- •Кременчук 2003
- •Витяг з протоколу № 1
- •В/о зав. Кафедри о.В. Фадєєва
- •Рецензія
- •Рецензент доц. О.В. Фадєєва Тематичний план лекцій
- •Lection 1. The noun in the contrasted languages
- •Nouns ending in vowels other than -o/-e
- •Syntax of the noun the cases
- •The nominative case
- •The accusative case
- •The genitive case
- •The dative case
- •Impersonal constructions: -ся verbs:
- •The locative case
- •The instrumental case
- •The vocative case
- •Syntax of case: the preposition
- •Alphabetical list of Ukrainian prepositions
- •Case government of Ukrainian prepositions Prepositions governing the genitive
- •Prepositions governing the genitive in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the accusative
- •Prepositions governing the accusative in addition to other cases
- •Prepositions governing the dative
- •Prepositions governing the locative
- •Prepositions governing the locative in addition to other cases
- •Spatial constructions
- •Temporal constructions
- •Prepositions governing the instrumental
- •Substantival word formation
- •Lecture 2. The adjective
- •2. Comparison
- •Regular comparatives
- •Irregular comparatives
- •The analytic or compound comparative
- •Usage and 'than'
- •3. Using adjectives
- •Adjectives constructed with cases and prepositional phrases
- •Adjectives constructed with prepositional phrases
- •Genitive
- •Accusative
- •Instrumental
- •Locative
- •Adjectives constructed with infinitives and adverbs
- •Lection 3-4. The verb in the contrasted languages
- •2. Aspect and tense
- •Verbs of motion determinate and indeterminate
- •Imperfective:
- •Sequence of actions
- •3. The passive
- •4. The imperatives and conditionals the imperative
- •Irregular verbs
- •Inclusive ('Let's') commands
- •The conditional
- •5. Participles, gerunds,infinitive
- •Passive participles
- •The use of the infinitive
- •Verbs requiring the use of an infinitive
- •6. Transitive / intransiive verbs
- •Intransitive vs. Transitive: -ся verbs
- •Intransitive verbs without -ся
- •Intransitive verbs with -ся
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •General
- •Groups of adverbs
- •Interrogatives
- •Indefinites
- •Interrogatives of time
- •Statements of time
- •Indefinites
- •Quantitative adverbs (adverbs of degree)
- •Indefinites
- •Сидячи сидячи стоячи стоячи лежачи лежачи
- •Adverbial modal constructions
- •It is possible that it will rain (perhaps it will rain).
- •It is impossible to open the door (it’s stuck, locked,. . .).
- •Lection 6. The numeral and pronoun in the contrasted languages
- •Summary table of cardinal, collective, and ordinal numerals
- •Два/дві, три, чотири and обидва/обидві
- •П'ять and above
- •Selected paradigms
- •Collectives
- •Distribution
- •The ordinals
- •Time expressions
- •Hours (time of day)
- •Fractions
- •Indefinite quantifiers
- •2. The pronoun: general remarks
- •2. The groups of pronouns
- •Interrogative and relative pronouns
- •'Whose?'
- •'How much?' - 'how many?'
- •Indefinite, negative, and distributive pronouns
- •Indefinites and distributives
- •Lection 7. The conjunction in the contrasted languages
- •General characteristic
- •Using conjunction
- •1. General characteristic
- •2. Using conjunctions
- •Coordination with conjunctions
- •Contrast
- •Within the composite sentence
- •The indirect y/n question
- •Other indirect questions
- •Adverbial or oblique clauses
- •Paired and repeated conjunctions
Interrogative and relative pronouns
'WHO?' AND 'WHAT?'
хто? 'who?' що? 'what?'
N. хто що Н.
G. кого чого Р.
D. кому чому Д.
А. кого що 3.
І. ким чим О.
L. кому чому (чім) М.
Note that stress retraction after prepositions is applicable to these two pronouns. Note too that the accusative of що is що, and that after prepositions this often manifests itself as віщо (it may even fuse orthographically with the preposition), as in Навіщо? 'Why, for what reason?', По віщо він пішов туди? 'What did he go there for?' Що is also used as the basic subordinating conjunction after declaratives, and in a particular construction in relative clauses. Here are a few examples:
Хто це такий?
Who's that?
Що це таке?
What's that?
Хто не був у Києві, той не знає, яке це гарне місто.
Whoever has not been to Kyiv doesn't know what a fine town it is.
Що це за люди?
What sort of people are they?
Що за краса!
What beauty!
(Note the nominative of the noun in these two phrases. The reason is that we have a loan from German through Polish, with за actually going with що, which is in the expected accusative case. Compare German Was ist das fur ein Mann? 'What sort of a man is that?')
що in relative clauses
In the following examples we see the use of що functioning as a marker of relative clauses. This is counter to what one might expect as a speaker of English and other languages, in which the element - in reference to persons - is 'who' and not 'what'. The second and third examples are especially worthy of note, as 'with whom' and 'to whom' are expressed by preposition(s) and/or relevant case(s) following the element що, with no change in що:
Там сидить дівчина, що мешкає в Одесі.
The girl who lives in Odessa is sitting there.
Он той чоловік, що з ним я розмовляв у центрі міста.
That's the man with whom I was talking in the town centre.
Я не знаю людини, що їй я дав книжку.
І don't know the person to whom I gave the book. (Note that людина refers to both sexes, but has feminine gender - occasionally errors occur! The form here is the genitive, after the negative verb.)
'Whose?'
чий? 'whose?'
Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural
N. чий чиє чия чиї Н.
G. чийого чиєї чиїх Р.
D. чийому чиїй чиїм Д.
A. =nom./gen. =nom. чию =nom./gen. 3.
І. чиїм чиєю чиїми О.
L. чийому/чиєму (чиїм) чиїй чиїх М.
Чий is used in direct and indirect questions:
Чия це кімната?
Whose room is this?
Я спитав його, чия це кімната.
І asked him, whose room this was.
'WHAT SORT OF?' - 'WHICH?'
Який 'what kind of, also the most common relative pronoun, namely 'who', 'which', and котрий 'which?' (rather restricted; most often identifying something particular or in reference to a series, for example, in telling the time), are declined as adjectives:
який 'what kind of?'; 'who', 'which', '(that)'
Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural
N. який яке яка які Н.
G. якого якої яких Р.
D. якому якій яким Д.
А. = nom. or gen. = nom. яку = nom. or gen. 3.
І. яким якою якими О.
L. якому (якім) якій яких М.
котрий 'which?'
Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural
N. котрий котре котра котрі Н.
G. котрого котрої котрих Р.
D. котрому котрій котрим Д.
А. = nom. or gen. = nom. котру = nom. or gen. 3.
І. котрим котрою котрими О.
L. котрому (котрім) котрій котрих М.
Both may be used in direct and indirect questions. A few examples, starting with the equivalents of sentences given above:
Там сидить дівчина, яка мешкає в Одесі.
The girl who lives in Odessa is sitting there.
Он той чоловік, з яким я розмовляв у центрі міста.
That's the man with whom I was talking in the town centre.
Я не знаю людини, якій я дав книжку.
І don't know the person to whom I gave the book.
Вона ще не знає, яке в неї буде помешкання наступного року.
She still doesn't know what sort of flat she'll have next year.
Я хотів би знати, о котрій (годині) вони будуть у Києві.
І wonder at what time they will be in Kyiv.
Який is used in the genitive case to convey 'whose', 'of whom', 'of which' in relative clauses (one tends not to get чий here):
Он та людина, синові якої ми дали кошика.
That's the person to whose son we gave the basket. (Note the position of якої and the direct object, кошик, in the genitive case.)