§ 11. Emotive Charge and Stylistic Reference
Stylistic reference and emotive charge of words are closely connected and to a certain degree interdependent.1 As a rule stylistically coloured words, i.e. words belonging to all stylistic layers except the neutral style are observed to possess a considerable emotive charge. That can be proved by comparing stylistically labelled words with their neutral synonyms. The colloquial words daddy, mammy are more emotional than the neutral father, mother; the slang words mum, bob are undoubtedly more expressive than their neutral counterparts silent, shilling, the poetic yon and steed carry a noticeably heavier emotive charge than their neutral synonyms there and horse. Words of neutral style, however, may also differ in the degree of emotive charge. We see, e.g., that the words large, big, tremendous, though equally neutral as to their stylistic reference are not identical as far as their emotive charge is concerned.
§ 12. Summary and Conclusions
1. In the present book word-meaning is viewed as closely connected but not identical with either the sound-form of the word or with its referent.
Proceeding from the basic assumption of the objectivity of language and from the understanding of linguistic units as two-facet entities we regard meaning as the inner facet of the word, inseparable from its outer facet which is indispensable to the existence of meaning and to intercommunication.
1
It
should be pointed out that the interdependence and interrelation of
the emotive and stylistic component of meaning is one of the
debatable problems in semasiology. Some linguists go so far as to
claim that the stylistic reference of the word lies outside the scope
of its meaning. (See, e. g., В.
А. Звягинцев. Семасиология.
M,
1957,
с. 167 — 185).
22
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The two main types of word-meaning are the grammatical and the lexical meanings found in all words. The interrelation of these two types of meaning may be different in different groups of words.
-
Lexical meaning is viewed as possessing denotational and connotational components.
The denotational component is actually what makes communication possible. The connotational component comprises the stylistic reference and the emotive charge proper to the word as a linguistic unit in the given language system. The subjective emotive implications acquired by words in speech lie outside the semantic structure of words as they may vary from speaker to speaker but are not proper to words as units of language.
WORD-MEANING AND MEANING IN MORPHEMES
In modern linguistics it is more or less universally recognised that the smallest two-facet language unit possessing both sound-form and meaning is the morpheme. Yet, whereas the phono-morphological structure of language has been subjected to a thorough linguistic analysis, the problem of types of meaning and semantic peculiarities of morphemes has not been properly investigated. A few points of interest, however, may be mentioned in connection with some recent observations in “this field.