1.3. Varieties of language

The situation of the communication evolves two varieties of language – the spoken and the written. Diachronically the spoken is primary and the written is secondary.

The features and characteristics of the spoken variety:

1) the presence of an interlocutor;

2) is maintained in the form of the a dialogue;

3) the human voice comes into play; it modulates the utterance, all kinds of gestures together with information give additional information;

4) spontaneous, momentary, fleeting;

5) its purpose to communicate a thought, the idea remains, the language dissolves in it;

The features and characteristics of the written variety:

1) the absence of interlocutor;

2) is maintained in the form of the monologue;

3) has to seek means to compensate for what is lacks; it is more diffuse, more explanatory, has to produce an enlarged representation of the communication in order to be explicit;

4) has deliberate choice of words and constructions that have political, cultural, educational influence on a public;

1.4. Meaning from the stylistic point of view

Meaning is viewed as a category which is able to aquire meaning imposed on the words by the context. Such meanings are called contextual meanings.

The component parts of meanings are called semes, the smallest unit of which meaning of the word consists.

Lexical meaning refers to some concrete, phenomenon or thing of objective reality, whether real or imaginary. Lexical meaning is a means by which a word-form is made to express a definite concept.

Grammatical meaning refers to relations between words or some forms of words or constructions bearing upon their structural functions in the language – as - a - system. It is also called “structural meaning.”

A word (5) is a unit of language functioning within the sentence or within a part of it which by its sound or graphical form expresses a concrete or abstract notion or a grammatical notion through one of its meanings and which is capable of enriching its semantic structure by acquiring new meanings and losing old ones.

A sign (6) is a material, sensuously perceived object (phenomenon, action) appearing in the process of cognition and communication in the capacity of a representative (substitute) of another object (or objects) and used for receiving, storing, recasting and transforming information about this object.