- •Содержание
- •Методические рекомендации для работы с комплектом контрольных заданий
- •Unit 1 grammar practice практические задания по грамматике
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •Variant 4
- •Variant 5
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •Variant 4
- •Variant 5
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •Variant 4
- •Variant 5
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •Variant 4
- •Variant 5
- •Control work 1
- •Variant 1
- •King Alfred the Great (849-899)
- •Control work 1
- •Variant 2
- •Thistle Emblem
- •Control work 1
- •Variant 3
- •The Names of the Months
- •The Days of the Week
- •Control work 1
- •Variant 4
- •Cinemas in London
- •Control work 1
- •Variant 5
- •Castles and Gardens
- •Variant 1
- •The Great Fire of London
- •Variant 2
- •More on Scottish History
- •Variant 3
- •References
- •Variant 4
- •Physical Features
- •Variant 5
- •The First Cinema Films
- •Variant 1
- •Stamp Curiosities
- •Variant 2
- •May Week at Cambridge
- •Variant 3
- •English Character
- •Variant 4
- •Benjamin Britten (1913-1976)
- •Variant 5
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2 Passport Regulations and Customs
- •Variant 3
- •Тelephone
- •Variant 4
- •Economic problems, policies, and decisions
- •Variant 5
- •The economic environment
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •Variant 4
- •Variant 5
- •Part 2 check-up tests
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •Variant 4
- •Variant 5
- •Appendix1 the pronoun местоимение
- •Appendix 2 the verb to be in Present Simple
- •The verb to be in Future Simple
- •Сводная таблица изменений видовременных форм глагола в действительном залоге Appendix3
- •Appendix 5
- •Appendix 6
- •Appendix 7
- •Appendix 8
- •Appendix 9
- •Appendix 10
- •Appendix 11
- •Appendix 12
- •Irregular verbs
- •Список справочной литературы
- •Список использованной литературы
Variant 5
Прочитайте и переведите текст на русский язык.
The economic environment
The economy comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities, all taking decisions about prices and wages, what to buy, sell, produce, export, import and many other matters. All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part in shaping the business environment in which firms exist and operate.
The economy is complicated and difficult to control and predict, but it is certainly important to all businesses. You should be aware that there are times when businesses and individuals have plenty of funds to spend and there are times when they have to cut back on their spending. This can have enormous implications for business as a whole.
When the economy is enjoying a boom, firms experience high sales and general prosperity. At such times, unemployment is low and many firms will be investing funds to enable them to produce more. They do this because consumers have plenty of money to spend and firms expect high sales. It naturally follows that the state of the economy is a major factor in the success of firms.
However, during periods when people have less to spend many firms face hard times as their sales fall. Thus, the economic environment alters as the economy moves into a recession. At that time, total spending declines as income falls and unemployment rises. Consumers will purchase cheaper items and cut expenditure on luxury items such as televisions and cars.
Changes in the state of the economy affect all types of business, though the extent to which they are effected varies. In the recession of the early 1990s the high street banks suffered badly. Profits declined and, in some cases, losses were incurred. This was because fewer people borrowed money from banks, thus denying them the opportunity to earn interest on loans, and a rising propotion of those who did borrow defaulted on repayment. These so called "bad debts" cut profit margins substantially. Various forecasters reckoned that the National Westminster Bank's losses in the case of Robert Maxwell's collapsing business empire amounted to over $100 million.
No individual firm has the ability to control this aspect of its environment. Rather, it is the outcome of the actions of all the groups which make up society as well as being infuenced by the actions of foreigners with whom the nation has dealings.
UNIT 3
CHECK-UP TESTS
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ТЕСТЫ
PART 1
Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
Variant 1
1. Geffrey saw you yesterday. You (drink) beer at a cafe.
a) had been drinking b)have drunk c) were drinking d) will be drinking
2. Grover (go) to Portugal five years ago.
a) went b) will go c) have gone d) had gone
3. When Sylvia met Stephen yesterday he (smoke) a pipe.
a) will smoke b) was smoking c) had been smoking d) smoked
4. I believe Edmund (return) by Tuesday.
a) returns b) will have returned c) returned d) is returning
5. Stephen (go) to the theatre tomorrow.
a) went b) will have gone c) will go d) has gone
6. When Eugene came to see them last night, they (play cards).
a) had been playing b) were playing c) will have played d) have played
7. Richard just (go) to the market.
has gone b) had gone c) will have gone d) had been going
8. Enough. We (talk) about it for two hours.
a) are talking b) will he talking c) have been talking d) were talking
9. Hugo (go) to the Valley of Rocks last Sunday.
a) goes b) has gone c) went d) will go
10. Jack (go) away every weekend.
a) would go b) had gone c) goes d) will have gone