Quotation Marks

Example 55. The source of the design information is the 1982 article "Boundary Layer Development on Turbine Airfoil Suction Surfaces," which appeared in the Journal of Engineering for Power.

Example 56. As Vorhees has stated, "Simple adjustment of the control-gate voltages, V_a and V_b, enables us to realize any phase between 0 and [p] relative to the state phase, q."

Example 57. Lightman begins his survey of the development of cosmological theories by posing questions such as "Has the universe existed forever?"

What did Oppenheimer mean when, after the first atomic explosion, he said, "We thought of the legend of Prometheus"?

Example 58. Rimmer notes that Bohr "scolded his distinguished colleague finally in Einstein's own terms 'God does not throw dice. Nor is it our business to prescribe to God how he should run the world.'"

Parentheses

Example 59. The laser-alignment system uses small-diameter (approximately 0.25 in.), optical-quality mirrors embedded in the reflectors.

To make the piano's tone expressive, Brown files the crowns and shoulders (tops and sides) of each hammer to their proper shape if they are worn, fluffs up the hammer felt and, if necessary, brightens the tone by applying a lacquer solution under the crowns of the hammers.

The comparison between our data and models shows that for most of the Cascadia coast the locked zone is restricted to a swath 50 to 100 kilometers across that runs underneath the continental shelf. (It widens considerably only near the coast of northern Washington.)

Brackets

Example 60. According to Smith, "Proton energy levels [in the accelerator] are consistently higher than expected."

[These comments were made before Brodier became aware of Lightman's experiments.]

The report stated that 'world reserves [of natural gas] will probably last for 70 years'.

Example 61. Freedman stated, "Various Indo-European languages such as Rumanian, Hindi, Hungarian [sic], and Serbian exhibit similar morphological patterns." [Hungarian is not an Indo-European language.]

Example 62. The first extant cosmological theories were developed by the early Babylonians and Greeks. (See Alan Lightman, Ancient Light [Cambridge: Harvard University Press], pp. 5-9.)

Example 63. [14c] urea

Example 64. Many authors have described a link between metabolic syndrome and the subsequent development of diabetes [1, 3, 10].

Hyphens

Example 65. all-, ex-, half-, quasi-, self-, hex-

Example 67.

aero	electro	meta	pre
after	exo	micro	pro
ante	extra	mid	pseudo
anti	geo	mid	re
astro	hemo	mini	semi
auto	hyper	multi	sub
bi	hypo	non	super
bio	in	over	supra
chemo	infra	photo	trans
co	inter	physio	un
counter	iso	poly
de	macro	post

Example 68.

multiply	multi-ply
recover	re-cover
unionize	un-ionize

Example 69. the T-cell, 10-cylinder

Example 70. post-Newtonian universe, ex-Soviet scientist

Example 71. –designate, -elect, -type

Example 72, light-year, light year

Example 73.

noun – adverb	hands-on applications
adjective compounds in -ed or -ing	cone-shaped piece of stock problem-solving steps
coordination compounds	Paper-and-pencil skills Garbage in-garbage out (GIGO) is the description the computer personnel used for invalid data inputs and sometimes disastrous results
Compounds expressing numerals and fractions	two-dimensional shapes four-sided figure 8-foot length

Example 74.

open phrase	phrase used as an adjective
The investigation was carried out on the spot.	They carried out an on-the-spot investigation.
He is out of work.	He is an out-of-work miner.

laser-alignment process [compound modifier + noun]

laser alignment [modifier + noun]

the two-tube combiner

wire-grid aperture cap [aperture cap for a wire grid]

wire grid-aperture cap [a wire cap for a grid aperture]

wire-grid level adjustment

wire grid-level adjustment

heavy-water cavity [a cavity for heavy water]

heavy water cavity [a water cavity that is heavy]

Example 75. twenty-one moving parts

the thirty-third experiment

four-fifths of the subjects

Example 76. pages 25-63

sections 15.2-15.8

1901-1911

from 1901 to 1911

Example 77. The first-order, second-order, and third-order equations have all been solved.

The first-, second-, and third-order equations have all been solved.

2- and 3-phase controllers

Dashes

Example 78. Although we have made these comments with specific reference to water--only because of our familiarity with water--all pure substances exhibit the same behavior.

Example 79.

Name of Dash	Symbol	Appropriate Use
en dash	–	The en dash shows relational distinction in a hyphenated or compound modifier if one element consists of two words or a hyphenated word, or when the word being modified is a compound. Multiple sclerosis–like symptoms, Krebs-Henseleit–bufered solution, post–World War II, non–English-language journals
em dash	—	Not used in scientific writing because it indicates a sudden interruption or break in thought (Punctuation Marks Indicating Emotion).
2-em dash	——	Not used in scientific writing.
3-em dash	———	Not used in scientific writing.

Comma Splice

Example 80.

Unacceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron, he failed in this effort.

Acceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron. He failed in this effort.

Acceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron; he failed in this effort. [or ". . . electron; however, he failed . . ."]

Acceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron, but he failed in this effort.

Acceptable

Although in 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron, he failed in this effort.

Oblique stroke or slash

Example 81. highly efficient input / output features

I / O features

students and / or staff