- •The english we learn
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise IV. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian. Try to memorize them. Make up sentences using these words.
- •III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the word cause used as noun or verb.
- •IV. Read and translate the text, say what its main points are. Study the vocabulary notes after the text.
- •V. Find all the international words in the text. Say what Russian words help to guess the meaning of these words.
- •VI. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text Scientific English. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VII. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •VIII. Translate the following words (word combinations), define the part of speech they belong to, find their antonyms:
- •IX. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Try to memorize some of these expressions.
- •X. Match the words in column a with their definitions in column b. Define the part of speech the words in column a belong to.
- •XI. Answer the following questions and discuss the main points of the text Scientific English.
- •XII. Look through the text in exercise IV again, divide it into logical parts and entitle each of them. Speak on each point of your plan.
- •XIII. Translate the following Russian sentences into English using the vocabulary of the text Scientific English.
- •XIV. Act out the dialogue.
- •Kemerovo state university
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise IV. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •Read the following international words and define their meaning.
- •III. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian. Try to memorize them. Make up sentences using these words.
- •IV. Read and translate the text below, say what its main points are.
- •V. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text Our University. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VI. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •VII. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Try to memorize some of these expressions.
- •VIII. Make up sentences using the words proposed for each of them.
- •IX. Match the words in column a with their definitions in column b. Define the part of speech the words in column a belong to. A discussion of these terms will add to your knowledge of University.
- •X. Try to make up your own definitions of the following words.
- •XI. Answer the following questions.
- •XII. Act out the dialogue.
- •The faculty of chemistry
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the texts in unit 5. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •Consult the dictionary and find all the possible meanings of the verb to apply.
- •Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the pronouns that (those), these. That (those), these may substitute the noun already mentioned in the sentence.
- •IV. Read and translate the text below, say what its main points are. Study the vocabulary notes after the text.
- •V. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text The Faculty of Chemistry. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VI. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •VII. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Try to memorize some of these expressions.
- •VIII. Read the additional information about the Faculty of Chemistry and its activity. Translate the texts from English into Russian.
- •IX. Find the international words in the texts of unit 5 (exercises IV and VIII). Make up word combinations with some of the international chemical terms.
- •X. Answer the following questions.
- •XI. Translate the following Russian sentences into English using the vocabulary of unit 5.
- •XII. Speak on the topic “The Faculty of Chemistry” using the communicative scheme below.
- •XIII. Act out the dialogue.
- •Higher education in the usa
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise VI. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Translate the following constructions and word combinations into Russian. Try to memorize them. Make up sentences using some them.
- •III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the pronoun one (ones). The pronoun one (ones) substitutes the noun already mentioned in the sentence.
- •IV. Read and translate the text, say what its main points are.
- •V. Find all the international words in the text. Say what Russian words help to guess the meaning of these words.
- •VI. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text Higher Education in the usa. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VII. Match the words in column a with their explanations in column b.
- •VIII. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •IX. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them.
- •XI. Make up a plan of the text Higher Education in the usa. Speak on the each point of your plan. The subject matter of chemistry
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise IV. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •Translate the following constructions and word combinations into Russian. Try to memorize them. Make up sentences using them.
- •Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words with the root mean.
- •Read and translate the text, say what its main points are. Study the vocabulary notes after the text.
- •V. Find all the international words in the text. Say what Russian words help to guess the meaning of these words.
- •VI. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text Chemistry as a Science. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VII. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •VIII. Read the sentences, fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •IX. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •X. Match the words (word combinations) in column a with their definitions in column b.
- •XII. Read and translate the text using the dictionary, discuss the chemical phenomenon described. Give your own example of a chemical change.
- •XIII. Read some statements on the fundamental discoveries in chemistry. Find some additional and more detailed information about these scientists and their discoveries.
- •Branches of chemistry
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise III. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Translate the following words and constructions into Russian. Try to memorize them. Make up sentences using these words.
- •III. Read and translate the text, say what its main points are. Study the vocabulary notes after the text.
- •VII. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •VIII. Translate the words and word combinations given in brackets into English.
- •IX. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •X. Look through the table. Make up the definition of each branch of chemistry matching the numbers and the letters.
- •XI. Look through the text Branches of Chemistry, find Participles (I&II), Infinitives and Gerunds. Try to define their functions in the sentences.
- •XII. Answer the following questions.
- •XIII. Read the text Branches of Chemistry again, divide it into logical parts and entitle each of them. Speak on each point of your plan. The chemistry laboratory
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise IV. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Translate the following words into Russian. Make up sentences using them.
- •Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the word one used as indefinite pronoun.
- •Read and translate the text, say what its main points are. Study the vocabulary notes after the text.
- •V. Look through the text Laboratory. Fill in the table below by the suitable words from the text according to each of four groups.
- •VI. Look through the text Laboratory and find all the adjectives characterizing the word chemicals.
- •VII. Choose the Russian equivalents to the given English word combinations taken from the text Laboratory.
- •VIII. Read the following questions and find the answers in the right column of the table below.
- •IX. Insert the proper prepositions into the following sentences.
- •XI. Match the words in column a with their definitions in column b. Define the part of speech the words in column a belong to.
- •XII. Look through the text Laboratory, find Participles (I&II), Infinitives and Gerunds, try to define their functions in the sentence.
- •XIII. Read the text Laboratory, summarize the information to make a list of the Safety Rules in the Chemistry Laboratory.
- •XIV. Answer the following questions, discuss the main points of the text Laboratory and your own experience.
- •XVI. Make up short dialogues about laboratory according to one of the situations proposed below.
- •Experiments in the laboratory
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise III. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •Consult the dictionary and write down all the meanings of the following words, define the part of speech they belong to. Make up sentences using some of these words.
- •III. Read and translate the text from English into Russian, say what its main points are.
- •Read the following English word combinations taken from the text Experiments in the Laboratory. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •Read the sentences, paraphrase the sentences using the synonyms instead of the underlined words.
- •VI. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Match the words in column a with their definitions in column b. Define the part of speech the words in column a belong to.
- •VIII. Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •IX. Answer the questions on the text and discuss some aspects of experiments in chemistry.
- •X. 1) Look through this text and find the answer to the question “What substances influence the course of chemical reaction?”
- •XI. Look through the texts in this unit, find Participles (I&II), Infinitives and Gerunds. Try to define their functions in the sentences.
- •XII. Find all the international words in the text. Say what Russian words help to guess the meaning of these words.
- •XIII. Act out the following dialogue. Reproduce the dialogue the other way, changing heroes, their actions and intentions (in pairs).
- •Ecology
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise III. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Read the following international words and define their meaning.
- •III. Answer the following questions and express your point of view on the ecological problems.
- •IV. Read and translate the text below, say what its main points are. (Study the vocabulary notes after the text.) Give the title to the text.
- •V. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text above. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VI. Read the texts below. Use the words printed in italics to complete them.
- •VII. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Try to memorize some of these expressions.
- •VIII. Read the following sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones choosing them from the box.
- •IX. Choose the definition to some terms (in the box) which are connected with ecological problems. Follow the model when formulating definitions.
- •X. Look through the texts in this unit, find Participles (I&II), Infinitives and Gerunds. Try to define their functions in the sentences.
- •XII. Make up a plan of the text in exercise IV. Speak on each point of your plan.
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise V. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Translate the following constructions, words and word combinations into Russian. Define the part of speech of the words ranked singly. Make up sentences using these words.
- •III. Consult the dictionary and write down all the meanings of the following nouns. Make up word combinations with them.
- •IV. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the word result used as noun or verb.
- •V. Read and translate the text from English into Russian.
- •VI. Find all the international words in the text. Say what Russian words help to guess the meaning of these words.
- •VII. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text d. I. Mendeleyev. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VIII. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •IX. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •X. Match the words in column a with their definitions in column b. Define the part of speech the words in column a belong to.
- •XI. Look through the text d. I. Mendeleyev and discuss the main points of Mendeleyev’s biography.
- •XII. Read the sentences, translate them from Russian into English.
- •Applying for a job
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise IV. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Read the following international words correctly and define their meaning.
- •III. Define the meaning of the following words and the part of speech they belong to.
- •IV. Read and translate the text below, say what its main points are.
- •V. Read the following English word combinations taken from the text above. Choose their Russian equivalents.
- •VI. Read the sentences, insert the proper prepositions into them.
- •VII. Read the following sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones choosing them from the text Applying for a Job.
- •VIII. Act out the dialogues a and b. Make up your own dialogues concerning job search.
- •In a minute or so.
- •IX. Read the following information and say what the general rules of composing a resume are. Consult the vocabulary notes after the text if necessary.
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •X. Study the sample of resume and prepare your own resume.
- •XI. Imagine that you are interviewed by the representative of the company. Please answer his questions.
- •XII. Act out the situation At a Job Interview: the interviewer makes up a list of questions, the applicant(s) writes the resume and prepares to be interviewed (see ex. XI).
- •XIII. Scan the text to answer what the main factors of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are.
- •XIV. Speak on the topic Applying for a Job using the communicative scheme below.
- •Writing business letters
- •Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise III. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
- •II. Read and translate the following international words and word combinations into Russian. Make up sentences using them.
- •III. Read and translate the text, say what its main points are.
- •IV. Read the sentences, substitute the underlined words by the synonymous ones.
- •V. Read the sentences and insert the proper prepositions into them.
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Read and translate the following letter.
- •VIII. Compose the letter placing its parts in the proper order.
- •IX. Write a business letter using the typical ways of the beginning and the finishing a letter.
The english we learn
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Study the list of topical vocabulary to avoid the difficulties in understanding the text in exercise IV. Consult the dictionary to pronounce the words correctly.
achievement – достижение
application – применение, употребление
borrow – заимствовать
carry out – выполнять
examine – рассматривать, изучать
feature – особенность, черта
field – раздел, сфера, область
foreign language – иностранный язык
investigation – исследование
precise – точный
purpose – цель, назначение
(inter)relation – (взаимо)отношение, связь
research – исследование, исследовательская работа
science – наука
sentence – предложение
term – термин
various – различный
vocabulary – словарь, запас слов
widespread – широко распространенный
word formation – словообразование
II. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian. Try to memorize them. Make up sentences using these words.
Nowadays, thus, instead, therefore, so, for this reason, generally, ordinary, as a rule, semi-technical, firstly, extremely, at present, also, common.
III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the word cause used as noun or verb.
cause n – причина cause v – вызывать, обусловливать, причинять cause v + infinitive – заставлять |
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Modern achievements in science are the cause of making up new words and terms.
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Research in many fields caused the development of scientific vocabulary.
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The interdependence of different scientific fields causes scientists to carry out new various researches.
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Studying natural sciences causes many students to read much technical literature.
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Some English terms cause many difficulties for Russian students.
IV. Read and translate the text, say what its main points are. Study the vocabulary notes after the text.
SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH
The great technical and scientific achievements of our age have made very many people¹ study foreign languages. Nowadays modern scientists present the results of their investigations in English language: in that way their technical discoveries are examined by the large sections of the scientific public². Students who study natural sciences – such as chemistry, mathematics, physics etc. – often have necessity to read much technical literature written in a foreign language. Thus, scientific English is becoming more popular and widespread than ever before.
In examining the relation between ordinary and scientific English it is necessary to take into consideration³ vocabulary, grammar and style. If you want to understand scientific English you should have a detailed knowledge of ordinary everyday sentences with their grammatical constructions, vocabulary and rules of word formation.
Everyday English is mostly about people, their activities and feelings. When speaking, we normally use short sentences. In an ordinary conversation we usually use the active form. To make ourselves clearer we often repeat some phrases, use gestures or change the tone of our voice. So, it is possible to say that ordinary everyday English is quite personal.
Generally, scientific language depends to a large extent on4 writing. That is why scientific English has many particular features. Scientific writing is usually about things, matter, phenomena, natural processes etc. Scientists try to use precise words in their statements and construct sentences as carefully as possible.
At the same time any scientist should have an impersonal attitude towards the subject of his research – keep himself, his feelings and personality out of his work. He regards himself as an observer only. He records what exists or what happens, as if he were absent5. For this reason the passive form is commonly used in scientific writing and speech: This was done or That was taken, but not I did it or I took it. Indeed, you will hardly find a sentence beginning with I. Instead, you have the impersonal pronoun it: it is suggested, it can be stated, it is expected, it is evident etc. So, in scientific English the process the writer describes sounds mechanical, unchanging and inhuman.
The scientist seldom deals with isolated facts or events. As a rule, there are a lot of connected facts to be described, and the scientist shows what the connection is. The scientist is interested in the causes of different phenomena, therefore he usually uses in sentences: by, by means of, due to, thanks to, because of, by virtue of, owing to etc. Simple sentences are not so often used in scientific English.
The problem of scientific vocabulary in English also causes many difficulties. It is impossible to discuss a research or read an article about new investigations without knowing specific scientific vocabulary. To define phenomena accurately, scientists have been making up technical words and terms for hundreds of years. Scientific terms often mean complicated things and processes. At present a very great number of terms are created as new fields of science and new discoveries are made all over the world.
Each branch of science and technology has its special vocabulary. But many scientific terms are more or less similar in several languages. This is usually because the words have been built up from Greek and Latin roots. For example, if you know chemistry well in your own language, you will recognize many of the chemical terms when you read them in English. The difficulty is to pronounce them correctly. Examples are: agent, atom, diameter, catalyst, electrolysis, condenser, isotope, magnesium, temperature etc.
More than half of all the vocabulary of scientific English comes from a Graeco-Latin group, and is therefore international. Another group of scientific terms are the semi-technical words. Sometimes they cause great difficulty to the Russian student.
Such terms as energy, fracture, load, moment, movement, power, stress, strain, work etc. are semi-technical words for two reasons. Firstly, because a large number of them were not made specially for a definite scientific purpose: they have simply been borrowed from everyday English. They are very familiar in everyday life; but when they are used in a scientific context, they may have a different meaning. The word power, for example, is very common in ordinary speech, but it has a very special meaning in mathematics, and another special meaning in engineering. The second reason why they are called semi-technical is that they are often more general in their application. Many of them will be extremely useful and universal in the description of any phenomenon. Words like basis, concept, fundamental, problem, process, result, theory etc. are a part of the common vocabulary of all the scientists.
The main tendencies in science and scientific language are caused by the close interrelation of different scientific fields: chemistry and mechanics, physics and biology, mathematics and psychology etc. But at present great work is being carried out to reduce the number of terms and to make them more precise.
Vocabulary notes:
¹ have made very many people – заставили очень многих людей
² the large sections of the scientific public – широкие научные круги
³ it is necessary to take into consideration – необходимо принять во внимание
4 depends to a large extent on … – зависит в большой мере от …
5 as if he were absent – как если бы его не было