Big powers have little sway when rival civilizations clash

p. 39-40.

Match the definitions with appropriate phrases

to maintain order to benefit from to constrain conflicts to mediate conflicts to back to take on (importance/responsibility) to affect smb/smth an outcome a breakup to break up

a) to try to end a disagreement between people b) to change or influence something. c) to break into smaller pieces d) to make sure that a situation in which everything is well organized or arranged stays at the same level, rate, or standard e) to restrict the motion of a conflict, to limit a conflict f) to accept some work or responsibility g) to get help or an advantage from something h) the final result of a process, meeting, activity etc i) to give support to a person, organization, or plan, making them more likely to succeed j) the division of something such as an organization or country into smaller parts

Answers to the exercises:

Group №1: Ogdonova K., Tsukh V, Chebotar A., Shushunova V.; Book: “Reading Newspapers and discussing international politics”; Unit 3,Texts: Israeli-Palestinian violence escalates, Pakistan move angers India, Chechen warlord in trial for terror; p.p.34-35.

Exercise 1.

Israeli-Palestinian violence escalates

Fill in the gaps.

Jewish settlers, militants, to claim responsibility, injured, a suicide bombing, a refugee camp

1) Israel is considering a further response to Palestinian militants.

2) A Palestinian sniper shot and killed three Jewish settlers at an army roadblock.

3) On Saturday nine Israels were killed and 35 injured in a suicide bombing in Jerusalem.

4) Israeli tanks moved back into refugee camps that were the targets of Israeli raids last week.

5) The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility for the violence.

Pakistan move angers India

To vow, disputed (territory/question), to accuse smb of smth, to escalate (tensions), a foe, to mass troops, to put pressure on, to repulse, to claim (territory)

1) India accused Pakistan of provocative troop movements near the Line of Control in the disputed Kashimir region as tension between the nuclear foes mounted.

2) The Pakistani Army had moved an armored brigade closer to the line dividing the Himalayan territory that has been claimed by both contries.

3) Pakistan has accused India of exploiting the tense situation on its border with Afghanistan by massing troops along its eastern flank.

4) Tensions have escalated since the American strikes against Afghanistan began, even though the United States has put strong pressure on the nuclear foes.

5) The Prime Minister of India and the leader of Pakistan both vowed to repulse any military action by the other.

Chechen warlord in trial for terror

Hostage-taking, justice, in connection with, a prosecutor, on charges of, a rebel, to go/be on trial

1) The Chechen separatist warlord Salman Raduev went on trial in the southern Russian republic of Dagestan on charges of terrorism in connection with an armed attack that killed 78 people.

2) Mr. R., the most prominent Chechen rebel to be arrested and tried so far, also faces charges of banditry, hostage-taking and plotting murder.

3) The prosecutor called the trial “a demonstration of the triumph of justice over terrorism”.

Exercise 2

1. a, b

2. b, c

3. b, c

4. a, b

5. b, c

6. a, c

7. a, c

8. b, c

9. a, c

10. a, b

Exercise 4.

Read the definition and give the answer:

A roadblock, to avenge, a raid, a militant, a sniper, a refugee camp, a martyr, response, Jerusalem, to be injured.

Give the definition:

1. To accuse – charge (someone) with an offense or crime

A foe – an enemy or opponent

To bolster –to support, uphold

To vow – solemnly promise to do a specified thing

2. A separatist – a person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender

A warlord – a military commander, especially an aggressive regional commander with individual autonomy

A rebel – a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or leader

Banditry – is used to refer to acts of robbery and violence in areas where the rule of law has broken down.

Answers. Group №3: Belyakova Nastya, Apalkova Sasha,.; Book: “Reading Newspapers and discussing international politics”; Unit 3,

Exercise 1.

1 realigned

2 priorities

3 retaliation

4 at his disposal

5 clean up the debris

6 bolster

7 the use of force

8 solidarity

9 determination

10 perpetrators

Exercise 2.

1e

2a

3b

4g

5f

6c

7d

Answers; Group №2: Мишурова Евгения, Михайлова Екатерина, Кирьянова Анна, Чайковский Николай ;Book: “Reading Newspapers and discussing international politics”; Unit 3, Pages 43-45

Exercise 1.

Task 1. Please choose the right word or phrase and fill the gaps. Mind the grammar. Each word or phrase should be used only once. You have 8 minutes.

Active: to adjust to, to estimate, unpredictable, an assessment, governance, transition, to cast doubt on, to prone to miscalculation, build up, a deterrence, a cruise missile, to expand its influence, superiority

Passive: to assert(заявлять), to deploy(развертывать), an assault, a warhead, a scarce resource, a shorter-range missile, naval, a military objective

Over the next 15 years, the international system will have to adjust to changing power relationships in key regions.

| China's potential. Estimates of China beyond five years are unpredictable. Some projections indicate that Chinese power will rise because of the growth of its economic and military capabilities. Other projections indicate that political, social, and economic pressures will increasingly challenge the stability and legitimacy of the regime. Most assessments today argue that China will seek to avoid conflict in the region to promote stable economic growth and to ensure internal stability. A strong China, others assert, would seek to adjust regional power arrangements to its advantage, risking conflict with neighbors and some powers external to the region. A weak China would increase prospects for criminality, narcotics trafficking, illegal migration, WMD proliferation, and widespread social instability.

• Russia's decline. By 2015, Russia will be challenged even more than today to adjust its expectations for world leadership to the sharply reduced resources it will have to play that role. The quality of Russian governance is an open question as is whether the country will be able to make the transition in a manner that preserves rather than breaks regional stability.

• Japan's uncertainty. In the view of many experts, Japan will have difficulty maintaining its current position as the world's third largest economy by 2015. Tokyo has so far not shown a willingness to carry

through the painful economic reforms necessary to slow the erosion of its leadership role in Asia. In the absence of an external shock, Japan is similarly unlikely to accelerate changes in security policy.

• India's prospects. India will strengthen its role as a regional power, but many uncertainties about the effects of global trends on its society cast doubt on how far India will go. India faces growing extremes between wealth and poverty, a mixed picture on natural resources, and problems with internal governance.

The changing dynamics of state power will combine with other factors to affect the risk of conflict in various regions. Changing military capabilities will be prominent among the factors that determine the risk of war. In South Asia, for example, that risk will remain fairly high over the next 15 years. India and Pakistan are both prone to miscalculation. Both will continue to build up their nuclear and missile forces.

India most likely will expand the size of its nuclear-capable force. Pakistan's nuclear and missile forces also will continue to increase. Islamabad has publicly claimed that the number of nuclear weapons and missiles it deploys will be based on "minimum" deterrence and will be independent of the size of India's arsenal. A noticeable increase in the size of India's arsenal, however, would prompt Pakistan to further increase the size of its own arsenal.

Russia will be unable to maintain conventional forces that are both sufficient and modern or to project significant military power with conventional means. The Russian military will increasingly rely on its declining strategic and theater nuclear arsenals to deter or, if deterrence fails, to counter large-scale conventional assaults on Russian territory.

• Moscow will maintain as many strategic missiles and associated nuclear warheads as it believes it can afford but well below START I or II¹ limitations. The total Russian force by 2015, including air launched cruise missiles, probably will be below 2,500 warheads.

• Russia will invest scarce resources in selected and secretive military technology programs, especially WMD, hoping to counter Wfestern conventional and strategic superiority.

China by 2015 will have deployed tens to several tens of missiles with nuclear warheads targeted against the United States, mostly more survivable land- and sea-based mobile missiles. It also will have hundreds of shorter-range ballistic and cruise missiles for use in regional conflicts. Some of these shorter-range missiles will have nuclear warheads; most will be armed with conventional warheads as ballistic missile defense.

China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) will remain the world's largest military, but the majority of the force will not be fully modernized by 2015. China could close the technological gap with the West in one or more major weapons systems. China's capability for regional military operations is likely to improve significantly by 2015.

• China will be exploiting advanced weapons and production technologies acquired from abroad — Russia, Israel, Europe, Japan, and the United States — that will enable it to integrate naval and air capabilities against Taiwan and potential adversaries in the South China Sea.

• In the event of a peaceful resolution of the Taiwan issue, some of China's military objectives — such as protecting the sea lanes for Persian Gulf oil — could become closer to those of the United States. Nevertheless, as an emerging regional power, China would continue to expand its influence without regard to US interests.

Exercise 2.

E	s	t	i	m	a	t	e	A	U
o	G	t	n	e	m	s	s	s	n
v	T	n	D	e	t	e	e	s	p
e	r	o	n	c	e	r	m	e	r
r	a	i	e	S	y	y	i	l	e
n	n	t	r	T	T	o	n	b	d
a	s	i	r	A	R	o	e	a	i
n	c	e	e	t	e	D	y	t	c

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

1. Superiority

2. Objective

3. To cast doubt on

4. Conventional forces

5. To expand influence

6. Cruise missile

7. Estimate

8. To be prone to miscalculations

9. Resolution

10. Assessment

11. To determine

12. WMD proliferation

13. Sufficient

14. Deterrence

15. To build up

16. Unpredictable

17. Governance

18. Transition.

Group №4: Vischnyakova Y, Churkina Natalia, Churkina Julia.; Book: “Reading Newspapers and discussing international politics”; Unit 3, Conflicts, wars, terrorism, Section B, p.39 - Big powers have little sway when rival civilizations clash

Exercise 1.

Exercise 2.

Exercise 3

1) d)

2) g)

3) e)

4) a)

5) i)

6) f)

7) b)

8) h)

9) j)

10) c)

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