1. Similar pragmatic conditions (pc)

2. Similar patterns of explicit or implicit means of reference

3. Similar morphological forms of the noun

26. Match the chosen synonyms and the possible communicative intention of the speaker.

1 b….that man who sits next to us… 2 e….a big husky fellow, tall and broad 3 d….These he packed carefully into the narrow deep hole 4 f….The first station is marked by a line which is straight. 5 c …that was the expression he used. 6 a…we were like those poems about the Jacobites!

Tp present an object as personally known to the speaker To present an object as known to all To show the definite reference Just to name a feature of an object To give additional characteristic to an object To draw the reader’s attention to the object.

27. Choose the proper statement (or statements) to complete the following:

The most important idea about the definition of discourse is that

1. It is a structural and semantic unit;

2. It is lexically and grammatically organized;

3. It can be used in oral and written communication;

4. It is a social and a speech phenomenon.

28. Text can be described as:

1. A notion coinciding with the notion of discourse;

2. A unit of syntax that belongs to the grammatical level following the sentence level;

3. An object of text linguistics with particular reference to the structural aspect of language units.

29. Discourse possesses the category of connectedness. Match the possible subtypes of connectedness and corresponding definitions.

Coherence b	Local connectedness, manifesting itself in lexical and syntactical connection between elements with text units;
Cohesion a	Global connectedness that is a result of the logical development f the theme supported by connection on the deep prepositional, surface lexical and syntactical levels, and also by the pragmatic position of the author.

30. Pragmatics is a multi-aspect phenomenon. Match the terms describing some aspects of pragmatics and their interpretations.

The communicative aspect b	Knowledge of the language and the extra-linguistic background of the communicants tell upon the flow of discourse and result in a personally-coloured creation and understanding of speech;
The cognitive aspect a	Meaning in communication is predetermined by the purposes and expectations of the communicants.

31. Discourse can be characterized in terms of referential continuities. Choose the continuity which “unites” the rest of the continuities found in discourse

1. The temporal continuity

2. The local continuity

3. The action continuity

4. The theme continuity

5. The participants continuity

6. The topics continuity

32. Modern pragmatics is

1. A subsidiary science known as part of Ch. Morris” semiotics which comprises semantics, syntax, pragmatics.

2. A relatively independent branch of linguistics that studies the influence of objective reality on the meaning and form of a linguistic sign.

33. Meaning in discourse is restricted by

1. Linear ordering of sentences

2. The iconicity principle in informational presentation.

3. The division of information into “ given” (shared by both communicants) and “new” (which is to be presented to the listener)

34. Match the names of the following information division theories and the terms they employ

    The Sentence Actual Division Theory b	The foreground(-ing) and the background)(-ing)
    The Discursive-Pragmatic Theory c	The theme and the rheme
    The Grounding Theory a	“new” and “given” information

35. Choose the ideas which can be referred to as central within the Grounding theory

1. Information should be analysed within the framework of a sentence.

2. Information in discourse has a gradual nature.

3. Information in discourse is to be described in terms of strict dichotomies such as, for example, the theme and the rheme.

4. Some information in discourse can be used as the ground for the rest of the information.

5. Foregrounded information is always the most prominent information in a discourse fragment.

6. The appearance of the terms “foreground” and “background” is connected with the studies in the grammar of narration.

7. The decision about the information status of some discourse fragment belongs to the author who provides his partner with clues for discourse interpretation.

36. “Foreground” and “background” are the terms characterizing discourse information distribution along the following lines

1. Old (given) information – new information,

2. Prominent information – secondary information,

3. A combination of a) and b)