- •1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •2. Theory of meaning. Typology of meanings
- •3. Morpheme. Word-structure.
- •4. Motivation
- •5. Semantic changes
- •Word-combination
- •7. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships
- •8. Polysemy
- •9. Homonymy
- •10. Synonymy. Paronymy. Antonymy
- •11. Word-building (major types)
- •12. Word-building (minor types)
- •13. Phraseology
- •14. Vocabulary classifications
- •15. The origin of English words
- •16. Differentiation with respect to time axis
- •17. The Opposition of stylistically marked and stylistically neutral words
- •18. Local varieties of the English language
- •19. Lexicography
16. Differentiation with respect to time axis
1. Archaisms and historisms
2. Neologisms
3. Semantic groups of neologisms
4. Ways of forming neologisms
Archaisms: steed, slay, behold, perchance, woe. Beautious, bepaint, darksome, oft.
Historisms: brougham, berlin, fly, gig; prairie schooner; caravel, galleon; breastplate, crossbow, arrow, visor.
Neologisms. R. Berchfield (NED).
Neologisms can develop in three main ways: 1) umbrella; 2) slum, ghetto, inner town; 3) new terminology.
Neologisms can develop in three main ways: 1) umbrella; 2) slum, ghetto, inner town; 3) new terminology.
Semantic groups of neologisms: a) PC, super-computer, multi-user, neurocomputer; b) hardware, software, monitor; c) BASIC, Algol FORTRAN; d) computerman, computerization, computerize, to blitz out (to ruin data in a computer’s memory). To telework, to telecommute, telebanking, telemarketing, teleshopping, videobank.
Linguistics: machine translation, interlingua.
Biometrics: finger-print scanner, biometric eye-scanner, voice verification.
Medicine: telemonitory unit.
Social activities: youthquake, pussy-footer, Euromarket, Eurodollar, Europarliament.
Social stratification of society: belonger, yuppie, muppie. Survivers, sustainers, emulaters; achievers; VAL /Value and Lifestyles/; jet set – jet plane travellers. Margaret Thatcher’s rule: PLU, «one of us».
Immigrants: partial – non-partial.
Criminalization: neighbourhood watch, «home watch».
Teen-agers: Drugs!, sweat, task.
Professional jargons: artspeak, sportspeak, medspeak, education-speak.
Everyday life: a) clingfilm, hamburgers /beef-, cheese-, fish-, veg-/; b) catsuit, hipster, bloomers; c) thongs; d) bumbag, sling bag, maitre.
Ways of forming neologisms.
Phonological neologisms: rah-rah, yeck/yuck; perestroika, dolce vita.
Morphological neologisms: free-fall, call-and-recall, bioastronomy, Ameringlish, tycoonography. Abbreviations: dinky, HIV, SINK, nimby. Snowmobile /automobile/, danceaholic /alcoholic/, cheeseburger /hamburger/. Affixation: decompress, educationalist. Phraseological neologisms: to buy into, fudge and dudge; electronic virus, whiz kid.
17. The Opposition of stylistically marked and stylistically neutral words
1. Official vocabulary
2. Poetic diction
3. Colloquial words
4. Slang, jargon, argot
Style. Steed – horse, eve – evening, maiden – girl, morn – morning, slay – kill.
Official vocabulary. Learned words: approximate, commence, exclude, heterogeneous, homogeneous. Archaic connectives: hereby, thereby, whereby. Double conjunctions: such as, inasmuch as, in consequence.
As follows, in terms of.
Poetic diction. Array – clothes; brow – forehead, main – sea, steed – horse, woe – sorrow; behold – see, deem – think, slay – kill; fair – beautiful, murky – grim; oft – often; thee, ye; ere – before. Fair, flood; morn – morning, oft – often.
Colloquial words and set expressions. Literary colloquial. Familiar colloquial. Low colloquial.
Intensifiers: absolutely, awful, dead, divine, fabulous, grand, gorgeous, lovely, pretty, superb, terrific; terribly nice, madly glamorous.
Affirmative and negative answers: definitely, up to a point, in a way, exactly, by all means, I except so, I should think so; I’m afraid, not, not at all, by no means.
Slang, jargon, argot.
Slang words. Money: beans, brass, dibs, dough, chink, wads; head: attic, brain-pan, hat peg, nut, upper store; drunk: boozy, cock-eyed, high.
E. Partridge
Odd, pinch, trip; graft, hitch-hiker. Teenager.
General slang and special slang (jargon). Cradle-snatcher (sl) – rap, shiv, book. To be on the beam; to be off the beam.
American slang: corny, cute, swell; British slang: cheerio, Gerry.