If a man is called Jock MacTarwish, it is clear that he is a Scotsman. A lot of Scottish family names begin with “Mac” or “Mc” — like MacDonald, MacMillian or McHale.

And Jock is a popular Scottish name for John and Jack. A lot of people in England call any Scotsman “Jock” even if his name is Peter or David.

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Every Scotsman belongs to a clan. A clan is a family group: all the people of the same family belong to the same clan. Everybody with the name MacGregor is a member of the MacGregors clan. There are about 300 different clans in Scotland.

Each clan has its own tartan. A tartan maybe in different colours. it is used for clothes. by the tartan you can learn the man belongs to. There are more than 300 tartans: some clans have more than tartan.

The Royal family wore the Stuart tartan because they came from the family of the Stuart kings of Scotland and England. But now, the Queen of Great Britain has another tartan. It is grey with black, red and blue.

A Scotsman’s traditional clothes are socks, shoes, a kilt, a tie, a jacket and a bonnet. Some people in the north of Scotland wear a kilt every day. But in other parts of the country most Scottish people wear just the same clothes as the English. They put on their traditional clothes only on holidays and wear them with pleasure.

Scottish people like to dance very much. They say that they dance better than English people. Glasgow (the biggest city of Scotland) has more dancing schools than any other European city.

Scottish people speak English but with their own accent. For example, when a Scotsman uses the word “arm” he says “ar-r-m” so that you can hear the sound {r}.

English people say that Scottish people do not like to spend money. Scottish people say that they like spending money on their friends and visitors — not on themselves.

People say that Scotsmen work hard: many good doctors and engineers come from Scotland.

Famous Men of Literature and Science.

Scotland is the birthplace of many famous men of literature and science.

Robert Burns (1759 - 1796), a famous Scottish national poet, was born in Alowway, in a simple clay cottage built by his father with his own hands, on the 25th of January 1759. Burn’s night, the date of the poet’s birth, is celebrated all over the world by Scotsmen. Burns has left behind him a rich heritage of folksongs and poetry.

Walter Scott (1771 - 1832), known as a great master of the historical novel, was born in Edinburgh. As a schoolboy he knew by heart the works by Shakespeare and Homer. Scott’s famous works Rob Roy, Ivanhoe, Old

Mortality, Border Minstrelsy and many others are widely read in our days.

Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 - 1894), known for his stories and books of adventure. He was born in Edinburgh on November 13, 1850 and died at Samoa on December 3, 1894. R.L. Stevenson’s first book Kidnapped was published in 1866, when he was only 16. R.L. Stevenson is especially known

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for his famous book Treasure Island (1883). His books The Black Arrow, Catriona, Dr Jekill and Mr Hyde and others are also well-known all over the world.

Archibald Cronin (1896 - 1981), a well-known British novelist, was born in Scotland. He received his education in Glasgow University and became a doctor but later devoted himself to writing. His novels The Stars Look Down, The Citadel, The Keys of the Kingdom, Green Years are very popular with readers the world over.

Scotland is also the birthplace of two famous men of science — James Clerk Maxwell (1831 -1879), a great mathematician and physicist, and Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955), the discoverer of penicillin. Both were educated at the University of Edinburgh.

Wales. Wales is a small country, bounded on the north and west by the Irish Sea, and on the south by the Bristol Channel. Its total area is 8,006 sq.miles and its total population is 2.8 mln. people.

The ancient capital of Wales is Caernarvon, where the British monarch’s eldest son is traditionally crowned Prince of Wales.

Wales is divided into 13 counties, but 70 % of the population resides in the three industrial counties of the South — Glamorgan, Monmouth and Carmarthen. Agriculture is the main occupation in the remaining ten counties in Mid-Wales and North-Wales.

Of the three industrial counties in the south, Glamorgan is the biggest, with nearly one-half population of Wales. Its main industries are coal-mining, iron and steel, and engineering. About two-thirds of the population live in the South Wales coastal area, where the three biggest towns are located: Swansea, Cardiff and Newport.

Cardiff (280,000), the modern national capital of Wales, is the largest city in industrial South Wales. It rose to importance with the coal mining and iron industries. Today the cargoes it handles, are mainly imports, to be distributed throughout South Wales. On imported grain flour milling developed as well as other food processing. Cardiff has a modern shopping centre. North of Cardiff lie the valleys. These are the heart of the Welsh coal and steel industries.

The main port of Wales today is Milford Hayed (situated in the very south-west) because of its oil tanker traffic. It is one of the leading oil terminals of Britain. Refineries grew up on opposite shores and Milford Hayen became an important refining centre. A pipeline takes petroleum to a refinery near Swansea.

The Welsh people as they are. It is indeed rare in this modern world to find a national anthem, that stressed so much the artistic aspect of the

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country. But it is necessary to understand fully this attitude before one can appreciate the subtle change that takes place as we pass the borderline between England and Wales.

For the people of Wales represent the remnants of those pugnacious Celtic people who were subjected to centuries of Roman rule, underwent the invasions of the Saxons who drove them to their mountain fastnesses, and endured the phenomenal organizing efficiency of the Norman conquerors without ceding one iota of their cultural independence.

And here is the secret of the essential difference of the Welsh. An old Welsh proverb says, “The Celt fights and always loses.” Militarily and politically this has been true of the Welsh, but during those centuries of ceaseless strife the Welshman came to realize that there was something he had always been unconsciously struggling to preserve, an indefinable passion for the music and poetry born of his lonely vigils in mountain and valley when he had solitary converse with the infinite, and, in the last and greatest battle, the Welshman has belied the proverb and emerged victorious.

Thus, very briefly we have an explanation of the extraordinary tenacity with which this people has clung to its traditions, its customs, its language, and its own way of life.