- •Lexicology
- •Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Types of lexicology. The relation of lexicology with other linguistic disciplines.
- •2. Etymological characteristics of the English Vocabulary. Definition of terms native, borrowed. Words of native origin and their characteristics.
- •Etymological characteristics of the English Vocabulary. Foreign elements in Modern English. Scandinavian Borrowings, classical elements – Latin and Greek. French borrowings.
- •Etymological characteristics of the English vocabulary. Assimilation. Types and degrees of assimilation. Etymological doublets, hybrids.
- •5. Word formation in Modern English. Morphological structure of a word. Morpheme. Types of morphemes. Structural types of words(simple,derived,compound)
- •Word formation (словообразование)
- •2 Major groups of word formation:
- •Compounding
- •Prefixation
- •Suffixation
- •6 Ways of suffixing in English:
- •6. Productivity. Productive and non – productive ways of word formation.
- •7. Referential and functional approaches to meaning. Definition of meaning. Meaning and concept.
- •8. Types of word meaning: lexical, grammatical, part-of-speech meaning. Denotational and connotational components of lexical meanings. There are 2 main types of word-meaning:
- •The grammatical meaning
- •The lexical meaning.
- •Grammatical m-ng:
- •Lexical m-ng:
- •9. Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •10. Change of meaning. It causes. Types of semantic change (specialization, generalization, positive and negative connotations)
- •11. Transference of meaning. Metaphor and metonymy.
- •12. English vocabulary as a system. Synonymy. Sources of synonymy. A synonymic group and its dominant member.
- •13. Synonymy. Problems of classification of synonyms (criteria, types of classification)
- •14. English vocabulary as a system. Hyponymy. Hyperonymy. The theory of semantic field.
- •15. Synonymy and euphemisms.
- •16. English vocabulary as a system. Antonyms. Types of antonyms.
- •17. Homonyms. Origins of homonymy. Classification of homonyms. Homonymy and polysemy.
- •18. Fundamentals of English lexicography. The main problems of lexicography. Types of dictionaries.
- •19. Phraseological units. Problem of definition. Essential features of phraseological units.
- •20. How to distinguish phraseological units from free word groups.
- •21. Problem of criteria and classification of Phraseological units.
2. Etymological characteristics of the English Vocabulary. Definition of terms native, borrowed. Words of native origin and their characteristics.
English vocabulary contains an immense number of words of foreign origin. In the first century B.C. most of the territory of Europe was occupied by the Roman Empire. After a number of wars between the Germanic tribes and the Romans these two opposing peoples come into peaceful contact. The Germanic people gain knowledge of new and useful things. The first among to them are new things to eat. Its only product to the Germanic tribes were meat and milk. It is from the Romans that they learn to how to make butter and cheese and, as there are naturally no words for these foodstuffs in their tribal languages, they are use the Latin words to name them (butyrum, caseus).They owe the knowledge of some new fruits and vegetables: cherry – cerasum, pear-pirum, plum-prunus, pea-pisum, beet-beta, pepper-piper. It’s interesting to note that the word PLANT is also a Latin borrowing of this period.
In the fifth century A.D Several of the Germanic tribes migrated across the sea to the British Isles and there were Celts. A number of the Celtic words were assimilated: BALD, DOWN, GLEN, DRUID, BARD, CRADLE. Especially numerous among the Celtic borrowings were place names, names of rivers. Hills etc. Rivers: AVON, EXE, ESK. In the seventh century A.D. This century was significant for the Christianization of England. The spread of Christianity was accompanied by a new of Latin borrowings: PRIEST-presbyter,bishop-episcopus,monk-monachus etc
8-11th century – Scandinavian invasion: call, take, cast, die. Scandinavian borrowings by the initial SK- combination: sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt.
1066 – Norman conquest. Norman French borrowings.
The renaissance period Italian, Parisian, Latin , Greek borrowings: music, matinee, violin, atom etc.
BORROWING or LOAN-WORD – is a word which came into the vocabulary of one language from another and was assimilated by new language.
NATIVE word – is a word that was not borrowed from another language, but was inherited from an earlier stage of the language.
Etymological characteristics of the English Vocabulary. Foreign elements in Modern English. Scandinavian Borrowings, classical elements – Latin and Greek. French borrowings.
Сканд.заимствования в значительной мере обусловили смешанный характер англ.вокабуляра. Этому способствовало сосуществование англичан с датчанами на территории Англии в период датского владычества (X-XI вв.). Скандинавизмы появлялись в результате устного общения. В д-а письменных памятниках - немногие слова сканд.происхождения. Принадлежность англ и сканд. языков к одной и той же германской группе позволяла понимать друг друга, и в этом процессе сильно было взаимовлияние языков. Деление слов на тем.группы затруднительно ввиду очень большого разнообразия; семантика большинства слов носит общий характер: husband, fellow, bag, leg, calf, skin, skirt; cast, take, guess; ill, wrong, low.
Лат.заимствования входили в англ.язык несколькими волнами. Наиболее ранний пласт - когда герм. племена англов, саксов, ютов и фризов еще до переселения в Британию входили в торговые и военные контакты с римлянами. Заимствуются обозначения предметов материальной культуры — англ, сир (лат. сарра), butter (лат. butyrum), copper (лат. cuprum). До захвата германцами Британия 400 лет находилась под властью Римской империи. Тогда в англ. появляются street (лат. via strata), wall (лат. vallum), mint (лат. menta, moneta) и др. Часть заимствований этого периода дошла до наших дней только в топонимах. Напр, лат. слово, к-е мы находим теперь в геогр.названиях, -Chester (лат. castra — «лагерь») в Chester, Manchester, Lancaster; элемент -wich в Greenwich, Harwich восходит к лат. vicus — «селение». Следующая волна лат.заимствований связана с христианизацией Британии. К ним относятся слова соответствующей тематической группы — priest (лат. presbuteros), candle (лат. candela, candela), creed (лат. credo). В тот же период в англ.язык входит много лат.слов, обозначающих предметы повседневного обихода, а также связанных с огородничеством и садоводством, — chest (лат. cista, «ящик»), silk (лат. sericum, «шелк»), rose (лат. rosa). Т.к. монастыри были также и центрами научной и лит.жизни Британии, вокабуляр англ.языка пополняется в этот период: school (лат. schola), circle (лат. circulus), а также множество научных терминов. Лат.заимствования с-а и ранненовоанглийского периодов - слова научного обихода и абстрактные сущ (formula, fraction, magnanimity, fatal, jovial, beneficial, vernacular). Отдельно заимствования лат. терминоэлементов, т.к. проникновение их в англ.язык часто носит искусственный характер. Большое количество примеров тому в медицинской терминологии (oculist, osteotomy, etc.).