- •Some words and expressions for ordering and arranging the parts of an essay2.
- •Indicate which of the three linkers is the correct one.
- •2. Add the linking devices in the boxes to each paragraph
- •1. Incorporating one of the sentences below, write a paragraph which demonstrates a range of structures and a range of descriptive vocabulary4.
- •2. Replace each word or phrase underlined with one of the more formal words given.
- •3. Look at the examples of formal language and rephrase the underlined phrases into informal language.
- •Inversion is a useful way of adding emphasis both when you are speaking and when you are writing.
- •1. Match the sentences halves.
- •2. Use inversion to make these sentences more emphatic.
- •1. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the words in bold.
- •Rewrite these sentences using the verb in brackets and making any other necessary changes.
- •1. Underline the nominalised phrases in these examples.
- •2. Rewrite each sentence using all the prompt words.
- •Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. (Do not change the word given.)
- •1. Look at the newspaper snippets and match the words in bold with their explanations.
- •2. Look at the extracts from essays and use the words in bold from the previous exercise to improve their style, making the underlined words more formal.
- •1. Match the words often found in academic writing with their explanation.
- •2. Which of the five verbs from the previous exercise best fits in each sentence?
- •Match the adjectives often found in academic writing with their explanation.
- •Which of the five adjectives best describes each of these things?
- •Answer these questions which use vocabulary from b.
- •1. Give your own examples making use of these phrases
- •2. Here are some phrases we use to show we are undecided and are considering issues. Underline the ones which are typical of academic writing.
- •3. All these gaps, except one, can be filled by the same verb. What is the verb and what is the exception?
- •4. Rewrite each of the following sentences using prompt words so that it is as close as possible in meaning to the printed sentence.
- •Fill each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word.
2. Add the linking devices in the boxes to each paragraph
a3.
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Secondly, moreover, finally, firstly
The people present raised a number of objections to the plan for the club’s yearly programme proposed by the committee.
(1) ………………… they felt that the proposed programme did not contain enough to attract new members.
(2) ………………… they considered that they were not enough meetings geared towards younger members.
(3)……………….several people made the point that the events suggested were not varied enough.
(4) ……………… it was suggested that some new young members be co-opted onto the committee and a new programme be proposed as soon as possible.
b.
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Secondly, although, as a result, finally, even, firstly, thirdly, even, yet
…………much has been written about safety at work, it still often remains an area of
employment where the attitude taken is that ‘accidents happen to others’. (2)…………… there are many good reasons to suggest that much more attention should be paid to health and safety issues.
(3)…………, far too many employees are killed or injured each year as a direct result of their work.
(4) …………, managers can be prosecuted, fined, or (5) ………… jailed if it is found that they do not provide adequate safety standards.
(6) …………, any employee who suffers injury or ill-health caused by or at work can make claims against the employer for negligence. (7) …………, additional costs may be incurred because of sick pay, lost production, etc.
(8) …………, companies with poor safety records soon have their reputation damaged with customers, shareholders, and (9) ………… the local community.
Range of grammatical structures
To make a winning speaker or writer you are expected to produce grammar variety of your language. This does not only mean a range of tenses but also the use of the passive forms, modal verbs, gerund and infinitive as well as complex sentences.
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1. Incorporating one of the sentences below, write a paragraph which demonstrates a range of structures and a range of descriptive vocabulary4.
• But for the mosquitoes, it would have been pleasant to be perched on a wobbly wooden platform in an oak forest in ………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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•……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… This is my first summit – but it seems I have made one glaring error. I have forgotten to bring the champagne.
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•……………………………………………………………………………………………………………Our guide assures me we are lucky with the weather as at this time of the year we could easily be swirled in fog or soaked by rain. …………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………….
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•……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………… The following morning we were anxious to immerse ourselves as quickly as possible in the wonderful atmosphere of the city.
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•Across the other side of the lake, an unmade stony road runs along a gorgeous stretch of unspoilt coastline that reminds me of………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Language awareness 2
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1. Read the text below about a hotel. Some of the sentences are from an informal letter and others are from a holiday brochure. They have been mixed up to make one text. Can you separate them out to make the original two texts? There are three sentences from each5.
The hotel has a magnificent location overlooking the broad spread of the gulf and most of the bedrooms enjoy sea views. It’s a great hotel with loads of character. The bedrooms get a bit chilly at night and the uncarpeted corridors can be noisy but it’s worth putting up with a few minor inconveniences as it has so much atmosphere in other ways. Each room has its own luxuriously-appointed en suite bathroom and is individually decorated with many original finishing touches. The superb restaurant offers a wide range of delicious dishes to suit all tastes. The food is fantastic and you can staff yourself at breakfast so you don’t need to eat again till the evening.
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