A) Adverbial Modifier of Place: Flyback transformers can be found in any equipment with a Cathode Ray Tube.

b) Adverbial Modifier of Time:

Task Force 15.01.09 was set up in 1999 to compare the three main techniques.

Sometimes introduced by when or while, followed by a noun, preposition, adjective or adverb:

When out of the flame (=when the wire is out of the flame) it ... again becomes magnetic...

c) Adverbial Modifier of Manner or Attending Circumstances:

The model was designed specifically to investigate the influence of insulation geometry on dielectric responses.

d) Adverbial Modifier of Cause:

The airplane was detained because of the fog.

e) Adverbial Modifier of Purpose:

To obtain emission of electrons the emitting surface should be heated.

f) Adverbial modifier of result:

This research is too important to be ignored.

g) Adverbial Modifier of Degree or Measure:

Almost all metals conduct electricity.

The beta-rays vary greatly in penetrating power.

Adverbial Modifiers can be expressed by:

a) adverb, usually having the ending –ly:

Many solid dielectric materials have dielectric response functions that decrease slowly with time.

The source of sound is always in a state of vibration.

b) a noun with a preposition

Cells are connected in series or parallel.

f) Present/Past Participle

Impressing gas we turn it into liquid.

While heated in a closed vessel coal gives off large quantities of gas.

Don’t forget about Absolute Participle Constructions, which are very typical of the scientific style:

The material being available on the site, you may draw conclusions yourself.

Moisture dis­tributes unequally between the oil and the pressboard, the greater part residing within the solid insulation.

The work done, the machines must be re-adjusted for other operations.

g) Gerund with a preposition

In moving about molecules make repeated collisions with their neighbours.

h) Infinitive (adverbial modifiers of purpose, result and measure)

To run a direct current motor it is necessary to connect it to a direct current source.

i) Absolute Nominative Construction, with no verbal forms, often connected to the principal part with the preposition with:

With that in mind, ….

Analogies aside, …..

j) Subordinate Clause Adverbial Modifier, connected to the main clause by: after, when, where, albeit, as long as, but for, in case, in spite of, that, etc.

Atropisomers are stereoisomers resulting from hindered rotation about single bonds where the steric strain barrier to rotation is high enough to allow for the isolation of the conformers.

k) Elliptic Subordinate Clause, including Nominative and Adjective Constructions as well as Participial Constructions (with Past Participle) introduced by conjunctions whether, when, if, as, unless, though, once, although, while, etc.

If compared, he’s made great progress.

However luring, I wouldn’t trust these results.

When in the laboratory, the mechanism shows quite different efficiency.

l) inverted (along with the inverted predicate):

Below are given examples of this method applied.

The Place of Adverbial Modifiers in the sentence

Various kinds of adverbs and adverbial phrases are the most flexible elements in a sentence. They are the most movable as they can be used at the start, in the middle or at the end.

With the star-shaped flyer plate, cracks are observed to have formed at the middle of each free edge of the sample.

Various numerical methods were recently developed for engineering problems.

However, the usual place of adverbial modifiers is after objects. If there are several adverbial modifiers their order is the following: adverbial modifier of manner, adverbial modifier of place, adverbial modifier of time:

They were moving slowly along the line at that moment.

Though there are some deviations from this order sometimes.

1. If an adverbial modifier of place consists of a larger group of words than an adverbial modifier of time, it may follow the adverbial modifier of time:

This new technique will be introduced tomorrow at the meeting of the scientific society.

2. The first element in the sentence attracts most attention. It is usually the subject but if another sentence element is to be emphasized, it comes first. So, an adverbial modifier of time or place can occur at the beginning of the sentence for the sake of emphasis. A comma is often used to separate this structure from the rest of the sentence:

In industry, large databases are maintained on manufacturing processes.

When purchasing a monitor, the number, or density, of pixels is a good guideline.

The position of the time reference at the beginning of the sentence does not necessarily mean that this structure is emphasized. The time reference can be used as a convenient introduction in order to avoid breaking the flow with too many interruptions:

This year again, our research group will introduce new methods developed within the project CZ 521896.

When the place reference comes first, the use of the passive can be used.

In a Dirichlet-type of problem, T is specified; TM and FM are computed from relative sizes and positions of the holes.

It is best to avoid using more than one adverbial phrase at the beginning of a sentence.

With respect to the base parametrization, three model types are included in this study.

3. If the sentence contains two AM of time or place, the one with the narrower meaning precedes the one with the broader meaning:

Both NIE and ESB now have access to the electric power market in the whole United Kingdom.

NB! Of course, it is right to talk about some proper position of an adverbial modifier in the sentence, though sometimes for the sake of clarity of the statement their position may shift. Let us consider an example. A traditional rule of grammar says that the adverb should follow, rather than split, the infinitive of the verb in sentences where the adverb modifies the verb. Writers seem, however, to be aware of the rule that infinitives (e.g., to go) should not be split by an adverb (e.g., to boldly go). Nowadays, most grammarians and linguists will agree that this rule is not absolute, and that there are many situations in scientific writing where splitting the infinitive actually makes sense. Again, meaning is more important than rigid adherence to useless rules:

Grammatically correct: It is the investigator’s duty to inform the patient fully before initiating the therapy.

Preferred because the meaning is clearer: It is the investigator’s duty to fully inform the patient before initiating the therapy.

The first sentence is grammatically correct in that the infinitive (to inform) is left intact. In the second sentence, the adverb “fully” splits the infinitive but qualifies the nature of the information to be provided to the patient.