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42 Choose the best ending 1-10 for each sentence a- j.

A In cities the air is hard to breathe because of car

BThe earth’s climate is changing because of

CNot having enough of something is called a

DAir, sea and land can suffer from

E Throwing things away unnecessarily is called

F A mixture of smoke and fog is called

G Things which we throw away are called

H To avoid wasting things we can use

I The paper people drop in the street is called

J Areas with low rainfall often suffer from

    1. waste

    2. pollution

    3. recycling

    4. global warming

    5. rubbish

    6. litter

    7. drought

    8. fumes

    9. shortage

    10. smog

43 Form new words from the ones given in the right column.

Mountains cover close to 20 percent of the Earth's surface, (1)..................... a home to one-tenth of the global human (2)................ Mountains support a higher (3).................. of ecosystems and (4)..................... species than most lowland regions do (5). ........................... areas all over the world provide essential resources such as timber, minerals, etc. (6).................... portion of the freshwater used by humans. Global climate (7)....................poses a number of potential risks to mountain habitats, although scientists cannot predict the impacts with (8)................... Despite the (9) .................., researchers believe that mountain and lowland ecosystems are affected by the (10)........................... and intensity of forest fires, the (11)....................of water, and the diversity of wildlife.

PROVIDE

POPULATE

DIVERSE

DIFFER

MOUNTAIN

SIGNIFICANCE

CHANGE

CONFIDE

CERTAINTY

FREQUENT

DISTRIBUTE

Text is taken from http://yosemite.epa.gov

  1. Rewrite each sentence beginning and ending as shown in the first sentence.

1Someone stole Bob’s bike. Bob has his bike stolen.

2 John lent me this book. This book ……………John.

3 The dentist took out one of my teeth yesterday. Yesterday I …………out.

4 Cairo is my place of birth. I ……………………………in Cairo.

5 A rock concert ticket was sold to me by a friend. I was…………by a friend.

6 Someone broke into Tom’s house last week. Tom had ……… last week.

7 When is your date of birth? When exactly………………born?

8 My parents gave me this ring. I …………………………….parents.

45 Rewrite each sentence with a passive verb, and so that the names of people are not mentioned. The first is done for you.

1 The authorities have closed the casino.

The casino has been closed

2 Someone broke into the flat last week.

3 People all over the world speak English.

4 The authorities have opened the new swimming-pool. 5 Someone left this wallet in the classroom yesterday. 6 The city council has banned traffic from the city center. 7 People have elected a new government. 8 The clubs have postponed the match.

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