Sewerage

Great amount of water is required by a community for domestic, industrial and fire extinguishing purposes. In the course of its usage water gets additional pollution, physical and chemical properties of water are changed. Such changed water is called sewage.

According to its source sewage may be subdivided into domestic, industrial or rain waters. These waters must be collected, removed and purified.

Collection, removal and treatment of sewage is carried out by a complex of engineering works called sewerage. A sewerage system consists of the following principal elements:

1. collectors of a sewage situated in building

2. a sewerage net

3. pumping stations

4. purifying plants.

Words to the text:

1. amount (n) – количество

2. require (v) – требовать

3. community (n) – общество

4. domestic (adj) – домашний

5. fire extinguishing – пожаротушение

6. usage (n) – использование

7. pollution (n) – загрязнение

8. purpose (n) – цель

9. property (n) – свойство

10. sewerage (n) – канализация

11. sewage (n) – сточные воды

12. subdivide (v) – подразделяться

13. remove (v) – удалять

14. purify (v) – очищать(ся)

15. carry out (v) – выполняться

16. net (n) – сеть, сети

Questions to the text:

1. What is great amount of water required for?

2. When does water get additional pollution?

3. Are physical and chemical properties of changed in the course of its usage?

4. How is changed water called?

5. What are the subdivisions of sewage?

6. What must be collected, removed and purified?

7. Is collection and treatment of sewage carried out by sewerage?

8. What does sewerage system consist of?

Hardware and software

Y our PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit.

T he floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks.

Hardware is any physical device that makes up/plugs into your computer. Software is everything else, the programmes that allow you to perform your various tasks. It includes therefore word processors, databases, spreadsheets, system utilities, antivirus programmes, email programmes, web browsers and indeed almost everything that allows your computer to act as anything other than a paperweight.

The operating system is also software, and usually deals with all questions of hardware, and provides some common routines for your programmes to use.

Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.