Ideal of the Pythagoreans is the policy, which dominatedfair laws. Law-abiding they considered a high virtue, butthe laws themselves - a great value.

worst evil Pythagoreans considered anarchy. Criticizing it, theynoted that man by nature can not do without a guide,authorities and proper upbringing.

Pythagorean idea that human relations canbe cleared of strife and anarchy, and are given in proper order andharmony in the future have inspired many followers of the ideal systemhuman life.

author of one of these ideal models of the policy was Faley  Halkedonsky, who argued that any rodavnutrennie unrestarise because of issues relating to property. To achieveperfect device polis life, it is necessary to equalize landproperty of all citizens.

views opposite Pythagorean followed Heraclitus. WorldIt did not come through a merger, and through the division, not through harmony, andthrough struggle. The thinking, according to Heraclitus, is inherent in all, obnako,Most people do not understand vseupravlyayuschego mind, which shouldfollow. Accordingly, he divides people on the wise and foolish,best and worst.

socio-political inequality is justified by them as inevitable,legitimate and fair result overall fight. Criticizing Democracywhich governs the crowd and no place better, Heraclitus advocated the rule of the best.  In his opinion for the formation and adoption of the law does not necessarilygeneral approval at a public meeting: the main thing in the law - itcompatibility with the Universal Logos (vseupravlyayuschemu mind), understanding whatone (better) is more accessible than most.

principle common to the approaches of Pythagoras and Heraclitus, had providedmarked influence on subsequent thinkers, is the choice ofintellectual (spiritual, not natural) criterion for opredelniyawhat is "best", "noble," "well-intentioned", etc. (all this --symbols "aristocrat"). With this transition from the aristocracy of blood to thearistocracy of spirit, she herself transformed from zamkgutoy caste in openclass, access to which was made dependent on the merit andefforts of each.

development of political and legal thought in the V century largelycontributed to the deepening of the philosophical and social analysis of the problemssociety, government, politics and law.

Democritus have found one of the first attempts to considervoznikonovenie and becoming man, the human race and society aspart of the natural process of global development. During this protsessalyudigradually under the influence of the needs, in imitation of nature and animals, and based onown experience, have acquired all their basic knowledge and skillsnecessary for public life.

Thus, human society appears only after a longevolution as a result of progressive changes in source of naturalstate. In this sense, society, policy, legislation createdartificially, but not given by nature. However, their very origina natural necessity, not a random process.

In the state, according to Democritus, presented the common good andjustice. Interests of the state above all else, and caring citizens mustbe sent to the device and its better management. To savenational unity requires unity of citizens, their mutual support,vzaimozaschita and brotherhood.

Laws of Democritus, designed to ensure well-organized lifein the policy, but to actually achieve these outcomes, are neededthe effort by the people themselves, their obedience to the law.  Laws, respectively, are needed for ordinary people in order to curbinherent envy, strife, mutual harm. From this pointof a wise man such laws are not needed.

In terms of strengthening and flourishing of ancient democracy politicalLegal issue widely discussed and linked with the names of the Sophists. Sophistsbeen paid teachers of wisdom, including in matters of state andlaw. Many of them were outstanding educators of his era, deepand daring innovators in the field of philosophy, logic, epistemology, rhetoric,ethics, politics and law.

Sophists were not a single school and developed variousphilosophical, political and legal views. Distinguish between the two generationsSophists: Senior (Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias, and others) and junior  (Frasimah, Callicles, Likofron, etc.). Many of the older Sophistsadhered to the whole democratic beliefs. Among the younger Sophistsalong with pro-democracy supporters and there are other forms ofgovernment (aristocracy, tyranny).

principled criticism of the Sophists was Socrates. Even during his lifetime he wasrecognized as the wisest of all men. Arguing with the Sophists, he neverthelessperceived some of their ideas and developed their own way they have begun educationalcase.

Socrates zadimalsya search for rational, logical-conceptualjustification of the objective nature of ethical evaluations of the moral natureState and Law. Discussion of moral and political provlematiki Socratesraised to the level of concepts. Thereby laying the start of the actualtheoretical research in this area.

Socrates distinguished between natural law and the law of the policy, but he believed thatand natural law and the polis law back to a reasonable start. Hisconceptual approach, Socrates sought to reflect and articulate precisely thisrational nature of moral, political and legal phenomena. Thisthe way he came to the conclusion of the triumph of a reasonable, fair and lawful.

In terms of practical politics meant the Socratic idea of the boardknow, that justification of the principle of a competent government, butteoretitcheskom plan - an attempt to identify and articulate the moral -reasonable basis and essence of the state.

disciple and follower of Socrates was Plato. The state is treatedthem as the realization of ideas and the greatest possible realization of ideas in the worldEarth's social and political life - in the policy.

In his dialogue "The State" Plato, designing the idealfair state, proceeds from the match, which heconcepts, there is space between as a whole, the State andindividual human soul. Justice consists in the fact that eachbegan to deal with their own business and not interfere in others' affairs. Besides,Justice trebuetierarhicheskoy subordination of these principles in the name ofwhole: the ability to reason ought to prevail; fierce top --be armed protection, subject to the first beginning, both of these earlyrun start lusting, which "by its very nature craves wealth".

determining policy, as a joint settlement, due to generalneeds, Plato detail substantiates the proposition that the bestthese needs requires the division of labor between the citizensState ..

ideal state of Plato - a fair rule of the best. Thishe shared the natural and legal status of Socrates that the legitimate andfair one and the same, because they are based on divine origin.

further development and deepening of the ancient political and legal thoughtafter Plato associated with the name of his disciple and critic - Aristotle. Heattempted to fully develop a science of politics. Politics asscience he is closely linked to ethics. Scientific understanding of policyimplies, according to Aristotle, developed ideas about morality,knowledge of ethics.

objects of political science is excellent and fair, butsame objects as the virtues of study and in ethics. Ethics appearsas the beginning of the policy, the introduction to her.

Aristotle distinguishes between two kinds of justice: and call thedistributed. The criterion of egalitarian justice is  "Arithmetical equality", the scope of application of this principle - regioncivil-legal transactions, damages, penalties, etc.  Fairly distributed based on the principle of geometricequality "means the division of the common wealth of dignity, proportioncontributions and contributions of a member communication. It is possible as equal,and the empowerment of the unequal benefits (power, honor,money).

main outcome of ethical research, essential for policyis the position that political justice can onlyfree and equal human beings, belonging to one community, and haspurpose of their complacency.

State, according to Aristotle, - a product of natural development. Thisrespect it is like this naturally arose primary communication, asfamily and village. But the state - the highest form of communication, embracesall other communication. In political communication all other forms of communicationreach their goals and complete. Man is by nature beingpolitical, and have completed the development of thispoliticalhuman nature.

Crisis Greek state was clearly manifested inexercise of the state and the right of the Hellenistic period. In the last third  IV century BC Greek city lost its independence and fallfirst under the authority of Macedonia, then Rome. Campaigns of Alexander of Macedonput nachaloellinizatsii East and the formation of the Hellenistic monarchies.

politico-legal thought of the period found expression in the teachings  Epicurus, the Stoics and Polybius.