Don’t be a mental loafer. Don’t be afraid to concentrate on some ideas, to think hard and to exercise your will and memory.

Vocabulary practice

6. Express the following in one word.

habit, schedule, will, loafer, self-confident

1 mental power by which a person can direct his thoughts and actions

2 sure that you can do things successfully, and not afraid or nervous in social situations

3 (an example of) person’s usual behaviour

4 programme or timetable for work

5 person who is idle

7. Match the words of similar meaning.

1 worried	a disappear
2 drop in	b idleness
3 go away	c nervous
4 laziness	d leave
5 dull	e visit (informally)
6 vanish	f boring

8. Match the words to their opposites.

1 wake up	a take off
2 get up	b go to sleep/fall asleep
3 put on	c boring
4 remember	d deserted
5 interesting	e go to bed
6 crowded	f fail
7 manage	g forget

9. Choose the corresponding English word.

1 высокое качество	a) excellence	b) excellent	c) excel
2 совершенство, безупречность	a) perfect	b) perfectly	c) perfection
3 важность, значимость	a) important	b) importance	c) importantly
4 успешно	a) success	b) successful	c) successfully
5 решение	a) decide	b) decisive	c) decision
6 мысль	a) think	b) thought	c) thoughtful
7 оживлять, приводить в чувство	a) revive	b) revival	c) reviver
8 усталость	a) tired	b) tiresome	c) tiredness
9 сила	a) strong	b) strength	c) strengthen
10 удовольствие	a) please	b) pleased	c) pleasure

10. Match the words to make phrases.

1 to feel	a one’s memory
2 to exercise	b tired
3 to arrive	c a problem
4 to face	d on time
5 to think	e success
6 to make	f hard
7 to achieve	g a decision

11. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once.

thought, habit, self-confident, feel, boring, bored, please, displeased

1. She was ... at my tactlessness.

2. He often acts without ... .

3. It was ... to sit there without anything to do.

4. She has a ... of leaving the front door open when she goes out.

5. She is very hard to....

6. He was deep in ... .

7. I was so ... – I almost fell asleep.

8. As a child he was always ..., happily joining in with adult conversations.

9. At first you think “I’ll just have one cigarette,” but then it becomes a ... and you’re smoking 60 a day.

10. I usually ... too tired to cook after a day at the office.

SOCIAL ENGLISH

Time Expressions

A.

— Excuse me, what time is it? — What’s the time? — Can you tell me the time?	— Yes, sure. It’s ... o’clock. — I’m sorry. My watch is wrong / slow / fast.
— Thanks. / Thank you.	— You are welcome. / Any time.

12. Look at the clock. Write the times. Practise saying them.

Example: It's _____________________.

Answer: It’s half past eight.

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

It's_________

• What is the difference between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m.? Look at the chart and check your answer.

a.m.	morning afternoon	00.00—11.59 12.00—17.59
p.m.	evening	18.00—23.59

note:

00.00 = midnight

0. = midday (noon)

in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening / in the daytime

BUT: at night / at midnight / at noon

13. Match the times that are the same.

Example: 03.00 — 3 a.m. — three o’clock in the morning

1.	03.00	2 p.m.	three o’clock in the afternoon
2.	15.00	8 p.m.	two o’clock in the afternoon
3.	20.00	3 a.m.	eight o’clock in the morning
4.	08.00	8 a.m.	three o’clock in the morning
5.	14.00	3 p.m.	eight o’clock in the evening

B. Early or late?

I arrived at the meeting I was

e arly (before the start time). half an hour early. 30 minutes early. on time (= just before or at the start time). late (after the start time). three quarters of an hour late. 45 minutes late.

C. Word combinations with ‘time’

spend lose waste save

time

= use time in a particular way = use more time for something than you planned = use time in a way that is not useful = use less time for something than you planned

1. I usually spend 30 minutes every morning checking my email.

2. I wasted two weeks waiting for a reply to my letter.

3. We saved two hours by getting a direct flight to Hong Kong.

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Present Simple

14. Give the proper forms of the verbs in brackets; translate the text.

Jane (be) always busy with her job. She (get) to the office before 8.30. She (take off) her coat, (put on) her reading glasses and (sit down) at her desk. Then she (read) her mail and (fill out) the daily reports. If she (have) enough time, she (have) a cup of coffee.

At 9 o’clock the other workers (arrive). Some of them (be) too tired to smile. Sometimes Jane (be) too busy to talk, but she (say) hello to everyone.

At 9.30 she (go) into the boss’s office. She (give) him the daily reports. They always (talk) about them for a few minutes. She (tell) the boss her plans for the day. Then she (go back) to her office and (make) phone calls. The company (do) business in England and Japan, so sometimes she (have) to call these countries.

At the end of the day she (pick up) the children at school. They (be) always happy to see her and she (be) always energetic enough to play with them at home. Jane (be) important to the people at the office and to the people at home, and she (do) a good job both places.

Adverbs of frequency

always usually often sometimes never

●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●● ●

I

always usually often sometimes never

get to work late.

A: How often do you arrive at work on time?

B: I usually arrive at work on time.

15. Work with a partner. Use the adverbs of frequency to talk about your daily routine.

16. What do these English sayings mean to you? Are they similar to any in your own language? Which ones do you like best? Why? How many sayings about time can you think of in your own language?

1. Time and tide wait for no man.

2. Busiest men find the most time.

3. A stitch in time saves nine.

4. What may be done at any time is done at no time.

5. There’s no time like the present.

6. Today is the tomorrow we worried about yesterday.

7. The one who is first to act achieves success.

8. Well begun is half done.

9. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

10. Time flies when you’re having fun.

17. Read the following text and express in your own words the main idea of the text.

It is Never Too Late to Be Punctual

People who are unpunctual fall into three categories. The first, and saddest comprises the hopelessly incompetent and inefficient who worry about being on time and never are. The second lot are, strange as it may seem, impatient people who cannot bear to be kept waiting, and who make sure they don’t arrive before the appointed time, thus guaranteeing that others must wait for them. If they are outmaneuvered and compelled to wait for someone, they are the first to express disapproval of the bad manners of the latecomers. Finally, there are the egoists determined to impose their own personality on others and to impress their sense of importance on them. An easy way to do this is to keep everyone waiting until the star makes an appearance.

18. Give personal information.

1. How punctual are you? Do you always arrive late, early or on time?

2. D o you think you manage your time wisely? Do you manage time, or does time manage you?

1. Do you schedule out what you have to do every week?

2. Do you make a schedule for every day?

3. Do you have enough time to do things you want to do?

4. What is the most time-consuming thing you do in your life?

5. What do you like doing in your spare time?

6. What would you do if you had a few extra hours in a day?

7. Which time of day do you feel you are most productive in your work or study? Are you a “night owl” or an “early bird”?

19. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the questions about your daily routine.

1. When do you usually get up on weekdays?

2. What’s the first thing you do in the morning?

3. When do you have breakfast?

4. What kind of breakfast do you usually have?

5. Do you have tea or coffee for breakfast?

6. How do you get to university?

7. How long does it usually take you?

8. When do your classes start?

9. When do you have your lunch break?

10. How long does it last?

11. Where do you have lunch?

12. When is your working day over?

13. What do you like doing in the evenings?

14. When do you do your homework?

15. What time do you go to bed?

16. What do you like doing in your spare time?

17. What don’t you like doing at all?

18. Do you go out on Friday evenings? Where do you usually go out?

19. Do you like staying at home? What do you do then?

20. What do you do at weekends?

SPEAKING PRACTICE

Useful Words and Expressions

Everyday routine:	t o get up / to wake up; to wash / to shave; to have a shower/a bath; to put on one’s clothes / to get dressed; to have breakfast; to go to work/to university; to have (a) lunch (break); to finish work; to do some shopping / to go shopping; to go home / to come home; t o go to bed / to go to sleep.
Spare time activities:	going to the cinema /to the theatre/to the opera; going to museums/to art galleries; going out for a meal/for a drink; visiting historic buildings/places; reading books/newspapers/magazines; watching TV; surfing the Internet; doing sports; playing computer games; listening to records; playing the guitar/the piano; d ancing; taking pictures; gardening; cooking; needlework; knitting; embroidery.

20. Think about your morning routine from the moment you get out of bed to the moment you leave the house.

• What do you do? What order do you do things in?

• How long does each activity usually take you?

Now compare with a partner. What are the differences?

21. What’s a typical day for you? Look at the activities below and fill in the time you spend on each activity.

• sleep........

• study.......

• exercise.......

• watch television.......

• surf the Internet.......

• do housework.......

22. Speak about at least three activities you think are a waste of time.

Pattern: It is a waste of time doing smth

Language development

23. Work with your partner. Read the following dialogues paying special attention to the ways of making suggestions and refusing them. Learn the dialogues by heart and act them out.

Making plans

A.

Tom :	It’s almost Christmas. What are you doing this weekend?
Sara :	Nothing special, just working. Why do you ask?
Tom :	Well, I still haven’t finished my Christmas shopping. Do you want to go shopping with me this weekend?
Sara :	I’d like to, but I’m not sure if I can. Work has been really busy lately. Why don’t we go on Friday instead?
Tom :	Friday’s not good. I think the stores will be very crowded and I have to work.
Sara :	OK, then let’s try to go this weekend. I should know if I can go by Friday. Is it OK if I call you then?
Tom :	Yeah, that’s fine.
Sara :	What’s your number?
Tom :	233-331-8828. Let me give you my email address too. It’s [e-mail]
Sara :	OK, I’ll talk to you soon.
Tom :	OK.

B.

Ann :	D’you fancy going shopping on Saturday?
Ben :	O.K. I’ll meet you outside Harrods at 1.00.
Ann :	Can you make it earlier?
Ben :	Oh, no, it’s out of the question. I always like lying in on Saturdays.
Ann :	You could always have a lie-in on Sunday, couldn’t you?
Ben :	It’s all very well to say, but Saturday morning is the only time during the week I really relax.

Here are other ways of making suggestions (informal):

What about... (doing smth)

Why don’t we... (do smth)

We could always...

I’ve got a great/marvellous idea; we could...

Listen, let’s...

Refusing suggestions

It’s out of the question (to) ... It’d be a complete waste to...

Of course, we couldn’t...

What a ridiculous idea...

Raising objections or difficulties

It’s all very well to say..., but...

Yes, but look /Bill/, that would mean...

Yes, but on the other hand...

24. Work in pairs. Take turns to make a suggestion and to refuse it or raise an objection.

1. A : You are thinking of spending a week down in the country.

B : It’s cold there at this time of the year.

2. A : You suggest going to the South and spending two weeks on the beach.

B : You like the idea, but you are sure the beach will be overcrowded.

3. A : You are looking forward to a camping holiday.

B : You can’t bear the discomforts of living in a tent.

25. Work with a partner. Take it in turns to express your doubt or disappointment in the following actions by using “I (don’t) feel like”, “It’s no use (what’s the use of)”, “Is it worth while”, give your reasons.

1) dieting, 2) doing physical exercising, 3) keeping away from late suppers, 4) eating vegetables, 5) giving up chocolates, 6) overeating, 7) jogging, 8) not eating sweets.

TALKING ABOUT PAST ACTIONS

26. Work with a partner. Act out the following dialogue.

I went shopping

Tom :	Sarah, what did you do today?
Sarah :	I went shopping.
Tom :	Did you buy anything?
Sarah :	Yes, I bought a few things.
Tom :	What did you buy?
Sarah :	I bought this coat. Do you like it?
Tom :	Yeah, I like it a lot. It’s very pretty. Where did you buy it?
Sarah :	At the mall on 5th street.
Tom :	Was it expensive?
Sarah :	No, it wasn’t expensive. It was on sale for 20 dollars.
Tom :	That’s cheap.
Sarah :	I know. It was a really good deal.
Tom :	I don’t think you’ll need to wear it for a while. It’s been really hot lately.

27. Tell your partner or classmates what you did yesterday. Remember to use past tense.

Example:

Yesterday, I went to the mall.

I bought some shorts and a baseball cap.

I spent almost $20.

28. Ask your partner what he/she did last weekend. Respond with related questions.

Example:

— What did you do last Saturday?

— I stayed at home and cleaned my room.

— Did you do anything fun?

— Not really.

29. Speak about some day when all went wrong from the very start.

You overslept. In the bus you found out that you had left your purse at home. You were late for a very important meeting. The bus moving at a very high speed spoilt your clothes. When you began to warm your dinner you burnt it.

Talking about the future

Weekend/ Leisure Activities

30. Tell your partner or groupmates what you are going to do this weekend.

Pattern: I am going to . . .

• watch a movie

• go to a ball game

• see a concert

• surf the Internet

• work out

• visit friends

• stay home

• relax

• sleep in

• play computer games

• go out to eat

• go dancing

• go downtown

• have a party

• go to the beach

• go on a picnic

Example:

I’m going to play football with my buddies.

I’m gonna eat dinner at a fancy restaurant.

31. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the following questions. Sum up your partner’s answers.

1. How long does your weekend last? You always look forward to it, don’t you? Where do you and your family normally spend the weekends? Do you spend your weekends quietly at home or do you prefer to go away for the weekend? Do you think people who stay at home at the weekend manage to relax?

2. How often do you go out? Do you go out on weekdays as often as at the weekend? What is your idea of going out? Why do you prefer to go to parties (to the movies, etc.)?

3. Do you manage to relax at the weekend? Your weekends are very busy sometimes, aren’t they? Do you try to help your family with the housework at the weekend? What odd jobs do you do about the house? Do you manage to catch up with all the jobs you were too busy to do during the week? Do you at least try?

4. Who does the shopping in your family? How often do you go shopping? What is the busiest time for shopping? Do you prefer to go shopping on weekdays or at the weekend? Which do you think is the most convenient time for shopping?

5. Imagine that you’ve got a lot of money. What sort of thing would you like to buy or where would you like to go?

Lesson 3. The Way to Success

The dictionary is the only place

where success comes before work.

Lead-in

WINNER VS. LOSER

The winner – is always part of the answer,

The loser – is always part of the problem;

The winner – always has a program;

The loser – always has an excuse;

The winner – says “Let me do it for you”;

The loser – says “That’s not my job.”

The winner – sees an answer to every problem;

The loser – sees a problem for every answer;

The winner – sees a green near every green;

The loser – sees two or three sand traps near every green;

The winner – says, “It may be difficult but it’s possible.”

The loser – says, “It may be possible but it’s too difficult.”

Be a winner!

1. What is it that drives people to be successful?

2. Look at the following and say what qualities are necessary in order to be a successful person. Range them in order of importance.

tough, well-organized, well-educated, persistent, hard-working,

optimistic, creative, patient, sociable, efficient, competent, dedicated,

ambitious, disciplined, courageous, determined, cooperative, reliable

e.g. To be a successful person you have to be sociable and cooperative.

It’s also important to be …

3. Remember some words of wisdom:

• Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure. (Edward Eggleston)

• Failure is only the opportunity to begin again more intelligently. (Henry Ford)

• Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts. (Winston Churchill)

• Continuous effort – not strength or intelligence – is the key to unlocking our potential. (Liane Cordes)

• Most of the important things in the world have been accomplished by people who have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at all. (Dale Carnegie)

Reading

4. Read the text and answer the questions below.

Procrastination – a difficult word that makes life difficult

This word is not often used, and probably you’ve never come across it before, still a lot of people (including you may be) procrastinate every day of their lives. Longman dictionary gives the following definition: to procrastinate – to delay repeatedly and without good reason doing something that must be done.

How often do you put off doing something? You know you should do it, but you don’t. We often try to put off difficult tasks, unpleasant things. In spite of what the dictionary says, usually we have reasons for putting things off, we say to ourselves:

• I don’t have time.

• It’s unpleasant.

• I have too many other things to do.

• It’s difficult.

• I don’t feel like doing it now.

• I have a headache.

• I’m tired.

• Let me have a cup of coffee first.

• It might not work.

• I’ll do it when I can concentrate on it.

• I must think about it.

• Before I start I think I’ll take a break.

Well, we can think of plenty of excuses. However scientists say that the main reason for procrastination is fear or worry. We are simply afraid of doing something, so we invent excuses, try to put off doing it and secretly hope that the problem will go away by itself. It does not. Instead procrastination creates more fear and worry and more problems.

Procrastination is a bad habit, which can affect your work and your life. Try to fight it. The following tips may help:

• Keep your to-do list – write down things you have to do.

• Break down big jobs into smaller parts – even five minutes is enough to do something. The most difficult thing is to start. Once you start you usually get going. So get started.

• Try to get a better sense of time. We often think the job will take forever and so we try to avoid it.

• Set deadlines to yourself. If it doesn’t work, make them public.

Remember: procrastination wastes a lot of your time and time lost is lost forever, yesterday will never come back.

• Does procrastination affect your life?

• Do you often put off doing something?

• What do you think is the main reason for procrastination?

• How can we fight a habit of putting off difficult tasks?

Vocabulary practice

5. Express the following in one word.

waste, procrastinate, excuse, failure, deadline

1 delay action

2 use without a good purpose

3 fixed date for finishing (doing) something

4 reason given (true or invented) to explain or defend one’s conduct

5 lack of success

6. Fill in the correct word from the list below.

avoid, put off, excuses, success, discipline, procrastinated, wasted

1. There’s always the temptation to … the most difficult task till last.

2. He … until it was too late.

3. He’s always making … for being late.

4. Try to … danger.

5. The thought of … years behind him made Mark sick with bitterness.

6. He had all the attributes of a great leader: charisma, energy, ... and resourcefulness.

7. All great leaders share certain characteristics which must be seen as the key to their ... .

7. Complete the following text with the words in the box.

successful, famous, nervous, deal, managed, carefully, prepare

How to Succeed

Let me make a suggestion to help you (1) ____ with difficult situations. If, for example, you are taking part in a sports competition, meeting someone important, or giving a performance in front of a large audience, you will probably be quite (2) ____, and worry that you will not be as (3) ____ as you would like to be. What you need to do is to (4) ____ yourself thoroughly by running through the whole activity over and over again in your mind, (5) ____ going through every detail. For example, a (6) ____ pianist, imprisoned for seven years for political reasons, could still play magnificently on his release. When asked how he (7) ____ to play so well, his explanation was that he had practiced every day in his mind.

Language Development

8. Work with a partner. What advice would you give sb who wants to fight a habit of putting off difficult tasks? Give advice using should or shouldn’t.

You should / shouldn’t … (+ inf)

e.g.	You should learn to plan your time. You should remember: the longer you put it off, the worse it will be. You shouldn’t leave your work until it’s done.

get rid of your doubts and fears;

list what you have to do;

look at large projects as a series of steps

you complete one at a time;

focus on one task at a time;

divide the task into parts you can manage

9. Work in pairs or small groups. How do you remember all the things you have to do each day / week / month?

10. Now read the article and find out how many of your ideas are mentioned. Do you agree with the other ideas?

Time-saving tips

Making lists is relaxing. It makes you feel important – all those things to do. It calms you down (it’s OK, it’s on a list somewhere) and it makes you feel good when you cross something off.

The world divides into two types of list-makers. Type A makes orderly lists, prioritises and calmly sets to work on them. Type В waits until panic sets in, grabs the nearest envelope and scribbles all over it, sighs with relief and promptly loses it.

The more you have to do, the more you need a list, and few people with high-powered jobs get by without them.

Julie Rost, chief executive of a large chain of supermarkets, says, “Before I go to bed, I have to write down everything that’s going to stop me sleeping. If I write something down, I feel I won’t forget it, so my lists are a great comfort.”

Jane Levy used to write Lists, but she would forget where she put them and then waste precious time looking for them. Then a couple of years ago she came up with a new system. Now she writes key words on the back of her hand! “At least I can’t lose it,’ she says. True, but too many trips to the bathroom could have disastrous results.

Des O’Brien, a self-employed business consultant, uses another method for organising his time. He writes a list of things to do and then organises them into categories: things that have to be done straight away; other things that it would be good to do today; things that are important but don’t have to be done immediately; and things that he can put off but that he doesn’t want to forget. “Using categories to order the world is the way the human mind works,” he says.

It’s all a question of what works best for you, whether it’s a tidy notebook, a forest of Post-it^® notes or the back of your hand. Having tried all these, Kerry Johns, student, relies on her personal organiser. “My personal organiser has changed my life,” she says. “Up to now, I’ve always relied on my good memory, but now that I’m working and studying, I find I’ve got too much to keep in my head.”

So what are you waiting for? There’s no better time than the present to take control of your work and life. So, get out your pencil and paper and make a list.

Sue Kay & Vaughan Jones, New Inside Out, Macmillan

conversation

11. Work with a partner. Act out the following dialogue.

What is your major?

Tim :	Hey, Diane, what are you doing here?
Diane :	Hi, Tim, how are you? I’m waiting for a friend.
Tim :	I heard you’re going to graduate this summer. Is that true?
Diane :	Yes. If everything goes alright, I’ll be getting my Bachelors degree in August. Then I need to start looking for a job.
Tim :	I had to do that last year. It wasn’t easy. Do you have any job offers?
Diane :	No, not yet. I sent out a lot of resumes, but I didn’t receive many responses. It’s pretty hard to find a job right now.
Tim :	What’s your major?
Diane :	Psychology.
Tim :	That was my major when I started college, but I switched to engineering after the first year.
Diane :	I think it’s easier for engineers to find a job.
Tim :	I’m not sure about that. It took me about 3 months to find a job. I finally was able to get a job after I put my resume on one of those job websites.
Diane :	Anyway, it really doesn’t matter. If I can’t find a job I’ll probably go back to school to get my Masters degree.

12. Comment on the following:

• Youth is a period of missed opportunities. (C. Connolly)

• If opportunity doesn’t knock, build a door. (Milton Berde)

• You will never write a good book until you have written some bad ones. (Bernard Shaw)

• Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent per­spiration. (Thomas Alva Edison)

Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence.

Talent will not;

nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent.

Genius will not;

unrewarded genius is almost a proverb.

Education will not;

the world is full of educated derelicts.

Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent.

13. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the following.

• All you need in this life is ignorance and confidence, and then success is sure. (Mark Twain)

1. What is success for you?

2. Are you afraid of being unsuccessful?

3. What do you need in this life for success?

4. Can you have success if you don’t have confidence?

5. Can you have success if you aren’t ignorant?

6. Why do we need confidence for success?

7. Do you think that all the very confident people are successful?

8. Why do we need to be ignorant to achieve success?

9. Do you think that all the ignorant people are successful?

10. What do you think, do you have enough confidence for success?

11. Do you ever regret that you don’t have enough confidence to be successful?

12. Have you ever tried to increase your confidence to achieve better success?

13. Do you know of any ways or methods to increase our chances to achieve better success?

• I can’t give you a sure-fire formula for success, but I can give you a formula for failure: try to please everybody all the time.

1. Do you agree that the formula for failure is trying to please everybody all the time?

2. Is it possible to please everybody all the time?

3. Is trying to please everybody all the time the only formula for failure?

4. Do you know any other formulas for failure?

5. What characteristics of people give them more chances for success?

6. What characteristics of people give them less chances for success?

7. Which of your characteristics gives you more chances for success?

8. Which of your characteristics prevents you from being successful?

9. Which of your characteristics prevents you from being unsuccessful?

10. What kind of communication with other people gives us more chances to be successful?

11. What kind of world outlooks give us more chances to be successful?

12. What do you want to change in yourself to become more successful?

13. What do you want to change in your life to become more successful?

14. What is more important for success: your profession, your personality and personal characteristics or your luckiness?

15. What is more important for success: your friends, your wife, your parents or the country where you live?

16. What is a more probable reason for failure?

17. What is a more probable reason for failure: kindness, laziness, meanness or just stupidity?

18. Is it possible to be successful but not know about it?

19. Are you sure that you want to be successful and that you know what success is?

1 4. Think over and speak about:

• What should one do to become successful?

Some expressions you may want to use to help you start talking about your topic are:

As I see it, …

I think/believe/feel …

In my opinion, …

Personally, I believe/think/feel that …

I’m sure (that) …

First... Second... Third...

The first... The second... The third...

First ... Next ... Then ... Finally …

Lesson 4. Lifestyle: Leisure for Pleasure

The more joy we have, the more nearly perfect we are.

B. Spinoza

Lead-in

1. Answer the following questions.

1. What ways of spending free time do you know?

2. What is a hobby?

3. What kinds of hobbies do you know?

4. Do you think hobbies make people’s lives more interesting?

5. How do young people spend their free time? What leisure activities do they prefer?

2. Look at the following list of leisure activities. Put them in your order of preference. Are there any others, which are not on the list, that you like?

Doing a sport

Reading a book

Watching TV

Surfing the Internet

Going to the theatre

Visiting an art gallery or a museum

Going to a concert

Going to a disco club

Going round a market

Going out for a meal

3. Give personal information.

1. How do you prefer to spend your leisure time?

2. Do you spend much time surfing the Internet?

3. What is your favourite cultural activity?

4. What appeals to you most: theatre, opera, ballet, classical music or modern music?

5. Do you like to attend concerts?

6. Which do you prefer: classical or modern music?

7. Do you like listening to jazz (rock, reggae, techno, country, pop music)?

8. Has your taste in music ever changed over the years? Why/ Why not?

9. Where do you like to listen to music?

10. Do you listen to music while you are working?

11. D o you play a musical instrument?

12. Austin O’Malley once said, “Music is another lady that talks charmingly and says nothing”. Do you agree with this statement?

4. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below.

I t’s becoming easier to meet young people who know how to use computers or consult video encyclopedias, but who don’t know how to appreciate the fascination of reading. Some people say television is to blame as it offers attractive programmes which don’t require the “effort” of reading. For others it’s the fault of schools which don’t teach children to appreciate literature and its wonders. And what do you think?

1. What’s the reason, in your opinion, that young people today read so little?

2. Why is the number of people who aren’t reading increasing?

3. Are you fond of reading?

4. What kind of reading do you prefer: do you like reading books? newspapers? magazines? If so, what kind of books, newspapers and magazines?

5. Is reading only a pleasure or something special for you?

6. Why do you think reading is important?

7. What famous British, American and Russian writers and poets do you know? Which of their books have you read?

8. Who are your favourite writers or poets?

9. Do you like poetry? Why?

5. Study the following quotations and discuss which ones you most, or least, agree with.

• A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read. (Mark Twain)

• Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)

• A book read is a life lived. (Author Unknown)

Vocabulary Practice

6. Match the words and collocations of similar meaning.

1 leisure	a go to
2 prefer	b understand and enjoy
3 appreciate	c spare time
4 attend	d like better
5 effort	e make better
6 increase	f make greater
7 improve	g trying hard

7. Match the words to their opposites.

1 love	a rest
2 easy	b boring
3 work	c difficult
4 interesting	d hate
5 increase	e reduce

8. Choose the corresponding English word.

1 предпочтение	a) prefer	b) preference	c) preferable
2 деятельность	a) active	b) action	c) activity
3 требовать	a) require	b) requirement	c) required
4 улучшать	a) improver	b) improvement	c) improve
5 привлекать	a) attract	b) attractive	c) attraction
6 очарование	a) fascinate	b) fascination	c) fascinating

Grammar review

• Would like (to do) or like (doing)

would like to...	like ...-ing
Means that you want to do something now or in the future. I would like to give a party. = I want to give a party.	Means that you always (usually/often) enjoy doing something. I like giving parties. = I enjoy giving parties.

9. Work with a partner. Choose the correct form.

1. A: Would you like to go for a swim?

Do you like swimming?

B: What a good idea! It’s so hot today!

2. A: What do you like doing at the weekend?

What would you like to do this weekend?

B: I like to put my feet up and relax. Sometimes I play football.

3. A: Do you like watching TV?

Would you like to watch TV?

B: Yes, especially films and game shows.

10. Match a question in column A with an answer in column B.

A	B
What do you like doing at weekends? Do you like getting up early? Would you like to speak more in your English class? Do you like doing your homework alone or with some of your friends? Would you like a cup of hot coffee?	I like working alone. Sure, my spoken English isn’t good enough. Meeting my friends and having fun. No, thanks. I prefer tea. No, I’m not an early bird.

Expressing Preference and Reluctance

Which do you prefer / like better,	cinema or theatre? comedy or melodrama? TV programmes or video films?
What would you rather prefer to watch,	a thriller or an action film?

Why don’t we

go to the theatre go to the cinema stay at home and watch a video film

tonight?

Expressing Preference

— I prefer...

— I like ... better.

Expressing Reluctance

— No, thank you. I don’t (really) want to./ I don’t feel like it./ I’m not (really) in the mood.

— Do I/we have to?

— Have I/we got to?

11. Use the words in the list below to express your preferences.

Example:

I prefer reading to watching TV.

I prefer classical music to pop music.

WATCH films (thrillers, action films, comedies, horror films, westerns, science fiction, documentaries, popular science films, etc.), news and current affairs programmes, sports programmes, cultural programmes (opera, ballet), historical programmes, educational programmes, entertainment programmes (serial shows, television series, talk shows, game shows, quiz shows, comedy programmes), nature/wildlife programmes, etc.

LISTEN TO jazz/ rock/rap/reggae/classical/country/etc. music

READ historical novels, psychological novels, autobiographical novels, horror (mystery) novels, adventure novels, short stories, novelettes, detective stories, thrilling stories, love stories, memoirs, science fiction, fairy tales, poems (verse), etc.

PLAY a game of chess, the guitar, basketball/football/tennis, etc.

12. Match a line in A with a line in B.

A	B
Which do you like better, Russian or American films? Why don’t you watch “The Adventures of Marco Polo”? Which do you prefer, cinema or theatre? Let’s watch “Underwater World”. How about a musical?	Oh, no. I’d prefer something more serious. I don’t really feel like it. I’d rather not. I’m not keen on nature programmes. I like good films. None. I prefer TV.

Language Development

13. Give reasons why your friend enjoys doing something.

Example:

I enjoy reading detective stories when I’m tired because it helps me to have a good rest.

• to read before going to bed;

• to go to the country for the week-end;

• to visit my schoolmates on holidays;

• to take a walk in the evening;

• to go to the river on a hot day;

• to stay at home and read a book on a rainy morning.

14. Compare and contrast the two activities (e.g. watching TV and playing football, etc.). Then write a short paragraph using the ideas from the box as in the example:

improve health, build muscles, more energy,

entertaining, relax, interesting, team spirit,

cooperate with others, educational, exercise

Example:

I like watching TV because it helps me relax. However, it doesn’t give me the opportunity to exercise.

CONVERSATION

15. Work with a partner. Act out the following dialogues.

A. What kind of music do you like?

Amy :	Paul, what kind of music do you like to listen to?
Paul :	All kinds, but mostly Pop, rock and classical. Why?
Amy :	I have tickets to a show. Do you want to go with me?
Paul :	What kind of music is it?
Amy :	Pop. It’s Mariah Carey.
Paul :	When is it?
Amy :	At 8pm tomorrow night.
Paul :	Yeah, I’d like to go. Do you think we should have dinner first?
Amy :	Yes, that’s a good idea.
Paul :	Let’s eat at the restaurant across the street from my apartment.
Amy :	Oh, I think I know the place you mean. We ate there last month, right?
Paul :	Yes, that’s right. You have a good memory.

B. Going to the library

Kevin :	Lisa, would you like to go to the library with me?
Lisa :	OK. Do you think we can go buy a newspaper first?
Kevin :	Sure. First we’ll go buy a newspaper and then we’ll go to the library.
Lisa :	Are we going to walk or drive?
Kevin :	The weather is really nice today. Let’s walk.
Lisa :	The weather is good now, but I think it’s supposed to rain this afternoon.
Kevin :	Alright, then let’s take an umbrella. Is your brother coming with us?
Lisa :	No, he’s still sleeping.
Kevin :	Wow, it’s already 10:00am. He must have been up late last night.
Lisa :	Yeah, he didn’t come home until 12:00am.
Kevin :	I hope he can come later.
Lisa :	I hope so too. I'll give him a call when we get there.
Kevin :	How do we get to the library from here?
Lisa :	It’s straight down this road on the left, next to the museum. It takes about 10 minutes.

SPEAKING PRACTICE

16. Think over and develop the situation.

Nowadays it is easy to buy books on various topics. There are many specialized bookshops in big cities and small towns. You can buy books, magazines, journals in the street. But they say the number of people who are fond of reading is becoming low. The readers’ tastes have also changed. How can you comment on these changes?

17. Think over and speak about:

• What is your favourite leisure activity?

• What leisure activities are popular among your groupmates?

18. Conduct a role-playing TV “round table” conference on:

1. Young people’s modern cultural standards.

2. Leisure, pastime and their priorities.

Lesson 5. Lifestyle: shopping

Whoever said money can't buy happiness

simply didn't know where to go shopping.

Bo Derek

Lead-in

1. Some people like shopping, others don’t but they all have to go shopping at least once a week because they need food and other things for their life. However, there are people who are addicted to shopping. They are crazy about looking around and choosing things. For them shopping is a hobby. What about you?

1. D o you enjoy shopping? Why or why not?

2. What do you like to shop for?

3. What kind of shops do you like most of all? Why?

4. Is it better to go shopping on your own or with friends/family? Why?

5. How much do you spend each month?

6. Do you usually shop around before buying clothes?

7. When you go to a shop or supermarket, do you ever buy items that you hadn’t planned to buy before you entered the shop?

8. What sort of things do you buy like this and why do you buy them?

9. Have you ever been treated unfairly or impolitely while shopping?

10. Have you, or anyone you know, ever bought a food product which had glass or stones in it? What did you do about it?

11. Did you complain to the shop or the manufacturer?

CONVERSATION

2. Study the following dialogues. The first one is between Mrs. Smith and her younger son John. The second is between Mrs. Smith and a shop assistant.

A. It’s Saturday morning and Mrs. Smith is going shopping.

Mrs. S:	John, I’m going to the shops. Is there anything you want?
John:	Yes, please! Can you pick up my magazine from the newsagent’s?
Mrs. S:	Of course. Do you want to come with me?
John:	No way, I’m going round to Mike’s house, sorry.
Mrs. S:	No problem. I’ll be about an hour, be home by 5 o’clock at the latest.
John:	O.K. I’ll see you later.
A bit later......
Mrs. S:	John, are you home?
John:	Yes, mum, I’m upstairs.
Mrs. S:	Come down here, I bought you a new Nike T-shirt, I want you to try it on.
John:	Nike? Great I’m coming!
A few minutes later.....
Mrs. S:	Well, does it fit?
John:	I think it’s a bit too small.
Mrs. S:	Let’s have a look. Hmmm, I think you’ve grown again!
John:	I can’t wear it though.
Mrs. S:	Do you like it?
John:	Yeah, it’s a nice colour.
Mrs. S:	I’ll take it back to the supermarket and see if I can change it.

B. Mrs. Smith had bought a nice new T-shirt for John, but when he tried it on it didn’t fit. It’s Saturday evening and Mrs. Smith has to return the T-shirt.

Mrs. S:	Excuse me, can you help me?
Shop assistant:	Yes, of course, what can I do for you?
Mrs. S:	I bought this T-shirt for my son this afternoon, but it doesn’t fit him, it’s too small.
Shop assistant:	Do you want to change it or get a refund?
Mrs. S:	I’d like to change it for a larger size. Do you have these in large?
Shop assistant:	I’ll just check. Let’s see, yes, we have large or extra large, which would you prefer?
Mrs. S:	I think large will be fine, it’s for my son.
Shop assistant:	That’s fine, if it doesn’t fit just bring it back again. If you take it to the customer service desk, they’ll sort it all out for you.
Mrs. S:	Thank you. Just as a matter of interest, do you give refunds?
Shop assistant:	Yes, of course. You can bring any clothing items back up to three weeks after purchase, but you must keep the receipt.
Mrs. S:	I see, thanks again.
Shop assistant:	You’re welcome.

Vocabulary practice

3. Explain the meaning of the following words and collocations.

to do the shopping	to go to shops in order to but the things that you need regularly such as food
to go shopping	to go to shops to look at and buy things, often for enjoyment
to shop around	to go to several different shops comparing goods and their prices before deciding which ones to buy
to get	to get something by buying it, especially ordinary things such as food, clothes, or things for your house
shopping centre / mall	a specially-built large covered area where there are a lot of shops
department store	a large shop which is divided into several parts, each of which sells one type of thing, for example men’s clothes, children’s toys, or kitchen equipment
supermarket; grocery store	a large shop that sells food and other things that people regularly need
goods	movable articles (e.g. clothes, food, etc.) which can be owned, bought, or sold
customer	someone who buys goods or services
purchase	1) buying; 2) an act of buying; 3) an article that has just been bought
bargain	something bought or offered cheaply
refund	repayment

4. Express the following in one word.

stall, shop/store, chemist’s/drugstore, market,

kiosk, greengrocer’s, baker’s, butcher’s

1 a building where goods are sold to the public

2 a place outside where you can go to buy things

3 a table, especially outdoors, where goods are sold

4 a small hut on a street that sells things such as newspapers, cigarettes, and drinks

5 a shop selling vegetables and fruit

6 a shop where medical goods are sold

7 a shop where meat is sold

8 a shop where bread is sold

5. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once.

stall, buying, shopping, goods, shopping mall, shelves, markets

1. On Saturdays we usually do the ... and clean the car.

2. Renaissance Centre is a huge steel and glass ... in downtown Detroit.

3. This shop sells a variety of ... .

4. I really like that tie – I was thinking of ... it for my husband for his birthday.

5. The ... tend to be cheaper, especially for fruit and vegetables.

6. Janet has a fruit and veg ... on the market.

7. There’s an ever greater variety of goods to be found on supermarket ... .

8. I’m just going ... . Do you want anything?

9. I did all my ... yesterday.

10. You’ve been ... a lot of clothes recently. Have you decided to change your image?

6. Act out the following dialogues.

A. Gifts

Jonathan :	Dorothy, what are your plans for Christmas?
Dorothy :	Oh yes, it’s almost Christmas, isn’t it. I’m not sure what I’ll be doing then.
Jonathan :	Well, if you don’t have any plans, you family could have dinner at my house.
Dorothy :	That’s very nice of you, thanks. Have you finished your shopping yet?
Jonathan :	No, I still have to do that. I think I’ll go to the mall this weekend.
Dorothy :	It’s going to be really crowded at the mall. You should shop online.
Jonathan :	You’re right. My family loves to read, so I can probably get them all presents from Amazon.com.
Dorothy :	What do you think you’ll get for your wife?
Jonathan :	Probably, a romance novel. It seems like she’s always reading one of those.
Dorothy :	Don’t you think you should get her something a little more expensive, like jewelry or maybe a new computer?
Jonathan :	Maybe you’re right. It’s hard buying gifts. I think my wife has everything she wants. Maybe I should just ask her.

B. Buying a shirt

Dan :	Excuse me.
Maria :	Hello sir, may I help you?
Dan :	Yes. Can I see that shirt on the top shelf, please?
Maria :	Sure. Here it is.
Dan :	How much does it cost?
Maria :	50 dollars.
Dan :	50 dollars. That’s too much.
Maria :	How about this one? It’s on sale for only 35 dollars.
Dan :	I don’t like that one.
Maria :	How about the one next to the black gloves? It’s very similar to the one you like.
Dan :	That’s nice. How much is it?
Maria :	30 dollars.
Dan :	That’ll be fine.
Maria :	Is this color OK, or would you like a different color?
Dan :	That blue one’s fine.
Maria :	Do you need any more of these shirts?
Dan :	Yes.
Maria :	How many do you want?
Dan :	I’ll take two more, a red one and a white one.

7. Study the following quotes about shopping and discuss which ones you most, or least, agree with.

1. T he odds of going to the store for a loaf of bread and coming out with only a loaf of bread are three billion to one. (Erma Bombeck)

2. When women are depressed, they eat or go shopping. Men invade another country. It’s a whole different way of thinking. (Elayne Boosler)

3. Shopping is a woman thing. It’s a contact sport like football. Women enjoy the scrimmage, the noisy crowds, the danger of being trampled to death, and the ecstasy of the purchase. (Erma Bombeck)

4. The quickest way to know a woman is to go shopping with her. (Marcelene Cox)

5. A bargain is something you can’t use at a price you can’t resist. (Franklin P. Jones)

6. The only reason a great many American families don’t own an elephant is that they have never been offered an elephant for a dollar down and easy weekly payments. (Mad Magazine)

7. Anyone who lives within their means suffers from a lack of imagination. (Oscar Wilde)

8. We used to build civilizations. Now we build shopping malls. (Bill Bryson)

SPEAKING

Useful Shopping Phrases

Finding a Shop
Questions	Answers/Comments
Can you recommend a good toy / clothes shop? Is there a chemist’s / supermarket in the area? Where can I get...? Where’s the nearest shopping centre?	The best toy shop is in the shopping centre. There’s a really good bookshop just around the corner. You can buy that here in the hotel. The nearest one is a few miles away.
Opening Hours
What time do you open, please? What time do you close, please? What are your opening hours? Are you open all day? Are you open on Sundays?	We’re open from 9am till 6pm, Monday to Friday. We’re closed at lunchtime, between 12 and 2pm. We’re open from 9am till 6pm, Monday to Friday.
Shopping for Clothes
Questions	Answers/Comments
Could you help me, please? Could you tell me where the ... department is? Excuse me, I’m looking for a ... Is there somewhere I can try this on, please? Does it suit me? Do you have this in a (larger / smaller size) (different colour), please? Do you have a refund policy?	The ladies / gents changing rooms are over there. It’s too long / short. It’s too tight / loose. You can bring it back and exchange it or get a refund within 2 weeks if you keep the receipt.
Asking about prices
Questions	Answers/Comments
How much is this, please? How much are these? Is this in the sale?	It’s only 99 dollars. It’s in the sale. There’s 25% off. Those are 75 dollars each, with the reduction.
Paying
Questions	Answers/Comments
Do you take credit cards? Do you give credit?	We take all the major credit cards. We only accept cheques with a cheque card.
Do you have a loyalty card? Does it have a warranty? Can I pay by cheque? Do you offer a cash discount?	We are offering 6 months free credit with no deposit. Sorry, no. Y es, certainly.

8. Discuss the following in small groups.

• Why do you think shopping is more popular with women than with men?

• How has the way we shop changed over the last fifty years? What has allowed these changes to happen?

• We’ve already seen an explosion of shopping on the Internet. Do you think this trend is going to continue? Do you agree that this kind of shopping is convenient? Why?

9. Work in pairs. Ask a partner:

• how often they go shopping

• who is responsible for food and household shopping

• where they spend most of their money

• what their favourite shop is.

10. Discuss with a partner which of these shopping methods you regularly use:

• visiting shops

• ordering by telephone

• online shopping

• mail-order catalogues

• digital TV shopping channels

11. Give a talk on shopping. Remember to discuss:

• why people can’t do without shopping

• whether shopping is more popular with men or women, why

• who does most of the shopping in your family and where

• whether shopping over the Internet will become the main way of buying things in the future, why/why not

Lesson 6. Lifestyle: sport & health

He who has health has hope and

He who has hope has everything.

Arab proverb

Lead-in

1. Answer the following questions.

• Is there anything more important than health?

• Does health depend on you?

• Keeping fit … Is it an important issue for people?

• What comes to your mind when you hear the expression “a healthy way of life” or “fitness”?

• Why is it necessary to go in for sports?

• What do you think of the role of sports and games in character training?

2. Give personal information.

• Do you care about your health?

• W hat is your attitude towards bad habits?

• How do you keep fit?

• Do you work out in a gym? Do you jog or run?

• What other exercise do you get? How often?

• Are you good at sports?

• What kind of sports do you go in for?

• When did you take up this sport?

• What does it give you?

• Do you take part in any sport competitions?

• Which do you prefer: to go in for sports or watch sport events on TV or at the stadium?

• What sports do you enjoy most?

• What sport would you like to play professionally?

Reading

3. A sound mind in a sound body. An ideal person according to the Greeks was a person who was strong both physically and mentally. They never admired a person who was just a good athlete, or just a good artist or a scientist, but was not fond of sports.

• What do you feel when you hear: ”A sound mind in a sound body”?

• Read through the following texts and make up your own project about what fitness is for you.

Text 1

Keeping fit

Physical fitness is a general state of good health, usually as a result of exercise and nutrition. Physical fitness can also be described as a condition that allows us to look, feel and do our best. Being fit helps us have more energy for work or studies throughout the day, and energy left over to enjoy our leisure time activities. It is also the ability to withstand stress and to carry on in circumstances where an unfit person could not continue.

Physical fitness involves the perform­ance of the heart and lungs, and the muscles of the body. And, since what we do with our bodies also affects what we can do with our minds, fitness influences to some degree qualities such as mental alertness and emo­tional stability.

Fitness is an individual quality that varies from person to person. It is influ­enced by age, sex, heredity, personal habits, exercise and eating practices. You can’t do anything about the first three factors. However, it is within your power to change and improve the others where needed.

Text 2

7 Ways to grow old and to stay young

• Exercise keeps you young.

• E at for health.

• Limit alcoholic drinks.

• Smoking ages you prematurely.

• Catch illness early when it can be treated.

• Deal with stress.

• Think young and keep you mind active.

Vocabulary Practice

• Verbs play, go and do

We use different verbs with different types of sports.

to play basketball/football/volleyball

to go jogging/skiing/swimming

to do karate/gymnastics/athletics

Play is often used with sports that are team games, or where we play with another person.

Go is often used for things done outside, and which we can do alone, especially for enjoyment and not in order to compete against people. These sports often end in –ing.

4. Work in pairs. Complete these collocations lists with either do, go or play.

a) _____ cycling	wrestling
riding	karate
swimming	judo
skiing	c) _____ tennis
jogging	volleyball
b) _____ athletics	basketball
gymnastics	football

5. Express the following in one word.

health, involve, ability, illness, influence,

alert, heredity, nutrition, premature

1. to have an effect on

2. have as a part or result

3. condition of the body or the mind

4. the passing on of qualities from parent to child in the cells of the body

5. the action or state of being provided with food

6. unhealthy state of the body

7. capacity or power (to do something physical or mental)

8. before the right or usual time

9. fully awake and ready to act

6. Match the words and collocations of similar meaning.

1 improve	a influence
2 affect	b disease
3 withstand	c make better
4 continue	d nutrition
5 allow	e resist
6 eating	f enable
7 illness	g carry on

7. Match the words to their opposites.

1 healthy	a stop
2 continue	b sleepy
3 withstand	c inability
4 ability	d ill
5 alert	e give in/capitulate

8. Match the words to make phrases.

1 to improve	a fit
2 to keep	b illness
3 to treat	c with stress
4 to deal	d health

9. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once.

fit, unfit, shape, nutrition, illness

1. A serious ... has prevented him from working for a year.

2. She keeps ... by jogging five miles every day.

3. The magazine contained several articles about natural beauty, healthy ..., fitness and exercise.

4. I realized how ... I was when I tried to run up the stairs.

5. Carrie likes to keep in good ... and spends hours at the gym.

CONVERSATION

10. Act out the following dialogue.

Going to the gym

Tiffany :	Ed, what should we do today?
Ed :	I have been studying all week. I’d like to exercise.
Tiffany :	Me too. Let’s go to the gym.
Ed :	Good idea. What are we going to do there?
Tiffany :	We can lift weights or play basketball.
Ed :	I like to play basketball. Are you good at it?
Tiffany :	Not really, but I like to play. I used to play a lot when I was in school, but now there’s no time.
Ed :	I know what you mean. I used to play soccer a lot. Do you think we can play soccer there?
Tiffany :	No, there’s not enough room. I think it’s better if we play outside.
Ed :	OK, maybe we can go play soccer later this afternoon.
Tiffany :	It’s too cold outside today. Let’s wait until the weather gets a little warmer.
Ed :	OK.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

11. Read these comments and underline the benefits of exercise. Use words from the list and prepare your own short talk on the benefits of exercise, then write a paragraph. You can include your own ideas.

since, also, what is more, in addition, moreover, finally

A “Exercising makes me feel happy and refreshed, as it frees me from tension and stress”.

B “Since I started going to the gym I’ve found that I am able to concentrate more easily. It has also improved my mental performance, and now I have fewer problems with my studies”.

C “I’ve become healthier since I joined the sports club and I’ve noticed that I hardly ever get ill anymore”.

D “I have started skiing every evening and now I feel full of energy all of the time”.

E “I find that walking is the best way to keep fit and healthy. It doesn’t tire me out, and it makes me feel alive and alert”.

SPEAKING PRACTICE

12. Think it over and answer the questions.

• Would you agree that people of the 21st century are be­coming “a legless generation”? People practically have stopped walking, going on foot, haven’t they? Nowadays people spend more time glued to the telly or sitting in cars behind steering wheels, don’t they?

• Would you call this way of living healthy?

• Can sport help to keep people fit?

• Do you go in for any kind of sport? Does it help you in any way?

GIVING OPINIONS

13. Discuss what one should or shouldn’t do if he wants to keep healthy and fit.

The following are some key words and expressions used in asking for and giving opinions.

Questions used to get opinions:	Expressions for giving opinions:
What do you think? What’s your opinion? What do you think of / about …?	If you ask me, … As I see it, … I think/believe/feel… In my opinion, … I personally believe/think/feel that … Personally, I believe/think/feel that … I’m sure (that) … I have an idea that ...

14. Think over and expand on the following. Make sure you use the expressions you’ve learned in Lesson 5.

• Health of body and mind is a great blessing.

• When a man loses his health, then he first begins to take good care of it.

PROJECT WORK

15. Make up your own Healthy Living Guide. Share your ideas with the rest of the class.

Some expressions to be used while making a presentation

How to start giving ideas on the topic concerned	How to proceed to the main idea
Thank you for giving me the opportuni­ty to tell you about... I would like to talk about... Let’s look at some ways of... I’ll start my presentation by asking you questions In the first part of my presentation, I’ll describe... After that I’ll talk about... Finally I’ll show you...	First I’d like to talk about... I'd like to draw your attention to... Now, I’d like to move on to... Next, let me describe… I’d now like to turn to... Finally, let me explain... For example... For instance… First... Second… Third...
Ending the presentation
In conclusion let me remind you... I'm sure you’ll agree that... I therefore recommend... Thank you for your kind attention (for listening) I’ll be happy to answer all your questions at the end of my presenta­tion.

Lesson 7. Describing people

It takes all sorts to make a world.

English saying

Lead-in

1. Answer the following questions.

1. What sort of things do you notice about a person when you meet him for the first time?

2. Does the appearance of a person reveal anything about his personality and attitudes?

3. W hat can you tell about a person from a first meeting?

4. Are your first impressions of people usually right?

5. What kind of people do you choose to be your friends?

6. What kind of people do you try to avoid?

7. What kind of people would you like to work with?

8. What kind of people deserve your respect?

9. What kind of people would you like your children to be?

10. What positive qualities do you consider necessary to anyone?

11. What negative traits can’t you put up with?

12. What traits of character would you try to develop in yourself?

13. Which ones should be rooted out?

2. Put the words from the list under the following headings: a) positive; b) neutral; c) negative

stupid, selfish, witty, reliable, tolerant, mean, cheerful, generous, moody, helpful, pessimistic, optimistic, bossy, lazy, callous, tactless, industrious, talkative, kind, reserved, resolute, sociable, modest, hot-tempered, shy, intelligent, cruel, honest

• Choose three adjectives from the list to describe the qualities you like most in a friend.

• Choose another three to describe someone you don’t like.

• If you were asked to list three adjectives that describe your personality, what would they be?

3. Develop the idea given.

“Man’s main task in life is to give birth to himself, to become what he potentially is. The most important product of his effort is his own personality” (Erich Fromm)

Reading

4. Read and translate the text, pick out the words describing traits of a person’s character; memorize them.

Meeting people for the first time we always make a judgment based on their appearance and behaviour.

Each person has a nature of his own. Some people are diligent, industrious and persistent; others are double-faced, hot-tempered, irritable, callous; still others are touchy, shy, modest or kind. And there are some other types of people.

If you are a determined and strong-willed person you would never give in and behave coolly and calmly whatever happens in your life.

We treat different people in different ways. Sociable and friendly people are generally very popular with others and have lots of friends. On the contrary, tactless and hostile people are doomed to stay alone. When in trouble, we rely on people who can’t leave others in the lurch. What kinds of people deserve our respect? Most probably, reasonable, resolute, generous people. And a good friend is definitely a reliable person who is interesting to speak to – he must be witty and intelligent.

5. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian ones.

1. выносить суждение, складывать мнение

2. основанный на чем-либо

3. сдаваться

4. обращаться с людьми

5. пользоваться популярностью, успехом

6. быть обреченным на одиночество

7. иметь неприятности

8. полагаться на кого-либо

9. покинуть кого-либо в беде

10. заслужить уважение

Vocabulary Practice

6. Explain the meaning of the following words.

1 appearance	outward qualities
2 personality	the qualities that make up the whole nature or character of a particular person
3 trait	distinguishing quality or characteristic
4 attitude	way of feeling, thinking or behaving
5 impression	the image or feeling a person or thing gives to someone’s mind
6 to treat	to act or behave towards
7 to put up with smb/smth	to bear patiently

7. Match the words with their definitions.

1 generous	a too sensitive, easily hurt
2 sociable	b full of humour
3 touchy	c giving, ready to give
4 witty	d made angry by small things
5 irritable	e friendly; liking company

8. Match the words of similar meaning.

1 industrious	a sensible
2 intelligent	b clever
3 reserved	c sociable
4 resolute	d self-contained
5 callous	d determined
6 reasonable	e hard-working
7 outgoing	f unkind

9. Match the words to their opposites.

1 intelligent	a patient /tolerant
2 diligent	b hostile
3 tactful	c shy
4 outgoing	d lazy
5 double-faced	e ignorant
6 friendly	f honest
7 irritable	g tactless

10. Match the words to make phrases.

1 to ask	a one’s temper
2 to deserve	b for advice
3 to make	c in the lurch
4 to behave	d respect
5 to feel	e a judgment
6 to lose	f uneasy
7 to leave	g coolly

11. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once.

tactful, irritable, sure, trait, impression, qualities

1. Henry was a typical Oxford man – well-mannered, easy-going, and very ... of himself.

2. There was a ... in his personality that encouraged people to trust him.

3. She gives the ... of being rather stiff and unfriendly, but I think that’s because she’s basically shy.

4. My parents tried to be ... about my new boyfriend, but I knew they didn’t like him. `

5. Besides intelligence and charm, Bella had some less desirable ... .

6. I’m sorry I’m so ... today – I didn’t get much sleep last night.

12. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions.

1. What kind of people are usually surrounded by friends?

2. What kind of people are called good mixers/poor mixers?

3. What kind of people are often lonely?

4. What kind of people feel uneasy in company?

5. What kind of people keep their thoughts to themselves?

6. What kind of people think only of themselves?

7. What kind of person will never lose his temper?

8. What kind of person will never do a silly thing?

9. What do you call a person who is mostly in high spirits?

10. What do you call a person who says what he thinks?

11. What kind of people are quick to see the point?

12. What do you call people who are easily hurt?

13. What kind of person would you ask for advice?

14. What traits of character would you appreciate in a wife/husband, a son, a daughter, a mother, a bosom friend?

15. What traits would you detest most?

GRAMMAR REVIEW

13. Fill the gaps with "a", "an", "the" where necessary; read and translate the text.

My cousin Paul is ... tallish man in his mid thirties. He is ... bit plump and has got ... long brown wavy hair. He has ... round, friendly-looking face and ... small brown eyes. He has got ... little scar on his cheek from ... accident he had when he was ... child. He wears ... glasses and has got ... beard. He isn’t very smart and tends to wear ... shabby clothes.

CONVERSATION

14. Read and translate the dialogues.

A.

• Samantha, do you look like your sister?

• Oh, no, not at all, my sister and I look very different. I have brown eyes and she has blue eyes. We both have brown hair, but I have short curly hair and she has long straight hair. I am tall and thin. She is short and heavy. No, I don’t look anything like my sister at all. We look very different.

B.

• Kate, do you look like your sister Sherry?

• No, not at all. My sister and I are very different. She is dark-skinned and I am very pale. Sherry is heavy and short and, as you can see, I am tall and thin. Sherry has blue eyes and I have brown eyes. She has black hair. My hair is brown. Plus our lifestyles are very different. I usually play tennis on Sunday. I live in the city and my apartment is big and tidy. My sister, on the other hand, is lazy, rarely goes out and lives in a small, unkempt apartment.

15. Work in pairs. Make up short dialogues on analogy, comparing yourself and your sister/brother/cousin.

16. Read about Ann and get ready to speak about her cousin Kate. They do not get on well together. Why? Probably, because they are so different. (When you speak be careful to use the correct verb form.)

• Ann is never in a hurry; she is punctual, careful and likes order in everything. And Kate?

• Ann isn’t good with her hands, so she isn’t very fond of housework. She does not do her washing; she prefers to take her dirty linen to the laundry. What she is fond of is reading books. And Kate?

• Ann is never late for work. She gets up early enough not to do things in a hurry, cooks a substantial breakfast and goes to work by bus. But what Ann cannot do is save money. She spends all she earns. And Kate?

17. Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions about his/her appearance and personality.

1. How would you describe your build?

2. How tall are you?

3. How much do you weigh?

4. Are you doing anything to keep your figure slim? What exactly are you doing?

5. What kind of hair have you got?

6. What colour is it?

7. What is your hairstyle?

8. What shape is your face?

9. What colour eyes have you got?

10. What shape is your nose?

11. What is your complexion?

12. Do you think you have any special features?

13. How would you describe your personality?

18. Read through these two morning routines. Underline the correct alternatives. Which person is most like you?

Person A

My alarm goes off early, and it takes me ten minutes to eat my breakfast, drink two cups of coffee, have a shower, pack my bag and read the post and thirty minutes to (1) get dressed / wear. I start thinking about what I’m going to (2) get dressed / wear while I have my breakfast. After a shower, I (3) put on / wear my underwear and then I look in my wardrobe and choose a pair of trousers. If they still (4) fit / look me, I put them on. If they feel a bit tight around the waist, I (5) try them on / take them off and spend a few minutes feeling guilty about all those chocolates I had last night. Then, I choose a looser pair of trousers and think about a top that (6) goes with / fits it. I usually (7) have on / try on two or three tops before I find one that (8) looks / wears right and (9) feels / fits comfortable. Finding a pair of socks usually takes about five minutes – I can find two dozen odd pairs, but none that (10) look / match. By now, I’m late.

Person В

I get up as late as I possibly can and jump in and out of the shower. I (1) put on / fit the trousers I (2) had on / got dressed yesterday and take a shirt out of the wardrobe – it doesn’t matter which one as long as it’s ironed. I find the jacket that (3) fits / goes with the trousers, look down and check that my socks (4) match / feel, and that’s it. Nearly all my clothes are either green or brown, because I’ve been told that they are the only colours that (5) suit / match me. So I never really have to worry about what I (6) look like / go with. The important thing is to make sure I have enough time to enjoy my favourite drink of the day: that first cup of coffee...

19. Work with a partner. Take it in turns to describe your morning routines. Make sure you use the words in bold from ex.18.

DISCUSSION

20. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the following questions.

A.

1. What is the role played by personal traits of character in choosing a profession?

2. What traits of character are required to make a good teacher (a good lawyer, a good journalist)?

3. What traits might prevent one from becoming a good specialist in those fields?

B.

1. I s the way people dress of any importance in our hectic life?

2. Do you agree that our society has created certain stereo­types in the manner of dressing, which is becoming more and more casual?

3. Would you agree that the entire wardrobe of many young people seems to consist of jeans, T-shirts and sneakers?

4. Is yours the same? Or do you agree that “fashions die but style remains”?

5. What is your friend wearing at the moment? Does he always dress like that?

6. W hat do you usually wear to go to university/to a party/to the theatre?

7. What kind of clothes do you prefer (casual/smart/trendy, etc.)?

8. How often do you wear smart clothes? On what oc­casions?

9. Who do you usually dress for: for yourself or for other people?

10. Who buys you clothes – you yourself or your mother?

11. Does your mother always like the way you dress?

12. Is there anything among your clothes that you es­pecially like? Why do you like it?

13. Some students wear the same clothes to all exams. They say they bring them luck. What about you?

14. Should teachers dress in a special way to be more popular?

Self-study materials for unit I

Verb to be (the Present Simple Tense) Positive and Negative Forms

I	am	from Russia	I’m = I am
He/She/It	is		He’s/She’s/It’s = He/She/It is
We You They	are		We’re = We are You’re = You are They’re = They are

I	am	not	from Russia	I’m not = I am not
He/She/It	is			He/She/It isn’t = He/She/It is not
We You They	are			We aren’t = We are not You aren’t = You are not They aren’t = They are not

NOTE: Look at the negative forms: She isn’t married. You aren’t British.

BUT: I’m not a schoolboy.

Exercise 1. Write the short form (she’s/ we aren’t, etc.).

1. He is	4. I am not
2. They are	5. It is
3. She is not	6. You are not

Exercise 2. Write the full form (she is/ we are not, etc.).

1. We aren’t	4. They aren’t
2. I’m	5. It isn’t
3. You’re	6. She’s

Exercise 3. Put in am/am not/is/isn’t/are/aren’t.

1. I ___ from Russia.

2. Debbie and Mark ___ British. They ___ German.

3. My friends ___ interested in computers.

4. His parents ___ around 40.

5. How old ___ you? I ___ 18.

6. London ___ situated on the river Evans. It ___ situated on the river Thames.

7. I ___ keen on sports. But I ___ rather good at basketball.

8. Her name ___ Jane. It ___ Helen.

Exercise 4. Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use am/am not/is/isn’t/are/aren’t.

1. I/keen on Biology.

2. Rome/in Spain.

3. We/Russian.

4. Football/a popular sport in Britain.

5. The “Beatles” and “Deep Purple” famous British groups.

6. American English/different from British English.

7. My hobbies/art and music.

General questions

Am	I	a student?	— Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Is	he/she/it	a student?	— Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn’t.
Are	we you they	students?	— Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t. — Yes, you are. / No, you aren’t. — Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

Exercise 5. Make general questions with these words. Give short answers.

1. your mother/at work?

2. her children/at home?

3. he/from Italy?

4. I/good at English?

5. you/interested in books?

6. I/right?

7. this subject/difficult?

Exercise 6. Give short answers (Yes, I am/No, he isn’t, etc.).

1. Are your parents old?

2. Are all your school friends students now?

3. Is English difficult?

4. Is your home town small?

5. Are you interested in music?

6. Is your friend good at languages?

Alternative questions

Am	I	your friend	or	not?	— Yes, you are/No, you aren’t.
Is	he/she	Spanish	or	Italian?	— He/She is Italian.
	it	difficult	or	easy?	— It’s difficult.
Are	we	in the city centre	or	on the outskirts?	— You are on the outskirts.
	you	a student	or	a schoolboy?	— I’m a student.
	they	at home	or	at work?	— They are at work.

Exercise 7. Ask alternative questions with the following words. Give answers.

Example: You/a student/a schoolboy? — Are you a student or a schoolboy? — I’m a student.

1. He/in Moscow/in Kiev?

2. Alan and Henry/students/teachers?

3. Your new friends/sociable/not?

4. His daughter/17/18?

5. Your parents/old/young?

6. Russia/a big/a small country?

7. They/designers/artists?

Special questions

What	is	her job?	— She’s a shop assistant.
Where	are	you from?	— From Germany.
Who	is	John?	— He’s their son.
How	are	you?	— Not bad, thanks.
How old	is	he?	— Eighteen.
What	is	your father like?	— He’s sociable and very clever.
What kind of (books)	is	he fond of?	— Historical books.
Why	are	you late?	— My watch is wrong.
Whose (friend)	is	Mary?	— She’s my friend.
What colour	is	our flag?	— It’s white, blue and red.

Exercise 8. Ask and answer questions.

Example: What colour is a banana? — It’s yellow.

What colour are your trousers? — They’re black.

What colour is/are	the sun?
	the snow?
	ambulances in Moscow?
	the traffic lights?
	the sky?
	a Christmas tree?

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences.

Example: Where are my books? — On the table.

__ __ __ that clock?	About a hundred years old.
__ __ Paul from?	Denmark, I think.
__ __ your favourite subject?	Mathematics.
__ __ he so happy?	Because it’s his birthday.
__ __ __ the car?	It’s black.
__ __ that man in the car?	My brother.
__ __ __ music __ you fond of?	Rock music.
__ __ the banks closed today?	Because it’s Sunday.

Exercise 10. Ask the questions.

Example: What is your name? — My name’s Mark.

___________________ ?	— Her name’s Pam.
___________________ ?	— No, my mother isn’t very young.
___________________ ?	— Yes, it is Frank Ellis.
___________________ ?	— No, I’m not Diana. I’m Ann.
___________________ ?	— No, it isn’t Ronald. It’s Gerald.
___________________ ?	— 14 King Street, London.
___________________ ?	— 805-9866
___________________ ?	— My shoes are black.
___________________ ?	— Olga is very kind.
___________________ ?	— Sue is fond of pop music and jazz.

Tag questions

I	am	a genius,	aren’t	I?	— Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
He	is	a teenager,	isn’t	he?	— Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
She		a Londoner,		she?	— Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
It		far from here,		it?	— Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
We	are	in the city centre,	aren’t	we?	— Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t.
You				you?	— Yes, you are. / No, you aren’t.
They				they?	— Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
I	am not	a schoolboy,	am	I?	— No, I am not. / Yes, I am.
He	isn’t	married,	is	he?	— No, he isn’t. / Yes, he is.
She		at home,		she?	— No, she isn’t. / Yes, she is.
It		easy,		it?	— No, it isn’t. / Yes, it is.
We	aren’t	old,	are	we?	— No, we aren’t. / Yes, we are.
You				you?	— No, you aren’t. / Yes, you are.
They				they?	— No, they aren’t. / Yes, they are.

Exercise 11. Give the correct tag to these sentences.

1. Your mother is thirty-seven years old, ___?

2. It’s her birthday today, ___?

3. I’m not in class now, ___?

4. You aren’t married, ___?

5. They are Russian, ___?

6. I’m fond of hard rock, ___?

7. Alice isn’t very friendly, ___?

Exercise 12. Ask questions about the information in italics.

Example: My mother is 50. — How old is your mother?

1. I’m from a small town in the South of Russia.

2. Yes, Linda is a first-year student.

3. Tom and Sue are sociable and very intelligent.

4. My sister is fond of classical music.

5. I am a bank clerk.

6. Today Tony is at home because it’s Sunday.

7. His home telephone number is 678-8996.

8. It’s 4 o’clock and you are at work.

Subject Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

I	—	MY	— My friend is from Minsk.
YOU	—	YOUR	— Your friend is from Kiev.
HE	—	HIS	— His friend is from Alma-Ata.
SHE	—	HER	— Her friend is from Murmansk.
IT	—	ITS	— Russia is famous for its ballet.
WE	—	OUR	— Our friends are from America.
YOU	—	YOUR	— Your friends are from England.
THEY	—	THEIR	— Their friends are from Holland.

NOTE: Its and It’s

Its Oxford is famous for its University.

It’s I like Oxford. It’s a nice city.

Exercise 13. Put in my or your.

1. What’s ___ address?

2. Hello. ___ name’s Bond. James Bond.

3. “Is ___ phone number 351-4402?” — “Yes, that’s right.”

4. “___ name’s Robert, isn’t?” — No, it’s Mike.”

5. ___ house number is 25, not 15.

Exercise 14. Put in her or his.

1. ___ name’s Brigitte.

2. ___ name’s Lee. He is from China.

3. Is Marcos ___ first name or ___ surname?

4. Paul is a student. ___ friends are students too.

5. Rosie is from Brighton. ___ phone number is 32-294.

6. Mary is from England. ___ address is 35, Baker Street.

Exercise 15. Complete the paragraph with the Possessive Adjectives our or their and the Pronouns we or they.

I’m Pedro and this is my wife Daphnie. ___ (1) are Mexican. ___ (2) house is in Mexico City. ___ (3) two children are students. They are both university students. ___ (4) friends are Americans. ___ (5) names are Bob and Sandra and ___ (6) house is in Detroit. ___ (7) children are students too.

Exercise 16. Put in Possessive Adjectives.

1. I like football. It’s ___ favourite sport.

2. “What’s ___ address?” — “My address is 20 North Street, Liverpool.”

3. We live in Kiev. ___ flat is in the city centre.

4. They’re at the party with ___ friends.

5. Alice is from Italy. ___ home town is Milan.

6. He’s in ___ office.

7. Amsterdam is famous for ___ canals.

Telling time

analogue	digital	normal use	timetables, TV, etc.
	6:00	It's 6 o'clock
	6:05	It's 5 past 6.	It's six oh five.
	6:15	It's quarter past 6.	It's six fifteen.
	6:30	It's half past 6.	It's six thirty.
	6:35	It's 25 to 7.	It's six thirty-five.
	6:45	It's quarter to seven.	It's six forty-five.
	6:55	It's 5 to 7.	It's six fifty-five.
	7:00	It's 7o'clock.

The clock

Exercise 17. What time is it?

Adverbs of frequency

Exercise 18. Rewrite each sentence with the adverb of frequency (in brackets) in its correct position.

Example: I play tennis on Sundays. (often)

Answer: I often play tennis on Sundays.

1. Peter doesn’t get up before seven. (usually)

2. Peggy and Frank are late. (often)

3. They watch TV in the afternoon. (never)

4. My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always)

5. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)

6. Our friends must write tests. (often)

7. Pete gets angry. (never)

8. Tom is very friendly. (usually)

9. Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often)

10. Walter helps his father in the kitchen. (usually)

11. Christine smokes. (never)

To have got

HAVE GOT is used to talk about:

• possession

She’ got three cars. / Have you got a car? / We’ve got two children.

• Illness

I’ve got a bad cold? Has he got a headache?

• descriptions

He’s got brown hair, blue eyes and a long nose.

Positive form

I You	have got	a large family.	= I’ve/You’ve got a large family.
He She	has got	a well-paid job.	= He’s/She’s got a well-paid job.
It	has got	a lovely garden.	= It’s got a lovely garden.
We You They	have got	a lot of friends.	= We’ve/You’ve/They’ve got a lot of friends.

Exercise 19. Write sentences with have got and has got. Use the short forms ‘ve got and ‘s got.

Example: She ___ a beautiful bedroom. — She’s got a beautiful bedroom.

1. You ___ a very nice bike.

2. He ___ very long hair.

3. They ___ two houses.

4. David ___ a very good job.

5. We ___ a lot of problems.

6. Sarah ___ a new car.

7. Nelly ___ a bad memory for figures.

Negative form

I You	have not got	much money.	= I’ve/You’ve got much money.
He She	has not got	any problems.	= He’s/She’s got any problems.
It	has not got	a shopping centre.	= It’s got a shopping centre.
We You They	have not got	many neighbours.	= We’ve/You’ve/They’ve got many neighbours.

Exercise 20. Make the following sentences negative.

1. We’ve got some butter in the fridge.

2. He’s got a brother.

3. She’s got a lot of friends at school.

4. I’ve got Jenny’s telephone number in my address book.

5. They’ve got some fish for dinner.

6. You’ve got a lot of homework to do tonight.

7. This town has got a lot of pubs, cafés and restaurants.

General questions

Have	I you	got	a pen?	Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Has	he she		a car?	Yes, he/she has. / No, he/she hasn’t.
Has	it		a garage?	Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
Have	we you they		any brothers?	Yes, we/you/they have. / No, we/you/they haven’t.

Exercise 21. Write general questions. Give short answers.

Example: You/a camera? — Have you got a camera? — Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.

1. Your father /a car?

2. Carol/many friends?

3. Your parents/a country cottage?

4. You/much money?

5. She/any news from her relatives?

6. We/much time?

Alternative questions

Have	you we they	got	a large	or	a small family?	— I’/ We They’ve got a large family.
Has	he she		a new		an old camera?	— He/She’s got a new one.
Has	It		a lovely		a terrible view?	— It’s got a lovely view.

Exercise 22. Ask alternative questions with the following words. Give answers with one or ones where possible.

Example: Bob/a new/an old car? — Has Bob got a new or an old car? — He’s got a new one.

Susan/long/short hair? — She’s got long hair.

1. They/a big/a small flat?

2. Helen/a brother/a sister?

3. His grandparents/a one-story/a two-storey country house?

4. They/two/three children?

Special questions

What	have	you	got in your bag?	— Some things.
What kind of (things)	have	you	got?	— Only necessary ones.
Which (books)	have	you	got at home?	— Different ones.
Why	has	he	got so many problems?	— He’s a careless person.
How many (friends)	have	you	got?	— A lot.
How much (time)	have	we	got?	— Not much.
Who	has	—	got a pet?	— I have.

Exercise 23. Write questions. Use have got in the correct form.

Example: — Tim is a very good photographer. — What kind of camera has he got?

1. — I’m rich. — How much money ___?

2. — Jane and Tom live in a very nice house. — How many rooms ___?

3. — My case is heavy. — What ___ in it?

4. — Frank’s new car is very good. — What kind of car ___?

5. — My sister has got a family of her own. — How many children ___?

6. — Max’s got some books by Sidney Sheldon. — Which books ___?

7. — Rita’s got some problems with maths. — Why ___ problems?

Exercise 24. Put in the correct form of have got.

1. They are fond of animals. They ___ three dogs, two cats and a budgie.

2. ___ you ___ today’s newspaper?

3. It’s a nice town. It ___ a very nice shopping centre.

4. How many sisters ___ you ___?

5. Where’s my newspaper? — I don’t know. I ___ it.

6. Jack ___ any money. He’s very poor.

Exercise 25. Ask questions about the information in italics.

Example: Yes, I’ve got a big flat. Have you got a big flat?

1. He’s got a lot of friends.

2. My parents have got some pets in their flat.

3. No, I haven’t got many relatives.

4. Yes, we’ve got some plans for our summer holiday.

5. They’ve got different furniture in their living room.

6. Olga has got her English classes on Monday.

Tag questions

I	have got	a lot of friends,	haven’t	I?	— Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
He She It	has got	a large family, some rare books, a powerful engine,	hasn’t	he? she? it?	— Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. — Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t. — Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
We You They	have got	a good computer,	haven’t	we? you? they?	— Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t. — Yes, you have./No, you haven’t. — Yes, they have./No, they haven’t.
I	haven’t got	any problems,	have	I?	— No, I haven’t. / Yes, I have.
He She It	hasn’t got	a laser printer, a video camera, a safety belt,	has	he? she? it?	— No, he hasn’t. / Yes, he has. — No, she hasn’t. / Yes, she has. — No, it hasn’t. / Yes, it has.
We You They	haven’t got	children,	have	we? you? they?	— No, we haven’t. / Yes, we have. — No, you haven’t./Yes, you have. — No, they haven’t./Yes, they have.

There is/are Positive sentence

There is	a pen and two books	on his desk.
There are	two books and a pen

Exercise 26. Complete the sentences with the right form of the word to be.

Example: There is a book and two pens on the table. There are two pens and a book on the table.

1. There ___ four people in my family.

2. There ___ a good clothes shop not far from here.

3. There ___ two men at the door.

4. There ___ a lot of people at the concert today.

5. There ___ a policewoman over there.

6. There ___ a dog and a cat in the garden.

7. There ___ no money in my bank account.

8. There ___ no news from my friends.

Negative sentence

There	is not (isn’t)	an	armchair	in his living-room.
	are not (aren’t)	any	armchairs
	(are)	(no)

Exercise 27. Rewrite the following sentences with no.

1. There aren’t any pictures on the walls.

2. I’m afraid there isn’t any coffee left.

3. There isn’t any news from her.

4. There aren’t any chairs in the kitchen.

5. There aren’t any shops in this part of the town.

General questions					Short answers
Is	there	a	library	nearby?	Yes, there is (one). / No, there isn’t.
Are		any	shops		Yes, there are (some). / No, there aren’t (any).

Exercise 28. Make these sentences into general questions.

Example: There is a good film on TV in the evening. — Is there a good film on TV in the evening?

There are some letters in the mail box. — Are there any letters in the mail box?

There are a lot of beautiful buildings there. — Are there many beautiful buildings there?

1. There is always a lot of traffic in the city in the rush hour.

2. There are a lot of people without jobs in India.

3. There’s a TV serial every day.

4. There are some cars in the parking area.

5. There’s a new restaurant down the street.

Exercise 29. Complete the sentences with there’s, there are, is there or are there.

Example: ___ a beach down here. — There’s a beach down here.

___ four girls and two boys in her family. — There are four girls and two boys in her family.

___ a telephone in the flat? — Is there a telephone in the flat?

1. ___ a train to Manchester?

2. ___ a new disco near the college.

3. ___ a good restaurant in this street?

4. ___ many people in the pool?

5. ___ a big grey cloud over there.

Alternative questions

Is there a newspaper or a magazine on the table? — A magazine.

Are there good films on TV tonight or tomorrow? — Tonight.

Exercise 30. Ask alternative questions with the following words. Give answers.

Example: A film / a concert / at the club tonight? — Is there a film or a concert at the club tonight? — There’s a concert at the club tonight.

1. Tea / coffee / in the pot?

2. Any interesting sights / in the city centre / on the outskirts?

3. Chairs / armchairs / in the sitting room?

4. Photos / posters / on the walls in her room?

5. A football match / a hockey match / on TV this weekend?

6. Books / on the shelves / on the table?

Special questions

What	is	there	in your bag? — Two books and a pencil.
How many girls	are		in your group? — Only three.
How much furniture	is		in your flat? — Not much.
What kind of (books)	are		in the library? — On different subjects.

NOTE: You can’t ask Where is/are there...?

There’s always a lot of traffic in the centre.

Where is always much traffic? — In the centre.

Exercise 31. Complete the sentences.

Example: How much money is there on you? — Only 10$.

How many people are there at your party? — Twelve.

What is there on the chair? — My clothes.

1. ___ ___ dollars ___ ___ in your wallet? — 25$.

2. ___ ___ ___ on the floor? — My shoe.

3. ___ ___ furniture ___ ___ in your flat? — Not much.

4. ___ ___ ___ in your pencil case? — Some colour pencils and a pen.

5. ___ ___ apple trees ___ ___ in your garden?

6. ___ ___ money ___ ___ in his bank account? — Quite a lot, I think.

Exercise 32. Ask general questions and “How much / many ...” questions. Give short negative answers.

Example: books on the shelf? — Are there any books on the shelf?

— How many books are there on the shelf? — There aren’t any.

1. letters for me?

2. money on you?

3. restaurants in the park?

4. clothes in the wardrobe?

5. people in the street?

6. butter in the fridge?

7. furniture in the room?

8. supermarkets on the outskirts?

Exercise 33. Ask questions about the information in italics.

Example: There are some good hotels in London. — What kind of hotels are there in London?

There are two armchairs in the room. Where are the armchairs?

1. Yes, there are some very cheap restaurants in Soho in London.

2. There’s a telephone near here.

3. There are a lot of beautiful parks in Moscow.

4. There’s a bottle of sparkling water in the fridge.

5. No, there aren’t many high buildings in my home town.

6. There’s a man at the door.

7. There are only four major TV channels in Britain.

Exercise 34. Put in there or it.

Remember: There’s a train at 9.30. It’s a fast train. (It = the 9.30 train)

There’s a lot of sugar in this cake. It’s too sweet. (It = this cake)

1. — ___ (a) is a good programme on TV tonight. ___ (b) is about computers.

— I’m not interested in computers. Is ___ (c) a long programme?

— No, only half an hour. Why?

— Because ___ (b) is another programme I want to watch at 10.30.

2. — Excuse me, is ___ (a) a bank near here?

— Yes, ___ (b) is one on the corner of Broad Street.

— Is ___ (c) open at lunchtime?

— Yes, I think so.

3. — This is a new Chinese restaurant.

— Is ___ (a) expensive?

— I don’t think so. Look, ___ (b) is an empty table. Let’s go in.

Tag questions

There is a Book Fair in the Cultural Centre, isn’t there? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.

There aren’t many problems with this new job, are there? No, there aren’t. / Yes, there are.

Exercise35. Give the correct tag to these sentences.

1. There’s a restaurant in the park, ___?

2. There isn’t much time left, ___?

3. There aren’t enough serious programmes on television, ___?

4. There are a lot of mistakes in his test, ___?

5. There’s no milk in the fridge, ___?

6. There isn’t any tea in the pot, ___?

7. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet, ___?

8. There aren’t many old buildings here, ___?

The Past Simple Tense Positive form — Regular verbs

I You He/She/It We You They

worked a lot last night.

The -ed ending has three pronunciations:

[id]	[t]	[d]
after the sounds [t] and [d] attracted [ə'træktɪd] adopted [ə'dɒptɪd] added ['ædɪd] needed ['nɪ:dɪd]	after the unvoiced sounds (except [t]) looked [lʋkt] addressed [ə'drest] touched [tʌtʃt] washed [wɒʃt]	after voiced sounds (except [d]) played [pleɪd] opened ['əʋpənd] raised [reɪzd] lived [lɪvd] filled [fɪld] showed [ʃəʋd]

Exercise 36. Put these words into three groups according to the pronunciation of the -ed endings.

passed, washed, watched, decided, remembered, failed,

stopped, studied, asked, loved, used, listened, wanted

Exercise 37. Complete the sentences using the words in the list. Use the Simple Present or the Simple Past.

invite, stay, like, want, watch, happen

Example: Mike often asks questions. He asked a lot of questions in class yesterday.

1. Ann seldom ___ her homework before midnight. But yesterday she ___ her homework at 10 pm.

2. I usually ___ a lot of people to my birthday party. But last year I ___ only my close friends.

3. Take care! This crossroads is extremely dangerous. Accidents are often here. A serious accident ___ at this crossroads only a few days ago.

4. In the evening my parents ___ at home and ___ TV. As usual they ___ at home and ___ TV last night.

5. After a hard day’s work Tom ___ to relax by going for a swim. But yesterday all he ___ to do was lie down and get some sleep.

Positive form — Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs are irregular in the Past Simple Tense in the positive only (not in the negative or question form).

1.	I You He/She/It We You They	came	to the station in time.
2.	I You He/She/It We You They	had	a lecture yesterday.
3.	I	was	born in Moscow in 1989.
	You	were	rather good at English.
	He/She	was	in Paris some years ago.
	It	was	most interesting event in my life.
	We You They	were	at the opera yesterday.

Exercise 38.

Find the word that doesn’t belong to each list. Give the Present Tense form of the verbs.

a) said	visited	struck	grew	brought	forgave
b) cooked	worked	listened	meant	showed	watched
c) phoned	fought	rang	thought	saw	drove
d) liked	closed	read	climbed	married	acted
e) spent	draw	got	moved	ran	swam

Exercise 39. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in the Past Simple Tense. Use each verb only once.

sell, spend, buy, fly, drive, run, cost, drink, understand

Example: Mr and Mrs Brown drove from London to Manchester last weekend.

1. We needed money badly so we ___ our car.

2. Ann ___ a lot of money yesterday. She ___ a dress which ___ $70.

3. Dan ___ the marathon in two hours.

4. They ___ champagne to celebrate their wedding anniversary.

5. As teenagers, we ___ each other very well.

6. They ___ to Spain the day before yesterday.

Negative form

1.	I You He/She/It We You They	did not (didn’t) return/come home in time.
2.	I You He/She/It We You They	did not (didn’t) have a villa near the beach.
3.	I	was not (wasn’t)	in the office the day before yesterday.
	You	were not (weren’t)
	He/She/It	was not (wasn’t)
	We You They	were not (weren’t)	at the seaside last summer.

Exercise 40. Make the following sentences negative.

Example: She spoke to me at the party. — She didn’t speak to me at the party.

1. I bought some new clothes last week.

2. The train arrived on time.

3. You made a bad mistake.

4. They left for the airport at 5 am.

5. She had a headache yesterday.

6. Mr Benson and his wife were in Canada a month ago.

7. The weather was hot in New York City last summer.

Exercise 41. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

1. The hotel ___ very expensive. (not/be) It ___ very much. (not/cost)

2. The bed ___ uncomfortable. (be) I ___ very well. (not/sleep)

3. Madame Tussaud ___ making models in wax as a teenager. (start)

4. The film ___ boring. (be) I ___ it very much. (not/enjoy)

5. Nicholas ___ different schools but he was bored and unhappy. (try)

General questions

1.	Did	I you he/she/it we you they	go/return home after work?	Yes, No,	I you he/she/it we you they	did. didn’t.
2.	Was	I/he/she it	interested in Biology at school? difficult?	Yes, No,	I/he/she it	was. wasn’t.
	Were	you	keen on computer games in your childhood?	Yes, No,	I	was. wasn’t.
	Were	we you they	born in Moscow?	Yes, No,	we you they	were. weren’t.
3.	Did	I you he/she/it we you they	have many friends at school?	Yes, No,	I you he/she/it we you they	did. didn’t.

Exercise 42. Rewrite each sentence as positive, negative or a general question, according to the instructions.

Example: My dad didn’t work late yesterday. (positive) — My dad worked late yesterday.

Greg went to the theatre at the weekend. (question) — Did Greg go to the theatre at the weekend?

I visited my parents last week. (negative) — I didn’t visit my parents last week.

1. We began our new language course book in May. (negative)

2. Mike got some tickets for the World Cup. (question)

3. Our trip lasted a fortnight. (negative)

4. Tanya didn’t sleep well at all last night.(positive)

5. They worked overtime in their new job. (negative)

6. The alarm clock woke Helen from a deep sleep. (negative)

7. He arrived at the hotel at midnight. (question)

Special questions

When	were	you born?	— In 1987.
How	was	the weekend?	— Oh, it was great!
Which subject	was	your favourite one?	— Mathematics.

How	did	you	get	there?	— By bus.
How long		it	take	you to do your homework?	— Three hours.
How long ago		it	start	raining?	— About two hours ago.
When		you	finish	school?	— A year ago.
What		he	do	after school?	— He went to university.
Where		she	study	English?	— At college.
Why		we	leave	the party so early?	— I was too bored.
How much		it	cost?		— Not much.
How many friends		you	have	at school?	— A lot.
How often		Sam	have	English classes last term?	— Twice a week.
What kind of film		I	see?		— A thriller.
Whose lecture		they	listen	to?	— They listened to a world-famous professor.

Object question

Who	did	she	see	at the party?	— Brian and his girlfriend.
Who		he	meet	at the airport?	— His wife.
What		they	see	in London?	— A lot of interesting sights.
What		you	do	yesterday?	— Nothing.

Subject question

Who	—	—	helped you with the test?	— Brian did.
What	—	—	happened last night?	— Nothing special.
Who	was	—	at the conference?	— All my colleagues.
What	was	—	strange?	— His behaviour and appearance.

Exercise 43. Ask questions about the information in italics.

Example: Bobby played golf yesterday. — What did Bobby do yesterday?

1. My parents were on holiday in Greece in June.

2. It took Clare an hour to pack her travelling bag.

3. Charlotte Hughes (the second oldest person in the world) didn’t marry until sixty-three.

4. Alexander Bell started his first telephone company on August 2^nd 1877.

5. Martin worked the whole summer. The job was tiring but he earned a lot of money.

Exercise 44. Ask subject or object questions. Give short answers to subject questions.

Example: We waited for him at the door. — Who waited for him at the door? — We did.

— Who did you wait for at the door?

1. We listened to the news at breakfast.

2. Anthony talked to his girlfriend on the phone all evening.

3. Fred’s sister married a famous actor.

4. They bought a present for us.

5. I reported the accident to the police.

The Future Simple Tense

The Future Simple Tense is used:

• for a statement of a future fact

The journey will take six hours.

These expressions are usually used with the Future Simple Tense:

tomorrow (morning / afternoon / evening)

the day after tomorrow

In (the near) future

soon

one of these days

in a few minutes / in a moment / in a week / in five months time / in a week’s time, etc.

• to predict the future

In the future, machines will do many of the jobs that people do now.

• for a sudden decision made at the time of speaking

Wait a minute — I’ll open the door.

• to show willingness to do or not to do something in the future

I promise I’ll give up smoking.

I’ll never speak to her again.

Positive form

I You He/She/It We You They

will (‘ll) stay here tonight.

NOTE: a) will is used with all persons (I, you, he, they, etc.).

b) shall is used instead of will with I or we, but in everyday speech, will is more common.

c) in spoken English ‘ll is used with subject pronouns.

He’ll be there in time.

BUT: John will be there in time.

Exercise 45. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple Tense. Use contraction (‘ll) where possible.

Example: I think I (be) in Liverpool next week. — I think I’ll be in Liverpool next week.

Fiona (be) 20 in March. — Fiona will be 20 in March.

1. They (arrive) home before midnight tonight.

2. The company (give) you an extra day’s holiday.

3. “Would you like something to drink?” — “Oh, thank you. I (have) some apple juice.”

4. I think the trip (be) rather exciting.

5. Alma (phone) after 3 o’clock.

6. Bill looks tired, I think he (go) to bed early tonight.

Negative form

I You He/She/It We You They

will not (won’t) work tomorrow.

NOTE: a) will not (won’t) is used with all persons (I, you, he, they, etc.).

b) shall not (shan’t) is used with I or we, but in everyday speech, will is more common.

Exercise 46. Write negative sentences with the verb in the correct form.

Example: He won’t forget to take his medicine. (forget)

1. I know she ___ with this idea. (agree)

2. My parents ___ before twelve. (return)

3. It ___ today. (rain)

4. I ___ anywhere for a walk tonight. (go)

5. Don’t trust this company. You ___ your money again. (see)

Exercise 47. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb given in the box. Use each verb only once.

see, get, stay, win, tell, come, be, leave

Example: — Please, stay with me. — Don’t worry, I won’t leave you. I’ll stay with you.

1. — I promise, I ___ on time. I ___ late.

— All right. See you then.

2. — Don’t say anything to Sally about my surprise party on Sunday.

— Don’t worry, I ___ her.

3. — You look sad. What’s the matter?

— My grandparents are on their way to America. They’re going to live there, so I probably ___ them again.

— Why not? You can go there for a holiday.

4. — Randy and Diana are in love with each other.

— Yes. I think they ___ married soon.

5. — I’m going to the big baseball match tonight. My team, Dallas Cowboys, are playing.

— Do you think they ___?

General questions

Shall	I we	help go	you? to the cinema?	— Yes, please. / No, thanks. — OK, let’s go. / I’m afraid, I don’t want to.
Will	he she it you they	stay	here?	— Yes, he/she/it/I/we/they will. — No, he/she/it/I/we/they won’t.

NOTE: a) Shall is generally used as a first person question (with I or we) to make suggestions and offers.

b) Will is used as a first person question with I to ask about future. Will I be happy, will I be rich...?

Exercise 48. Make these sentences into general questions. Give short answers.

Example: (you be) at home tomorrow? — Will you be at home tomorrow? — Yes, I will. ? No, I won’t.

1. (You see) your parents this weekend?

2. (They go) to Scotland in June?

3. (Kate and you go) to the cinema next week?

4. (It be) Wednesday tomorrow?

5. (Sam be) at the party too?

6. (You open) your bank account in this bank?

Exercise 49. Make up your own sentences with Shall I...? / Shall we...?

Example: the theatre this evening? — Shall we go to the theatre this evening?

do the washing up for you? — Shall I do the washing up for you?

1. close the window?

2. the disco on Friday?

3. another television programme?

4. a game of tennis?

5. turn on the radio?

6. help you with this exercise?

Special questions

What	shall	I	do?	— Whatever you like.
Where	will	I	be in ten years’ time?	— Nobody knows.
Where	shall	we	go tonight?	— Let’s go to the cinema.
When	will	you	tell her the truth?	— One of these days.
How old	will	he	be next birthday?	— He’ll be twenty-nine.
How often	will	they	see each other in ten years’ time?	— Perhaps they will never see each other again.
How long	will	it	take?	— About an hour.
How much	will	the trip	cost?	— It won’t be expensive.
Why	will	she	stay in town this summer?	— Because she’s going to work as a tourist guide.
Which trip	will	you	take?	— I think I’ll take a bicycle trip.
Who	will	—	win the race?	— It’s rather difficult to predict.

Exercise 50. Complete the sentences.

Example: Who will arrange everything? — Nancy.

1. ___ help you with your homework? — A friend of mine will.

2. ___ Kate ___ next year? — She’ll be 19.

3. ___ at the station? — They’ll meet at about 3 o’clock.

4. ___ for breakfast? — I’ll have a cup of coffee and a toast.

5. ___ this summer? — I’ll go to the seaside.

6. ___ the World Cup? — Perhaps, Brazil.

7. ___ stay at home tonight? — Because he’s expecting a call from his British friend.

Tag questions

I’ll		give you a lift,	shall I?	— Yes, please. That’s very kind of you./ No, thanks. I’ll walk.
I	will	be rich,	won’t I?	— Yes, you will. / No, you won’t.
You	will	leave tomorrow,	won’t you?	— Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
He/She	will	enjoy the camping trip	won’t he/she?	— Yes, he/she will. / No, he/she won’t.
It	will	be Sunday tomorrow,	won’t it?	— Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.
We’ll		go by plane,	shall we?	— All right. Let’s go by plane.
They	will	be more careful next time,	won’t they?	— Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.

I	won’t	work next week,	will I?	— No, you won’t. / Yes, you will.
You	won’t	be late,	will you?	— No, I. won’t. / Yes, I will.
He/She	won’t	tell anyone else,	will he/she?	— No, he/she won’t. / Yes, he/she will.
It	won’t	help anyone,	will it?	— No, it won’t. / Yes, it will.
We	won’t	do this,	will we?	— No, we won’t. / Yes, we will.
They	won’t	come to see us,	will they?	— No, they won’t. / Yes, they will.

NOTE: a) after Let’s... the question tag is shall we?

Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?

b) After the imperative (Do/Don’t do...) the tag is will you?

Open the door, will you?

Exercise 51. Give the correct tag to these sentences.

1. I expect we’ll meet again before long, ___?

2. I’ll show you the way, ___?

3. They won’t need a lot of money for that trip, ___?

4. Everyone will like the idea, ___?

5. Tomorrow will be cold, with some snow in the afternoon, ___?

6. Let’s have dinner, ___?

7. Turn down the radio, ___/

Exercise 52. Ask questions about the information in italics.

1. At the weekend we’ll probably go to the cinema.

2. You will find the newspaper under the pile of magazines.

3. It will be rainy and quite cold.

4. They’ll meet Joyce at the airport at 7 o’clock.

5. No, I won’t work from Wednesday till Friday.

6. It’ll take you an hour and a half to get to the city centre.

There is/are in the Future Simple Tense

+	There will always be future for music.
-	There won’t be any newspapers tomorrow.
Questions:
General:	Will there be any talk shows today? — Yes, there will.
Alternative:	Will there be stamps or coins in your new collection? — I think, coins.
Special:	What will there be on the agenda? — I don’t know. When will there be a party? — Tonight. Why will there be no opportunity for shopping? — All the sops will be closed at that time. How many people will there be at the meeting? — A lot. How much snow will there be at this time of the year. — Not much. What kind of books will there be in the library? — Only scientific books. Which tennis tournament will there be in Moscow? — The Kremlin Cup.
Tag:	There won’t be any wars in future, will there? — No, there won’t. / Yes, there will. There will be a lot of games at the party, won’t there? — Yes, there will. / No, there won’t.

Exercise 53. Rewrite each sentence as positive, negative, or a general question, according to the instructions.

Example: There will be no tickets left. (question) — Will there be any tickets left?

There will be a world war before the year 2030. (negative) — There won’t be a world war before the year 2030.

There won’t be a world currency in the future. (positive) — There will be a world currency in the future.

1. There will be a meeting tomorrow. (negative)

2. There won’t be any exams in June. (positive)

3. There will be no entertainment programmes today. (question)

4. There will be some letters in the mail for you. (negative)

5. There will be a lot of rooms for everyone. (question)

6. There won’t be much sun at this time of the year. (positive)

Exercise 54. Ask questions about the information in italics.

1. They say there will be little snow this winter.

2. There will be lots of games, songs and dances at Mike’s birthday party. I hope you will enjoy yourselves.

3. There will be no trains to the suburbs after midnight.

4. There will be another business meeting on Wednesday.

5. There will be special programmes today because of the earthquake.

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