Additional text

1. Read the text carefully. Be ready to fulfil the tasks that follow.

Nutrition

To understand nutrition, you have to understand that it is a combination of the many integrated processes involved in an organism’s absorption and use of materials. Most of the actual absorption takes place on a molecular level. Organisms must procure the food, which is then broken down to chemical constituents that are absorbed by the cells. These atoms and molecules provide the raw materials that constitute, maintain, and run the organisms. The energy produced by the raw materials is usually measured in units known as calories; one calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise one gram or cubic centimeter (cc) of water one degree centigrade. The calories usually referred to in biology and nutrition are kilogram-calories (Kcal); each 1000 gram-calories. When calories are discussed below, they are kilogram-calories; that is, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (one kilogram) of water from 14.5^oC to 15.5^oC.

Breaking down the nutrient materials we call food involves a series of processes that in the aggregate are known as digestion. Digestion is the physical and/or chemical breakdown of food into sizes small enough to be passed across cell membranes. Our food is the result of other organisms’ procurement of nutrients from the environment. Eating other organisms, or their parts, saves us considerable time and energy.

Green plants and a number of additional life forms can survive without consuming other organisms. Animals, however, could not exist without the green plants that synthesize the majority of molecules that are passed on to other organisms. (In addition, it should be remembered that green plants generate oxygen and consume carbon dioxide, while most animals consume oxygen and generate carbon dioxide.)

Of the four basic macromolecules found in living things, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are so abundant, readily accessible, and nutritionally useful that they have become the primary molecular units representing the food in our diets. Nucleic acids, the fourth group of macromolecules, are not abundant enough to be an important dietary item.

2. POST-READING TASKS.

1. Define the following concepts: nutrition, a calorie, digestion.

2. Name the basic macromolecules found in living organisms and explain their role.

3. Imagine that you are making a speech on the topic “Nutrition”.

UNIT 9

1. PRE-READING AND READING TASKS.

1. Study the meaning and pronunciation of these words:

bifurcate (v)	['baIfqkeIt]	разветвлять
deflate (v)	[dI'fleIt]	выпускать воздух
enable (v)	[I'neIb(q)l]	давать возможность
estimate (v)	['estImeIt]	оценивать
exhale (v)	[eks'heIl]	выдыхать
inflate (v)	[In'fleIt]	раздувать(ся), наполнять воздухом
inhale (v)	[In'heIl]	вдыхать
line (v)	[laIn]	выстилать
terminate (v)	['tE:mIneIt]	кончать(ся)
abdomen	['xbdqmqn, qb'dqVmqn]	брюшная полость
alveolus (pl. alveoli)	["xlvI'qVlqs] ["xlvI'qVlaI]	альвеола
bronchiole (pl. bronchia)	['brPNkIqVl] ['brPNkIq]	бронхиола
bronchitis	[brPN'kaItIs]	бронхит
bronchus (pl. bronchi)	['brPNkqs] ['brPNk(a)I]	бронх
cartilage	['kQ:t(q)lIdZ]	хрящ
cluster	['klAstq]	группа, пучок
dissection	[dI'sekS(q)n]	рассечение
epiglottis	["epI'glPtIs]	надгортанник
epithelium	["epI'Ti:lIqm]	эпителий
hilus, hilum (pl. hila)	['haIlqs] ['haIlqm] ['haIlq]	хилус, ворота органа
naris (pl. nares), nostril	['ne(q)|rIs] ['ne(q)|ri:z] ['nPstrIl]	ноздря
palate	['pxlIt]	небо
pleura (pl. pleurae)	['plV(q)rq] ['plV(q)ri:]	плевра
sternum (pl. sterna)	['stE:|nqm] ['stE:nq]	грудина
trachea (pl. tracheae)	[trq'kIq] [trq'kIi:]	трахея
vertebrate	['vE:tIbr(e)It]	позвоночное животное
alveolate, alveolar	['xlvIqleIt] ['xlvIqlq, "xlvI'qVlq]	альвеолярный
bifurcate	[baI'fE:kIt]	раздвоенный
cartilaginous	["kQ:tI'lxdZ(q)nqs]	хрящевой
crucial	['kru:S(q)l]	решающий
respiratory	[rI'spI|rqt(q)rI]	дыхательный
anteriorly	[xn'tI(q)rIqlI]	спереди

2. Try to guess the meanings of the following words and word combinations:

elastic recoil	cartlaginous c-shaped rings
pharynx	chest wall
glottis	chest cavity
larynx	intrathoracic pressure
thorax	dome-shaped diaphragm
nasal cavity	intercostal muscles
vocal cords	flap-like structure
internal (external) nares

3. Read and translate the text.