- •Фонетика
- •1. The articulatory classification of the English vowels.
- •2. The articulatory classification of the English consonants.
- •3. English word stress: notions, types, functions.
- •4. The syllable as an integral part of the word. Types of syllables in English.
- •5. Prosodic system of the English language/intonation.
- •Граматика
- •1. General characteristics of language as a semiotic communication system. Language functions. Language and speech.
- •2. Language as a structural system. Language levels.
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •3. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations. Paradigmatic relations.
- •4. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings. The notion of grammatical category. Types of oppositions.
- •5. The noun as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •6. The verb as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •7. General characteristics of syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •8. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group. The Noun phrase. TheVerb phrase.
- •9. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence.
- •Історія мови
- •1. Periods in the history of English. Grimm’s Law. Verner’s Law.
- •Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800)
- •Late Modern English (1800-Present)
- •Verner's Law
- •1100-1500: The Middle English Period
- •Лексикологія
- •1. Etymological structure of the English vocabulary. Native and borrowed words, types of borrowings.
- •2. Latin and French borrowings in Modern English, their periodization and recognition.
- •3. Types of word meaning in English. Polysemy and its sources.
- •4. Morphological structure of a word. Immediate constituents’ analysis.
- •5. Productive ways of English word-formation: affixation, shortening, conversion, compounding.
- •7. Systemic relations in the English vocabulary. Groups of words in the lexicon. Neologisms, archaisms and international words.
- •8. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Homonyms and their classifications.
- •9. English phraseology: definition, approaches and classifications.
- •Стилістика
- •1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
- •2. The notion of style in the language. Notion of language expressive means and stylistic devices. Convergence of stylistic devices.
- •3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.
- •5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
- •6. Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.
5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
metaphorical group (metaphor, antonomasia, allegory, metaphorical epithet).
METAPHORICAL GROUP
Metaphor – transposition of a name based on similarity/ likeness of two objects;
Antonomasia (Allegory) - identification of human beings with things which surround them (throughout the whole text);
Personification - ascribing human behaviour and thoughts to inanimate objects ;
Epithet - interaction of logical and emotive meanings which produce a subjective evaluation
TYPES OF METAPHOR:
Semantic types:
Genuine (created by an author)
His words were coming so fast; they were leap-frogging themselves. (R. Chandler)
Trite (fixed in the dictionary)
1.similarity of shape – crane, bulb, table’s leg;
2.similarity of position – foot of the mountain, head of the procession;
3.similarity of movement – fox-trot, to worm one’s way;
4.zoosemy – a fox, a bear, a monkey, to ape
5. phraseological word groups: to jump to conclusion, to fall in love.
TYPES OF METAPHOR:
Structural types:
Simple (elementary)
-single words, compound words, phrases
The vinegar-hearted cook; Sales will ...go through the roof.
Sustained/extended metaphors
Blondes, wars, famines - they all arrived on the same train. They unpacked together. They stayed at the same hotel...
Functional types:
nominative
a leg of the table, an arm of the clock
cognitive
The sales figures went down this week.
figurative / imaginative :
Patricia’s eyes were pools of still water.
ANTONOMASIA AND ALLEGORY
1.the use of a proper name for a common noun.
He is the Napoleon of crime. (C.Doyle)
2.the use of common nouns as proper names - speaking / token / talking names: Mr. Murdstone; Mrs. Snake; Miss Toady
Allegory = antonomasia within the whole text.
1. proverbs/sayings:
Jack of all trades and master of none.
Sign your John Hancock here.
2.fables
3.fairy tales
PERSONIFICATION - ascribing human behaviour and thoughts to inanimate objects.
How does it differ from antonomasia?
She had been asleep, always, and now life was thundering imperatively at all her doors. (J. London)
Lie is a strange creature, and a very mean one.
EPITHET
The iron hate deep in his soul pushed him on.
The iron gate opened with a loud squeak.
Semantically:
1. Associated/fixed/conventional epithets: true love, Merry Christmas, fair lady
2.unassociated/figurative:
a ghost-like face, a sad old bathrobe (J.Salinger)
Structurally:
1.simple: an angry sky; compound: a heart-burning desire; two-step structures: a pompously majestic female.
2.phrasal /clausal: a don’t-care attitude, head-to-toe beauty, go-to-devil request, I-don’t-care-about-it feeling
3.inverted/reversed/metaphorical: A ghost of a smile appeared on Soames’s face. (J. Galsworthy)