Давление в камерах сердца и сосудах

Site		Normal pressure range (in mmHg)^[2]
Central venous pressure		3–8
Right ventricular pressure	systolic	15–30
	diastolic	3–8
Pulmonary artery pressure	systolic	15–30
	diastolic	4–12
Pulmonary vein/ Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure		2–15
Left ventricular pressure	systolic	100–140
	diastolic	3-12

Нормальный уровень гемоглобина

• Newborns: 17-22 gm/dl

• One (1) week of age: 15-20 gm/dl

• One (1) month of age: 11-15gm/dl

• Children: 11-13 gm/dl

• Adult males: 14-18 gm/dl

• Adult women: 12-16 gm/dl

• Men after middle age: 12.4-14.9 gm/dl

• Women after middle age: 11.7-13.8 gm/dl

BMP/ELECTROLYTES:
Na^+=140	Cl^−=100	BUN=20	/
			Glu=150
K^+=4	CO2=22	PCr=1.0	\
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS:
HCO3^-=24	paCO2=40	paO2=95	pH=7.40
ALVEOLAR GAS:
	pACO2=36	pAO2=105	A-a g=10
OTHER:
Ca=9.5	Mg^2+=2.0	PO4=1
CK=55	BE=−0.36	AG=16
SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL:
PMO = 300	PCO=295	POG=5	BUN:Cr=20
URINALYSIS:
UNa^+=80	UCl^−=100	UAG=5	FENa=0.95
UK^+=25	USG=1.01	UCr=60	UO=800
PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:
LDH=100	TP=7.6	AST=25	TBIL=0.7
ALP=71	Alb=4.0	ALT=40	BC=0.5
		AST/ALT=0.6	BU=0.2
AF alb=3.0	SAAG=1.0		SOG=60
CSF:
CSF alb=30	CSF glu=60	CSF/S alb=7.5	CSF/S glu=0.4

АНАЛИЗ КРОВИ:

Test	Reference Range (conventional units*)
17 Hydroxyprogesterone (Men)	0.06-3.0 mg/L
17 Hydroxyprogesterone (Women) Follicular phase	0.2-1.0 mg/L
25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)	8-80 ng/mL
Acetoacetate	<3 mg/dL
Acidity (pH)	7.35 - 7.45
Alcohol	0 mg/dL (more than 0.1 mg/dL normally indicates intoxication) (ethanol)
Ammonia	15 - 50 µg of nitrogen/dL
Amylase	53 - 123 units/L
Ascorbic Acid	0.4 - 1.5 mg/dL
Bicarbonate	18 - 23 mEq/L (carbon dioxide content)
Bilirubin	Direct: up to 0.4 mg/dL Total: up to 1.0 mg/dL
Blood urea nitrogen	7–21 mg/dL
Blood Volume	8.5 - 9.1% of total body weight
Calcium	8.2 - 10.6 mg/dL (normally slightly higher in children)
Carbon Dioxide Pressure	35 - 45 mm Hg
Carbon Monoxide	Less than 5% of total hemoglobin
CD4 Cell Count	500 - 1500 cells/µL
Ceruloplasmin	15 - 60 mg/dL
Chloride	98 - 106 mEq/L
Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC)	Tests include: hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, white Blood cell count  Please click each to view an individual test value.
Copper	Total: 70 - 150 µg/dL
Creatine Kinase (CK or CPK)	Male: 38 - 174 units/L  Female: 96 - 140 units/L
Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes	5% MB or less
Creatinine	0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL
Electrolytes	Test includes: calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium Please click each to view an individual test value.
Серологическое железо	норма - 50 - 150 H-g/dL
Железосвязывающая способность	норма 250 - 370 ig/dL
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR or Sed-Rate)	Male: 1 - 13 mm/hr Female: 1 - 20 mm/hr
Glucose	Tested after fasting: 70 - 110 mg/dL
Hematocrit	Male: 45 - 62% Female: 37 - 48%
Hemoglobin	Male: 13 - 18 gm/dL Female: 12 - 16 gm/dL
Iron	60 - 160 µg/dL (normally higher in males)
Iron-binding Capacity	250 - 460 µg/dL
Lactate (lactic acid)	Venous: 4.5 - 19.8 mg/dL Arterial: 4.5 - 14.4 mg/dL
Lactic Dehydrogenase	50 - 150 units/L
Lead	40 µg/dL or less (normally much lower in children)
Lipase	10 - 150 units/L
Zinc   B-Zn	70 - 102 µmol/L
Lipids:
Cholesterol	Less than 225 mg/dL (for age 40-49 yr; increases with age)
Triglycerides	10 - 29 years	53 - 104 mg/dL
	30 - 39 years	55 - 115 mg/dL
	40 - 49 years	66 - 139 mg/dL
	50 - 59 years	75 - 163 mg/dL
	60 - 69 years	78 - 158 mg/dL
	>  70 years	83 - 141 mg/dL
Liver Function Tests	Tests include bilirubin (total), phosphatase (alkaline), protein (total and albumin), transaminases (alanine and aspartate), prothrombin (PTT)  Please click each to view an individual test value.
Magnesium	1.9 - 2.7 mEq/L
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)	27 - 32 pg/cell
Mean Corpuscular HemoglobinConcentration (MCHC)	32 - 36% hemoglobin/cell
Mean Corpuscular Volume(MCV)	76 - 100 cu µm
Osmolality	280 - 296 mOsm/kg water
Oxygen Pressure	83 - 100 mm Hg
Oxygen Saturation (arterial)	96 - 100%
Phosphatase, Prostatic	0 - 3 units/dL (Bodansky units) (acid)
Phosphatase	50 - 160 units/L (normally higher in infants and adolescents) (alkaline)
Phosphorus	3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL (inorganic)
Platelet Count	150,000 - 350,000/mL
Potassium (калий)	3.5 - 5.4 mEq/L
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)	0 - 4 ng/mL (likely higher with age)
Proteins:
Total	6.0 - 8.4 gm/dL
Albumin	3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL
Globulin	2.3 - 3.5 gm/dL
Prothrombin (PTT)	25 - 41 sec
Pyruvic Acid	0.3 - 0.9 mg/dL
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)	4.2 - 6.9 million/µL/cu mm
Sodium	133 - 146 mEq/L
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)	0.5 - 6.0 µ units/mL
Transaminase:
Alanine (ALT)	1 - 21 units/L
Aspartate (AST)	7 - 27 units/L
Urea Nitrogen (BUN)	7 - 18 mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio	5 - 35
Uric Acid	Male	2.1 to 8.5 mg/dL (likely higher with age)
	Female	2.0 to 7.0 mg/dL (likely higher with age)
Vitamin A	30 - 65 µg/dL
WBC (leukocyte count and white Blood cell count)	4.3-10.8 × 10^3/mm^3
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)	4,300 - 10,800 cells/µL/cu mm

CSF

Reference ranges in CSF
Substance	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Glucose	50^[3]	80^[3]	mg/dL
Protein	15^[3]	40^[4]–45^[3]	mg/dL
RBCs	n/a^[3]	0^[3] / negative	cells/µL or cells/mm^3
WBCs	0^[3]	3^[3]	cells/µL cells/mm^3

Cause	Appearance	Polymorphonuclear cell	Lymphocyte	Protein	Glucose
Pyogenic bacterial meningitis	Yellowish, turbid	Markedly increased	Slightly increased or Normal	Markedly increased	Decreased
Viral meningitis	Clear fluid	Slightly increased or Normal	Markedly increased	Slightly increased or Normal	Normal
Tuberculous meningitis	Yellowish and viscous	Slightly increased or Normal	Markedly increased	Increased	Decreased
Fungal meningitis	Yellowish and viscous	Slightly increased or Normal	Markedly increased	Slightly increased or Normal	Normal or decreased

МОЧА

Ions and trace metals

Target	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Nitrite	n/a	0 / negative^[3]		The presence of nitrites in urine indicate the presence of coliform bacteria. This may be a sign of infection, however, the other parameters such as leukocyte esterase, urine white blood cell count, and symptoms such as dysuria, urinary_urgency, fevers and chills must be correlated to diagnose an infection.
Sodium(Na) - per day	150^[4]	300^[4]	mmol / 24hours	The sodium levels are frequently ordered during the workup of acute renal failure. The fractional excretion of sodium, abbreviated as FeNa is an important marker in distinguishing pre-renal from post-renal failure.
Potassium(K) - per day	40^[4]	90^[4]	mmol / 24hours	Urine potassium may be ordered in the workup of hypokalemia. In case of GI loss of potassium, the urine potassium will be low. In case of renal loss of potassium, the urine potassium levels will be high. Decreased levels of urine potassium are also seen in hypoaldosteronism and adrenal insufficiency.
Urinary calcium(Ca) - per day	15^[5]	20^[5]	mmol / 24hours	An abnormally high level is called hypercalciuria and an abnormally low rate is called hypocalciuria. Further information and more detailed ranges: Urinary calcium
	100^[5]	250^[5]	mg / 24 hours
Phosphate(P) - per day	n/a^[4]	38^[4]	mmol / 24hours	Phosphaturia is the hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine. This condition is divided into primary and secondary types. Primary hypophosphatemia is characterized by direct excess excretion of phosphate by the kidneys, as from primary renal dysfunction, and also the direct action of many classes of diuretics on the kidneys. Additionally, secondary causes, including both types of hyperparathyroidism cause hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine.

Proteins and enzymes

Target	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Protein	0	trace amounts^[3] / 20	mg/dL	Proteins may be measured with the Albustix Test. Since proteins are very large molecules (macromolecules), they are not normally present in measurable amounts in the glomerular filtrate or in the urine. The detection of protein in urine, called proteinuria may indicate that the permeabilityof the glomerulus is abnormally increased. This may be caused by renal infections or it may be caused by other diseases that have secondarily affected the kidneys such as diabetes mellitus, jaundice, or hyperthyroidism. Further information: Proteinuria
hCG In non-pregnant adults	-	50^[7]	U/L	This hormone appears in the urine of pregnant women. Home pregnancy tests commonly detect this substance.

Blood cells

Target	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Red blood cells(RBCs) / erythrocytes	0^[3][8]	2^[3] - 3^[8]	per High Power Field (HPF)
RBC casts	n/a	0 / negative^[3]
White blood cells(WBCs) / leukocytes	0^[3]	2^[3] / negative^[3]		Further information: Pyuria
	-	10	per µlor mm^3	"Significant pyuria" at greater than or equal to 10 leucocytes per microlitre (µl) or cubic millimeter (mm^3)
Blood	n/a	0 / negative^[3]		May be present as intact RBC which indicates bleeding or discoloration. Note that a very small amount of blood is enough to give the entire urine sample or the foley bag a red/pink hue, and it is difficult to judge the amount of bleeding from a gross examination. The urine color may also be red due to excretion of pigment such as myoglobin and hemoglobin, in which case the urine dipstick shows presence of blood but there are no RBC seen on microscopic examination. Always check INR/PT/PTT and send a fresh urine sample for urinalysis when blood is detected. A case can also be made for urine cytology, especially for elderly patients. Further information: Hematuria

Other molecules

Target	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Glucose	n/a	0 / negative^[3]		Glucose can be measured with Benedict's Test. Although glucose is easily filtered in the glomerulus, it is not present in the urine because all of the glucose that is filtered is normally reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into the blood. Presence of glucose in the urine is called glucosuria. Further information: Glucosuria
Ketone bodies	n/a	0 / negative^[3]		When there is carbohydrate deprivation, such as starvation or high protein diets, the body relies increasingly on the metabolism of fats for energy. This pattern is also seen in people with the disease diabetes mellitus, when a lack of the hormone insulin prevents the body cells from utilizing the large amounts of glucose available in the blood. This happens because insulin is necessary for the transport of glucose from the blood into the body cells. The metabolism of fat proceeds in a series of steps. First, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol. Second the fatty acids are hydrolyzed into smaller intermediate compounds (acetoacetic acid, betahydroxybutyric acid, and acetone). Thirdly, the intermediate products are utilized in aerobic cellular respiration. When the production of the intermediate products of fatty acid metabolism (collectively known as ketone bodies) exceeds the ability of the body to metabolize these compounds they accumulate in the blood and some end up in the urine (ketonuria). Further information: Ketonuria
Bilirubin	n/a	0 / negative^[3]		The fixed phagocytic cells of the spleen and bone marrow destroy old red blood cells and convert the heme groups of hemoglobin to the pigment bilirubin. The bilirubin is secreted into the blood and carried to the liver where it is bonded to (conjugated with) glucuronic acid, a derivative of glucose. Some of the conjugated bilirubin is secreted into the blood and the rest is excreted in the bile as bile pigment that passes into the small intestine. The blood normally contains a small amount of free and conjugated bilirubin. An abnormally high level of blood bilirubin may result from: an increased rate of red blood cell destruction, liver damage, as in hepatitis and cirrhosis, and obstruction of the common bile duct as with gallstones. An increase in blood bilirubin results in jaundice, a condition characterized by a brownish yellow pigmentation of the skin and of the sclera of the eye. Further information: Bilirubinuria
Urobilinogen	0.2^[3]	1.0 ^[3]	Ehrlich units or mg/dL
Creatinine - per day	4.8^[4]	19^[4]	mmol / 24hours
Freecatecholamines, dopamine - per day	90 ^[9]	420 ^[9]	μg / 24hours
Free cortisol	28^[10]or 30^[11]	280^[10] or 490^[11]	nmol/24h	Values below threshold indicate Addison's disease, while values above indicate Cushing's syndrome. A value smaller than 200 nmol/24h (72 µg/24h^[12]) strongly indicates absence of Cushing's syndrome.^[11]
	10^[13]or 11^[12]	100^[13] or 176^[12]	µg/24h
Phenylalanine		30.0	mg/L^[14]	In neonatal screening, a value above upper limit defines phenylketonuria.^[14]

Other urine parameters

Test		Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Urine specific gravity		1.003^[1][3]	1.030^[1][3]	no unit	This test detects the ion concentration of urine. Small amounts of protein or ketoacidosis tend to elevate the urine's specific gravity (SG). This value is measured using a urinometer and indicates whether you are hydrated or dehydrated. If the SG of your urine is under 1.010 you are hydrated. If your urine SG is above 1.020, you are dehydrated.
Osmolality		400^[4]	n/a^[4]	mOsm/kg
pH		5^[3]	7^[3]	(unitless)
Bacterial cultures	by urination	-	100,000	colony forming units per millilitre (CFU/mL)	Bacteriuria can be confirmed if a single bacterial species is isolated in a concentration greater than 100,000 colony forming units per millilitre of urine in clean-catch midstream urine specimens (one for men, two consecutive specimens with the same bacterium for women). Further information: Bacteriuria
	by bladder catheterisation	-	100		For urine collected via bladder catheterisation, the threshold is 100 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre. Further information: Bacteriuria