- •51. Разграничение исполнительной и судебной власти.
- •52. Исторические предпосылки права.
- •53. Признаки права.
- •54.Функции права.
- •55. Социальное значение права.
- •56. Право и мораль.
- •57. Право и другие социальные нормы.
- •58,59,60,61,62 Признаки правовых норм, структура, гипотеза, диспозиция и санкция правовой нормы.
- •63. Понятие и структура правоотношений.
- •64,69. Содержание правоотношений.
- •66. Юридические факты.
- •65. Виды правоотношений.
- •67. Субъекты правоотношений.
- •68. Объект и предмет правоотношений.
- •70. Субъективное и объективное право.
- •71. Осуществление (действие) права.
- •72. Эффективность права.
- •73. Формы реализации права.
- •74. Правоприменение: понятие, отличие от иных форм реализации права.
- •75. Стадии правоприменения.
- •76. Понятие юридической квалификации.
- •77. Толкование норм права: понятие, виды.
- •78. Понятие источника права.
- •79. Форма права, виды.
- •80. Нормативно-правовой акт как форма права.
- •81. Судебный прецедент как форма права.
- •82. Обычай как форма права.
- •83. Правопорядок и общественный порядок.
- •84,85 Понятие и признаки правонарушения, состав правонарушения.
- •87,88 Понятие юридической ответственности, основания юридической ответственности.
- •89. Виды юридической ответственности.
- •90. Основные правовые системы современности.
- •91. Романо-германская (континентально-европейская) правовая система.
- •92. Англо-саксонская (англо-американская) правовая система.
- •93. Особенности российской правовой системы.
- •94. Критерии периодизации государства и права.
- •95.Правосознание: понятие, структура и виды.
- •96, 99. Особенности российского правосознания, особенности российской правовой культуры.
- •97.Правовая культура: понятие, структура, функции.
- •98.Типы правовых культур.
- •1.Теория государства и права как наука.
- •100. Правовой режим законности.
- •История создания ансамбля Петропавловской Крепости/The Peter and Paul Fortress Ensemble – the history of creation, 1703-1730s
- •2. Летний Сад Петра Великого/The Summer Gardens Ensemble of Peter the Great, 1704-1720s
- •3. Архитектурный облик Адмиралтейства/The architectural design of the Admiralty, (1704 – the date of the foundation), 1732-1738
- •4. Меншиковский Дворец – резиденция светлейшего князя Александра Даниловича/The Menshikov Palace – the residence of Prince Alexander Danilovich, 1710-1720s
- •Петропавловский Собор: история и современность/The Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral: the past and the present, 1712-1733
- •Ансамбль Александро-Невской Лавры/The Alexander Nevskiy Lavra Ensemble(Lavra - an honoured and populated monastery), 1717-1790
- •Кунсткамера как первый общественный музей в России/The Kunstkammer – the first Russian public museum, (1718-1734)
- •Здание Двенадцати Здание Двенадцати Коллегий (Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университет/The Twelve Collegia Building (The Saint-Petersburg State University), 1721-1742
- •Шереметевский Дворец на Фонтанке: несколько музеев под одной крышей/The Sheremetev Palace: several museums under one roof, 1740s-1750s
- •Аничковский Дворец: история создания и особенности декора/The Anichkov Palace: the history of creation and peculiarities of the décor, 1741-1754
- •Ансамбль Воронцовского Дворца (Суворовское Военное Училище)/The Vorontsov Palace (The Suvorov Military School) Ensemble, 1749-1800
- •Строгановский Дворец – уникальный образец творения ф.-б. Растрелли/The Stroganov Palace – the unique example of the architecture by f.-b. Rastrelli, 1752-1754
- •Зимний Дворец – история создания и особенности внутреннего убранства/The Winter Palace – the history of creation and peculiarities of the interior décor, 1754-1762
- •Юсуповский Дворец – царская резиденция князей Юсуповых/The Yusupov Palace – the imperial residence of the Yusupovs, 1760s
- •Дворец Разумовского (Российский Государственный Педагогический Университет им. А.И. Герцена/The Razumovskiy Palace (The Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia), 1762-1766
- •Малый Эрмитаж: история создания/The Small Hermitage: the history of creation, 1764-1775
- •Мраморный Дворец – интерьеры в веках/The Marble Palace: the interiors in centuries, 1768-1785
- •Большой (Старый) Эрмитаж: история создания эрмитажной коллекции/The Big (Old) Hermitage: the history of the Hermitage collection formation
- •28. Эрмитажный Театр – личный театр императрицы/The Hermitage Theatre – the private theatre of the Empress, 1783-1787
- •29. Таврический Дворец – шедевр архитектуры классицизма/The Taurida Palace – the masterpiece of Classicism architecture, 1783-1789
- •30. Инженерный Замок (Михайловский Замок)/The Engineers’ Castle (The Michael Castle), 1797-1800
- •31. Казанский собор – история создания кафедрального собора Санкт-Петербурга/The Kazan Cathedral – the history of creation of Saint-Petersburg Cathedral, 1801-1811
- •32. Биржа: история создания/The Stock Exchange: the history of creation, 1805-1810
- •33. Ростральные Колонны – часть архитектурного ансамбля стрелки Васильевского острова/The Rostral Columns – as part of the Spit of the Vasilyevskiy Island Ensemble, 1805-1810
- •35. Исаакиевский Собор – шедевр о. Монферрана/The St Isaac’s Cathedral – the masterpiece of a. Montferrand
- •39. Пристань со Сфинксами – египетские мотивы в архитектуре Санкт-Петербурга/The Pier with Sphinxes – the Egyptian motifs in the architecture of Saint-Petersburg, 1832-1834
- •36. Михайловский Дворец – Русский Музей/The Michael Palace – the Russian Museum, 1819-1825
- •37. Ансамбль Дворцовой Площади – уникальный памятник архитектуры классицизма/The Palace Square Ensemble as the unique example of Classicism architecture, 1819-1834
- •38. Александринский Театр – история строительства и внутреннего убранства/The Alexandrinskiy Theatre – the history of creation and peculiarities of the interior décor, 1828-1832
- •40. Аничковский мост – конные пары п. Клодта/The Anichkov Bridge – the horse pairs by p. Klodt, (1782-1787 an unknown author), 1839-1841
- •41. Мариинский Дворец – история создания и особенности интерьера/The Mariinskiy Palace – the history of creation and peculiarities of the interior décor, 1839-1844
- •42. Новый Эрмитаж – императорский музей Николая I/The New Hermitage – the Imperial Museum of Nicholas I, 1842-1852
- •43. Дворец Белосельских-Белозерских – последний дворец на Невском/The Belosel’skikiy-Belozerskiy Palace – the last Palace in Nevskiy, 1846-1848
- •44. Памятник Николаю I – история создания/Monument to Nicholas I – the history of creation, 1856-1859
- •45. Мариинский Театр: вчера и сегодня/The Mariinskiy Theatre – past and present, 1859-1860
- •46. Памятник Екатерине II – отражение эпохи/Monument to Catherine II – the mirror of the epoch, 1862-1873
- •47. Воскресенская Церковь («Спас-на-Крови»)/The Church of Christ’s Resurrection (“The Savior on Blood”), 1883-1907
- •48. Дворцово-парковый Ансамбль Ломоносова (Ораниенбаум)/The Palace and Park Ensemble of Lomonosov (Oranienbaum), 1710-1836
- •51. Дворцово-парковый ансамбль Гатчины/The Palace and Park Ensemble of Gatchina, 1766-1801
- •49. Дворцово-парковый ансамбль Петергофа/The Palace and Park Ensemble of Peterhof, 1714-183
- •50. Дворцово-парковый ансамбль Царского Села/The Palace and Park Ensemble of Tsarskoye Selo, 1717-1863
- •52. Дворцово-парковый ансамбль Павловска/The Palace and Park Ensemble of Pavlovsk, 1777-1825
- •24. Испанская живопись XV - начала XVIII века
37. Ансамбль Дворцовой Площади – уникальный памятник архитектуры классицизма/The Palace Square Ensemble as the unique example of Classicism architecture, 1819-1834
Authors; architects-C.I.Rossi(1819 - 1829),A.R.Montferrand (1829 - 1834), K.K. Rakhau (1876), sculptoss - S.S. Pimenov and V.I. Demutft-Malinovskiy (1819 - 1829), В.I. Orlovskiy, I. Leppe, V.V. Svintsov (1829 - 1834)
Address:Dvortsovaya ploshchad’
The story of the ensemble is closely connected with the story of the city. In 1704 when Peter I ordered to found the Admiralty, a vast territory was left untouched. That piece of land gave a very good field of view that was highly important in terms of the Sweden War. In 1721 when the war was over ihe esplanade turned into a meadow that soon got the name the Admiralty meadow where the cows from ihe Imperial farm were grazed. The meadow was crossed by the Big Perspective Road (future Nevskiy prospekt) and two other streets called Srednyaya and Voznesenskayajoined at the Admiralty. Along the northern side of the Neva the Winter Palace and the mansions for the nobility were erected. In the mid. of IS1'1 cent., when F.-B. Rastrelli constructed the Winter Palace, both parts of the Admiralty meadow were cobbled and got their present names: the Palace Square and the Admiralty Square, F.-B. Rastrelli planned the construction of a round stale courtyard surrounded with colonnades with the Monument to Peter I created by his father B.-C. Rastrelli in the centre. But that plan was not realized. and only m 1800 the Monument to Peter I found its place in the courtyard of the Engineers' Castle.In 1766 a permanent amphitheatre for the first in Russia merry-go-round -horse military games, was built. In 1779 the Academy of Arts that directed the reconstruction of the Palace Square declared a contest which Yu. Vekcn won having suggested building up the Palace with the houses with identical facades and of the same height as the Palace itself. According to that project three houses werebuilt at the beginning of Ne\skiy prospekt. One of them belonged to Ya. Bryiis and two to Catherine I's favourite I. Lanskoy. In early 19'' eenl. the General Staff bought three houses that were situated parallel to the Palace. Further along the Square there were small private residences different in style, height, and sire and in a strong discord with the Winter Palace.After a glorious Russian victory over Napoleon in me Patriotic War of 1X12 the Government planned the creation of a state capital. The growth of the governmental apparatus demanded the erection of new buildings in the centre of the city. In 1819 C. Rossi was commissioned to lay out a stale square in front of the Winter Palace, accommodating there the General Staff, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance. Three million roubles were spent on the purchase of all private buildings situated nearby. Most of the residences situated along the Moyka were destroyed.The work started in 1820 and continued for more than 10 years. The General Staff Building was erected in 1 K23, the buildings of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance - in 1X24. F. Ruska, and N. Tkachyov worked on the construction of the ensemble (almost 600 m long) together with С Rossi.In 1827 C. Rossi suggested to decorate the arch that connected the buildings in order to commemorate the victory in the Patriotic War (at first they planned to decorate it with two female figures supporting the shield with the Rtissian coal of arms). Monumental sculptures were made by V. Demuth-Malinovskiy and S. Pimenov; the decorative painting was created by D.-B. Scotli A mighty sculpture group (two Roman warriors driving six horses harnessed to a triumphal chariot) 80 tonnes weight. 15 rn wide and 10 m high was too heavy, and engineer M. Clark suggested to strike the chariot of brazen sheets and tlx it on a cast-iron frame thu> lightening the chariot. The general height of the Triumphal Arch together with the chariot was 36 m, and the length of the bay - 17 m.In 1829 - 1834 the Triumphal (Alexander) Column to the design by A. Moniferrand was built in the centre of the Palace Square to commemorate Russia's victory over Napoleon in the War of 1812 - IS 14. The column that C. Rossi had planned to erect as early as 1819 became the tallest in ihc world (47,5 m high). \\ was hewed out of a dark-red granite monolith. Its top was crowned with the figure of angel (B. Orlovskiy) holding a cross in one hand (the angel's face had a likeness to Alexander I). The pedestal was ornamented with bron/c relieves representing allegorical armored figures cast by I. Leppe and P. Svintsov {to the design by D.-B. Scotli). A graniie pillar was kepi secure on the pedestal entirely by its own weighi. without any fixture. The Doric column was fixed in 100 minutes with ihe aid of ihe system of blocks and tackle.
At the time of the reconstruction of the Winter Palace C, Rossi also created the IH12 Gallery thus having connected ihe interior decoration of the Square ensemble with the exterior decor of ihe Palace.