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1.5.2 Complete the following texts using the suitable words or phrases from the box.

Text 1

A

personnel

E

formal organization

B

employees

F

in size

C

an early stage

G

channels of communication

D

in such a way as

H

Departments

The Formal Organization

This begins to develop at ____(1)____ in the life of an organization as a result of the need to group activities. The ____(2)____ ensures that activities are separated into ____(3)____ such as production, marketing, finance, and ____(4)____. Further subdepartments will develop as the organization grows ____(5)____. Relationships between ____(6)____ are defined. Tasks are divided ____(7)____ to make use of specialist technical and management skills. Rules and procedures to be followed are established. The formal organization establishes where decisions are to be made and ____(8)____ are to be created.

Text 2

A

manufacturing firm

E

formal structure

B

production

F

key areas

C

line organization

G

concerned with

D

distribution

H

activities

Line Departments

These are the activities which are essential to survival, since they are directly ____(1)____ the production and ____(2)____ of the product or service. Where the ____(3)____ of the organization is based on line activities, it is referred to as ‘line organization’. In the case of a ____(4)____, the key activities are ____(5)____, sales and product development. All other ____(6)____ are grouped around these ____(7)____. A retail organization adopting a ____(8)____ would group its activities around purchasing, finance and sales.

Text 3

A

expands

E

responsibilities

B

managers

F

personnel managers

C

line manager

G

departments

D

recruitment

H

appointment

Line and Staff Organization

As an organization grows in size, the ____(1)____ needs to divest himself of peripheral activities. Thus specialist ____(2)____ are created, and managers are appointed, who do not have line ____(3)____. A further development as the firm ____(4)____ again, may be the ____(5)____ of general staff, who are used to relieve senior ____(6)____ of specific onerous tasks. Specialist staff, such as ____(7)____ are appointed to provide particular support functions, such as training, ____(8)____, and industrial relations.