The formation of comparative and superlative.

Most qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative

Adjectives form their degree of comparison in the following ways.

a) by adding the suffixes –er and –est

b) by placing “more” and “the most” before adjectives

0. Monosyllabic adjectives form their comparative and superlative degree by adding the suffixes –er and –est

new – newer – the newest

bright – brighter – the brightest

0. Two – syllable adjectives ending in –er, -ow, -y, -le also form their comparative and superlative degree by adding the suffixes –er and –est

happy – happier – the happiest

narrow – narrower - the narrowest

clever – cleverer – the cleverest

simple – simpler – the simplest

but if adjectives ending in –er or –y are preceded by un – they can be inflected in two ways:

unhappy – unhappier – the unhappiest

more unhappy – the most unhappy

3. Two – syllable adjectives with the stress on the second syllable add the suffixes –er and –est

polite – politer – the politest

2.Adjectives of more than two syllables form their comparatives and superlatives with the help of more and most.

beautiful-more beautiful-the most beautiful

personal-more personal-the most personal

Some points to notice

a) adjectives formed from participles and ing – forms

tired-more tired-the most tired

interesting-more interesting-the most interesting

b) adjectives used only predicatively

afraid – more afraid

a

98

ware – more aware

the superlatives are hardly ever used in English

c) two – syllable adjectives that end in –ful, -er, or –less only take more and the most

useful-more useful-the most useful

obscure –more obscure-the most obscure

d) the following adjectives take more and the most only: careless, certain, complex, fertile, foolish, frequent, normal, private

e) Both ways of forming the comparative and superlative degrees are used with two-syllable adjectives stressed on the first syllable: common, pleasant, polite, solid, handsome, quiet, cruel, tired, and word ending in –er and –le.

f) little is not usually compared

little/small - smaller – the smallest.

Spelling and pronunciation rules.

1.If the adjectives ends in a consonant preceded by a stressed short vowel the consonant is doubled

sad – sadder – the saddest

2.If the adjective ends in –y preceded by the consonant –y is changed into i before –er, -est

busy – busier – the busiest

but: gay – gayer – the gayest.

3.If the adjective ends in -e, this e is dropped before –er, est

fine – finer – the finest.

4.In such adjectives as long, strong, [g] sound is added to the [n] of the base

long [ l n ] –longer [l ng]

while in dear and near the final [r] is not pronounced, but it is pronounced in dearer, dearest

Irregular Comparison

Good – better – the best

Bad/Ill worse – the worst

Much / many – more – most

Little – smaller- the smallest

O

99

ld – older – the oldest (for age)

-elder – the eldest (speaking about members of the family (with nouns son, daughter, brother, sister) or a social group.

My elder brother is older than me.

This building is the oldest in the city.

Who is the eldest in your family?

far – farther – the farthest ( with reference to distance only)