- •Address to Young Researchers
- •Section I post-graduate education. Academic and research degrees topic related vocabulary
- •Postgraduate Study in Great Britain
- •University and Higher Degrees in Great Britain
- •University and Higher Degrees in the usa
- •Belarus: Education in the 21st Century
- •The bsu: Research and Development
- •Высшая аттестационная комиссия Республики Беларусь
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: Tenses in the Active Voice
- •Grammar Review: Emphatic Means
- •I. Read the article. Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Obama, Chinese leader talk global challenges
- •II. Render into English using the prompts.
- •III. Get ready to make a report on a recent official delegation visit to your country. Use the words and word-combinations below:
- •Section II why undertake postgraduate study? topic related vocabulary
- •Pamela Bain
- •Tom Sight
- •Career Prospects for Postgraduates
- •Progress Questions
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: Tenses in the Passive Voice
- •Grammar Review: Types of Questions
- •Cooperation
- •I. Read the article. Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Joint Communique
- •II. Translate into English using the prompts.
- •Get ready to speak about some international contacts of your country. Use the vocabulary below.
- •Section III research supervision topic related vocabulary
- •Golden rules on how to approach your supervisor
- •Profile: Joseph e. Stiglitz
- •Profile: Howard c. Eglit, Professor of Law
- •Научный руководитель. Кто он?
- •Write an essay on the topics suggested below:
- •Progress Questions
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents
- •Terrorism
- •Read the article. Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Top al Qaeda operative killed in Somalia, officials say
- •II. Read the text. Extract the topical vocabulary.
- •III. Render into English. Следственный комитет заявил, что теракт в Домодедово раскрыт.
- •IV. Scan the article. Formulate the key ideas expressed by the author. Containing terror Like communism during the Cold War, terrorism is a social movement that must be held in check
- •Section IV attending a conference topic related vocabulary
- •Academic Conference
- •In case of permanent contacts scientists exchange business correspondence and can send letters of invitation to each other.
- •Conference Registration Form
- •Progress Questions
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: Connectives
- •Grammar Review: Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech
- •Democracy
- •I. Read the article. Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Should top u.S. Goal be democracy?
- •II. Render into English using the prompts.
- •III. Scan the article. Extract the topical vocabulary. Formulate the key ideas expressed by the author.
- •Section V
- •International cooperation. Exchange programmes. Study and research visits
- •Topic related vocabulary
- •Exchange Programs
- •1. May 2011: hpc research opportunities
- •2. President Fund Grants
- •Programme of Study Visit to Kingston University
- •Description of the project
- •A report on my studies
- •Report on my research
- •Progress Questions
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: If clauses
- •Grammar Review: Types of Clauses
- •Election
- •I. Read the article. Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Turkey's ruling party decisively wins 3rd term in office
- •II. Read the information below. Focus on the highlighted words and expressions. Election
- •III. Render into English using the prompts. Внеочередные парламентские выборы пройдут в Македонии
- •Section VI summary making. Essay and abstract writing
- •List of Expressions Used for Summary Writing
- •Science: The Endless Resource
- •Sample Summary
- •What’s Special About Teaching Adults?
- •Summary
- •Science
- •Abstract Writing
- •Optimal Minimum Wage Policy in Competitive Labor Markets
- •Abstract
- •Right to education – a challenge for the world?
- •Abstract
- •International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
- •List of Expressions for Writing Abstracts
- •Essay Writing
- •Here are useful tips for argumentative essays
- •Paragraph Plans for Argumentative Essays
- •In writing essays one is sure to use linking elements to make the narration better structured. Read and translate the sentences which illustrate the use of linking elements in context, underline them.
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: Participle I and Participle Constructions
- •Grammar Review: Participle II and Participle Constructions
- •Disarmament
- •I. Read the article. Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Duma votes in favour of start deal
- •II. Read the information below. Extract the topical vocabulary.
- •III. Translate into Russian. Disarmament Barriers
- •IV. Translate into English using the prompts.
- •Section VII reporting and presentations
- •Science for Society
- •The Nature of Law
- •Economics
- •Understanding History
- •Making an Effective Presentation
- •The Power of Language
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions
- •Refugees
- •I. Read the articles. Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Lebanese open homes to “Arab brothers” fleeing Syria
- •II. Read the information below. Compare the concepts “Refugees” and “Internally displaced persons” Who is a Refugee?
- •III. Render into English using prompts.
- •IV. Scan the article. Focus on the key ideas. Human Rights And Refugees
- •Section VIII research paper
- •In the present section the lexical means to help you speak on the topic of your research are introduced.
- •The aim of the investigation is to present systematic description of …
- •Explaining the topicality and novelty of the research.
- •The findings are in agreement with …
- •In the extract below one can find some useful expressions to speak about the aims of one’s research. Pay attention to the key words and phrases underlined for you.
- •Summary
- •In Focus
- •Grammar Review: Gerund and Gerundial Constructions
- •Grammar Review: Non-Finite Forms of the Verb.
- •Environmental Protection
- •I. Read the article Comment on the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions; summarize the text. Summit Seeks Accord on Arctic Ocean
- •II. Translate into English using the prompts..
- •III. Scan the articles on global warming. Extract the topical vocabulary. Compare the points of view presented in the two articles. The Plan that Saved the Planet
- •Global Warming: a Convenient Lie
- •Supplement List of Abbreviations Most Frequently Used in Scientific Literature
- •Countries. Capitals. Nationalities.
- •The American States and Their Capitals
- •List of Basic Affixes Used for Word formation
- •List of Academic Vocabulary Used for Writing Abstracts, Making Summaries and Preparing Reports.
- •Linking Words and Phrases Used in Written and Spoken Academic English
- •Functional Phrase List Used for Conducting Discussions, Debates, Giving Presentations
- •1. Starting a conversation/discussion
- •2. Ending a conversation/discussion
- •3. Expressing one's point of view
- •4. Discussing a topic
- •5. Expressing agreement, approval
- •6. Expressing disagreement, doubt
- •Литература
- •Contents
- •IV. Scan the article. Focus on the key ideas. 148
- •In favour of 177
- •Insufficient 178
- •Identifiable, predictable 178
- •Interviewee, trainee, addressee 178
University and Higher Degrees in Great Britain
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the most usual titles for a first degree are Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BSc). A first degree is usually awarded at the end of a three-year course, which most people start at the age of 18/19, after leaving school, a second degree is Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MSc) and a higher degree is Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil).
A higher degree is one which is awarded after further study, usually, although not always, involving research.
After a course of studies lasting from three to four years an undergraduate student sits for a final examination which, if he passes it, entitles him to a first degree. The final exam is the principal criterion for establishing the class of degree.
Uniformity of standards between universities is promoted by the practice of employing outside examiners for all examinations, and the general pattern of teaching (a combination of lectures, small group seminars or tutorials with practical classes where necessary) is fairly similar throughout Britain.
The range of second and further degrees in Britain is huge and complex – and depends on the arrangements of each autonomous university. There are MAs, MPhil, MSc, MBA, and many others. Some of these are obtained by doing another “taught course” and some by writing a thesis. Although some students take their second degree in the same university as their first degree, many more move to another university.
The award of a Master’s degree is the culmination of what is normally one-year full time or two-years of part-time taught study and demonstrates the attainment of mastery in the chosen subject area. Higher degrees are sometimes also called further degrees. Research degree is also used, but it is not an exact synonym of higher/further degree; it means a degree involving research, and not all (although most) higher degrees are research degrees.
Until recently, postgraduate Master’s degrees were awarded without grade or class. Nowadays, however, Master’s degrees are classified into categories of Pass, Merit and Distinction – commonly 50+, 60+, and 70+ percent marks, respectively.
The most common types of research postgraduate Masters are MPhil and MRes. The Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is a research degree awarded for the completion of a thesis. It is a shorter version of the PhD but is of a lower standard. The Master of Research (MRes) degree is a more structured and organized version of the MPhil, usually designed to prepare a student for a career in research. For example, an MRes may combine individual research with periods of work placement in research establishments. Like the PhD, the MPhil and MRes degrees are awarded without class or grade.
The Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin award MA degree to BAs without further examination, when a certain number of years have passed and (in some cases but not all cases) upon payment of a nominal fee. It is commonplace for recipients of the degree to have graduated several years previously and to have had little official contact with the university or academic life since then. The MAs awarded by Oxford and Cambridge are colloquially known as the Oxbridge MA.
The doctorate generally requires an outstanding proficiency in some specialised branch of research. It is regarded as the highest degree. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) – DPhil at Oxford, Sussex and York – is awarded after a minimum of two or three years’ research and indicates a higher level of attainment than a Master’s degree.
The use of the word philosophy does not mean that the degree is restricted to philosophy. The name is the same for all faculties, and one may have a DPhil in English, or mathematics, or geography. From a practical point of view philosophy here means the same as наук in the names кандидат или доктор наук.
A postgraduate may be granted an allowance called a “fellowship” for the pursuance of research work. Fellowships are established for a fixed number of years.