________$_&
3__3%*3CC_+ (_____ =*
3__3%*3CC_+ =0
O__3%*3CC_+ O__3%*3CC_+ =<
:_3 N :_%3C* :_%3C*' _______ _ =6_==
:_3 N :_C% :_C%' _______ _ =E __ _____ ________
=> _ ____ ________
3_____ __ __ G__' _______ _ E5
B_______ ___ G__' _______ _ E@
__9
______ _ % _.___;___ _ $_ ______ ____&
B___ ___ _ __ __ _______ _ ___ _ ____ __ ____ ______ ______ _
___ ____ _____ _ ___ _ _____ _______ ___ G_ _ _ ____ ____ _ ___ _ '
_____ _ __ __ __ _____ ___ G_ __ ________ _ _ _______ ___ ______ ____'
___ ___ ____ ________ ______ ,___ ___ ________ (__ _ _____ _______
______ _ ____ _ _________ _____ ____ __ ___________ __ _ __________ _ ___'
__ __ __ __ __ __ K___ *_6_
___ G_ __ ________ __ _ _____ _ ______ __ _ __ ____ ___ ___ "_______ _____'
____ _ ____ )___ _ .'0_6_0__ _ __ ___ _______ __&_ _ ___ _ ____ __ __ __ ___
_______ __ ___ _ ____ ____ ___ ___ _ _____ ____ _ _______ _ _______
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
wi
i
i
0
w di
degree of polymerization
molecular mass
number
average
weight
average
differential
distribution