- •1. Stylistic as a branch of science. Subjects, methods, related research and the differences between them.
- •2. The notion of style.
- •3. The notion of stylistic markedness
- •6.Expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Expressiveness, evaluation, emotiveness.
- •5. The notion of variation. Variation is English language.
- •7. Spoken English and Written English.
- •12. The stylistic devices of zeugma and pun.
- •9.The stylistic device of metaphor.
- •13. The stylistic devices of oxymoron and antonomasia.
- •8. The notion of stylistic function
- •14. The stylistic devices of simile and hyperbole.
- •10. The stylistic devices of metonymy and irony.
- •11. The stylistic devices of epithet.
- •16. The stylistic devices of allusion and decomposition of set phrases.
- •15. The stylistic devices of periphrasis and euphemism.
- •20. The stylistic devices of asyndeton, polysyndeton and the gap-sentence link.
- •17. The stylistic devices of inversion, chiasmus and parallel structures.
- •18. The stylistic devices of repetition, enumeration and suspense
- •38. The newspaper headline.
- •19. The stylistic devices of detached constructions, climax(gradation) and antithesis.
- •21. The stylistic devices of ellipsis, aposiopesis (break-in-the-narrative), question in the narrative.
- •22. The stylistic devices of litotes and rhetorical question.
- •24. The stylistic devices of onomatopoeia, alliteration and assonance.
- •23. Free indirect thought and free indirect speech
- •26. The stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Special colloquial vocabulary.
- •25. The stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Special literary vocabulary.
- •30. Poetry. The notion of poetic conventions. Types of poetic conventions.
- •27. The notion of functional style. Approaches to the research into functional style. Classifications of fs.
- •29. Emotive prose.
- •28. The belles-lettres style
- •33. The language of drama
- •31. Rhyme, metre and rhythm.
- •35. The style of scientific discourse.
- •32. Lexical and syntactical features of poetry.
- •34. Publicist style.
- •36. The style of official documents.
- •37. The style of mass communication. The British Newspaper style.
18. The stylistic devices of repetition, enumeration and suspense
Enumeration is a stylistic device by which separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that thy produce a chain, the links of which, being syntactically in the same position (homogeneous parts of sp), are forced to display some kind of semantic homogeneity, remote though it may seem. As a SD it may be conventially called a sporadic semantic field. Enumeration can be heterogeneous as well, when words in a string result in a kind of clash, a thing typical of any stylistic device. E-n is frequently used to depict scenery through the tourist’s eyes.
Suspense is a compositional device which consists in arranging the matter of communication in such a way that the less important, descriptive, subordinate parts are amassed at the beginning, the main idea being withheld till the end of the s-ce. Thus the reader’s attention is held & his interest kept up. The device of suspense is especially favoured by orators. This is apparently due to the strong influence of intonation which helps to create the desired atmosphere of expectation. Suspense is framed in one s-ce, for there must not be any break in the intonation pattern. Suspense & climax sometimes go together.
Repetition as a stylistic device is a direct successor of repetition as an expressive language means, which serves to emphasize certain statements of the speaker, and so possesses considerable emotive force. It is not only a single word that can be repeated but a word combination and a whole sentence too. As to the position occupied by the repeated unit in the sentence or utterance, we shall mention four main types, most frequently occurring in English literature:
1) anaphora – the repetition of the first word of several succeeding sentences or clauses (a …, a …, a …);
2) epiphora – the repetition of the final word (… a, … a, … a);
3) anadiplosis or catch repetition – the repetition of the same unit (word or phrase) at the end of the preceding and at the beginning of the sentence (…a, a …);
The combination of several catch repetitions produces a chain repetition.
4) framing or ring repetition – the repetition of the same unit at the beginning and at the end of the same sentence (a …, … a).
Stylistic functions of repetition are various and many-sided. Besides emphasizing the most important part of the utterance, rendering the emotions of the speaker or showing his emotive attitude towards the object described, it may play a minor stylistic role, showing the durability of action, and to a lesser degree the emotions following it.
Repetition, deliberately used by the author to better emphasize his sentiments, should not be mixed with pleonasm – an excessive, uneconomic usage of unnecessary, extra words, which shows the inability of the writer to express his ideas in a precise and clear manner.
Morphological repetition, that is the repetition of a morpheme, is to be included into the stylistic means.
e.g. I might as well face facts: good-bye, Susan, good-bye a big car, good-bye a big house, good-bye power, good-bye the silly handsome dreams.