- •I. The subject-matter of phonetics
- •II. Sounds of speech as acoustic and articulatory units
- •1. Read aloud the minimal pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted.
- •In English
- •In Russian
- •4. Position of the Soft Palate
- •Its' indSendent „hy 7nt-' {1;.Аз а fr°nt-retracted vowel phoneme.
- •4. Read these words. Observe the longer character of the terminal allophones of the /f, V, s, X/ phonemes and their shorter character in initial position.
- •6. Read these word combinations. Pay attention to the consonant modified by the following interdental /6, э/.
- •Vowel phonemes. Description of-principal variants
- •I mine tide fight
- •IV. Articulatory transitions
- •V. English phonemes in writing
- •7 Letters s — t — r — e — t — с — h
- •8. Learn the extracts by heart. They illustrate difficulties of English pronunciation. Transcribe these extracts.
- •VI. Syllable
- •Give examples to illustrate the rules of word-stress for a) prefixal words; b) compound words.
- •Use the words below in the examples of your own.
- •8. Put down stress marks in the sentences below. Translate them into Russian-
- •4. Read these jokes. Define what intonation patterns should be used to convey humour.
- •5. Read these texts as if you were readinglthem to a) children; b) students. Learn the poem by heart.
- •X. Received and general american pronunciation
- •Igesticu'lation gesticulation
- •IBirraing|ham 'Birmingham
- •1 I»j. Lea], [09], Eu»] correspond to the qa дпи се (»), [srj. [srj,
- •IfarraJhouse 'farmihouse
In English
(plead—bleed tip —dip come—gum peach—beach tea —Dee cot —got pat —bat tear—dear cane—gain
1 /a/ is a "facultative phoneme". Some authors prove its phonemic status by minimal pairs: witch — which, wine — whine, wear where.
In Russian
пой—бой тал—дал кот—год пей—бей тол—дол кит—гид
2. Active Organ of Speech and the Place of Articulation
This principle of consonant classification provides the basts for the following distinctive oppositions:
(1) Labial vs. lingual
pain — cane bun — ton fame — tame
In these pairs the labial bilabial /p/ is opposed to the lingual back-Hngual velar /k/; the labial bilabial /b/ is opposed to the lingual fore-lingual apical HI; the labial labio-dental /f/ is opposed to the lingual forelingual apical /t/.
(2) Lingual vs. pharyngat (glottal)
Tim — him this — hiss foam — home care — hair
In these pairs the lingual forelingual apical /t/ is opposed to the pharyngal /hi; the lingual forelingual apical interdental 1Ы is opposed to the pharyngal /h/; the labial labio-dental /f/ is opposed to the pharyngal /h/; the lingual backlingual velar Ikl is opposed to the pharyngal /h/.
Within the group of labial, bilabial may be opposed to labiodental.
wear — fair mice — vice
In these pairs the bilabial /w/ is opposed to the labio-dental HI; the bilabial /m/ is opposed to the labio-dental /v/.
Within the group of forelingual, apical may be opposed to cacuminal.
dim — rim
In this pair the apical forelingual alveolar /d/ is opposed to the cacuminal forelingual alveolar /r/.
Within the group of lingual, forelingual can be opposed to medio-lingual.
tongue — young jet — yet
In these pairs the forelingual (apical alveolar) /t/ is opposed to the mediolingual (palatal) 1)1]
the forelingual (apical palato-alveolar) l&$l is opposed to the mediolingual (palatal) /j/.
3. Manner of the Production of Noise
This principle of consonant classification provides the basis for the following distinctive oppositions: (1) Occlusive (stops) vs. constictive
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pine—fine Bern—fern dare —share bat —that bore—thaw bee — thee care—there mine—t hine ca me—lame
In these pairs the occlusive /p, b, d, k, ml are opposed to the constrictive /f, J1, S, 9, 1/. (2) Constrictive vs. occlusive-constrictive (affricates)
fare — chair fail — jail work — jerk
In these pairs the constrictive /f, w/ are opposed to the occlusive-constrictive (affricates) /tf, dg/.
"Within the groups of occlusives, or stops, and constrictives, noise consonants may be opposed to sonorants.
(a) occlusive: noise vs. nasal somrants
pine—mine boat — moat tale—nail dead—need kick—king
In these pairs the occlusive noise /p, b, t, d, k/ are opposed to the nasal sonorants /m, n, rj/.
(b) constrictive: noise vs. sonorants
same — lame vain — lane then — when
In these pairs the constrictive noise consonants /s, v, ö/ are opposed to the constrictive sonor ants /1, w/.
Unicentral constrictive consonants may be opposed to bicentral consrictive consonants.
(c) constrictive unicentral vs. constrictive bicentral
same — shame thine — wine
In these pairs the constrictive unicentral /s, 5/ are opposed to the constrictive bicentral Ц, w/.
Constrictive consonants with a flat narrowing can be opposed to constrictive consonants with a round narrowing.
(d) flat narrowing vs. round narrowing
fame — same vat — sat
In these pairs the constrictive consonants with a flat narrowing /f, v/ are opposed to the constrictive consonants with a round narrowing /si.
In all these oppositions only examples with the initially opposed consonant phonemes are given. It does not mean that the pairs of medially and finally opposed consonants, that prove their phonemic status, may not be found.