39. Conditional sentences and tenses in them

1. If+ pres. tenses / future tences= real act

2. If+ past subjunctive, non-factual past simple, contin/ should,would+ non-perf inf= hypothetical action (refer. to the future)

3. If+ no-factual past perfect/ should,would+ perf inf= unreal past action (refer to the past)

Mixed: 1. 2+3; 2. 3+2; 3. 2+1

42. Unreal action in wish-clauses

Wishes about the present or future: Construction WISH + Past Subjunctive I wish I had a new car. Construction WISH + WOULD + simple infinitive The verb WOULD with the simple infinitive is used after WISH to express a wish that someone would do something to change the existing situation. He wishes it would stop raining. Wishes about the past Construction WISH + Past Perfect Subjunctive I wish I had helped her.

44. Unreal action in simple sentences

1. past subjunctive/ non- factual past tenses in exclamatory sent beg with IF ONLY, OH THAT. Oh that it were Sunday today. 2. The analytical forms should/would +inf a) with BUT FOR, EXCEPT FOR. But for the rain I’d be walking. b) with implied condition. Even a child would answer this question. c) to sound polite. I sould think you are not right. 3. Present subjunctive a) in set expressions:1. with the m-g of wish (long live- да здравствует, be yours- пусть, far be it from smb to do sth- я совсем не хотел, suffice it to say- достаточно сказать, God bless you, devil take him, manners be hanged- к черту манеры, confound- да будет проклят, replaced by may) 2. With concessive m-g (come what may, cost what it may, so be it/ be it so- да будет так, by let) 3. As luck would have it- к счастью, be that as it may- будь что будет, as it were- как будто, своего рода. b) in which the subj is expressed by: indef pronoun; expression “one of you” (express command, request). Smb switch on the light (пусть...) с) should+ inf (interr.sent beg with AND WHAT IF)

48. Indefinite pronoun

Indefinite pronouns indicate persons or non-persons or else their properties in a general way without defining the class of objects they belong to, class or properties they possess. They are: some, any, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, something, anything, one.

Any is commonly used:1) In negative sentences (with negatives not, no, never, neither... nor), in sentences with incomplete negatives (hardly, little, few, least, etc.), and with implied negatives (forget, refuse, fail, prevent, hard, difficult).I don’t like any of them. 2) In questions 3) when negation, doubt, condition is implied- In conditional and comparative phrases: He did more for me than any of them. 4) in object clauses introduced by IF, WEATHER

Some: 1) in affirmative 2) interrogative when the m-g is assertive and the speaker suggests that a certain state of affairs exists:Did you see some articles in..?3) offers/request/ invitation: Would you like some coffee? 4) negative/ conditional clauses with positive orientation: if you bring her some flowers, she should be glad. 5) in ? whem we expect people to answer yes or we want to encourage people to answer yes: Have you got some paper?

49. –ing forms

Verbal noun- has the nominal character, with article, can be used in the plural, can be modified by an adj, takes a prepositional object

Gerund- has the nominal and the verbal character, without art, doesn’t the plural form, may be modified by an adverb, of transitive v can take a direct object (dancing hall, catching net)

P1-(dancing girl, catching tune)