Part II early british settlements

The first of the British colonies to take hold of North America was Jamestown. In 1607a group of about 100 men set out for the Chesapeake Bay on the basis of a charter which king James I granted to the Virginia (or London) Company. The aim of the Company was to set up colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America, between 34◦ and 38◦ north latitude. It was a joint stock company – that is, the investors paid the costs of its expeditions and in return were given the right to divide up any profits it made. The Company hoped that the settlers would find pearls, silver or gold, as the Spanish conquistadors had done in Mexico.

Seeking to avoid conflict with the Spanish, the settlers chose a site about 60 km up the James River from the bay. On the swampy banks they began cutting down bushes and trees and building rough houses for themselves. They named their settlement Jamestown and it became the first lasting British settlement in America. The early years of Jamestown were hard and it was partly the fault of the settlers themselves. The site they had chosen was low-lying and malarial. And though their English homeland was many miles across a dangerous ocean they failed to grow enough crops to feed themselves. Made up of townsmen and adventurers more interested in finding gold than farming, the colony was unequipped and unable to embark upon the new life in the wilderness. The colonists eagerly obeyed the Virginia Company’s orders because by doing so they hoped to grow rich themselves. But soon they began to die – in one, in twos, finally in dozens. By the end of the year two out of every three of them were dead. Some died in Amerindian attacks, some of diseases, some of starvation.

Among the colonists there was a man named Captain John Smith, who emerged as the dominant figure and was the most able of the original Jamestown settlers. An energetic 27-year-old soldier and explorer, he had already had a life full of action when he landed in Virginia. It was he who organized the first Jamestown colonists and forced them to work. If he hadn’t done that the colony would probably have collapsed. Despite quarrels, starvation and Amerindian attacks his ability to enforce discipline held the little colony together through the first year.

When Jamestown ran out of food supplies John Smith set out into the forests to buy corn from Amerindians. On one of these expeditions he was taken prisoner. According to a story that he told later, the Amerindians were going to beat his brains out when Pocahontas, the twelve-year-old daughter of the chief, saved his life by shielding his body with her own. Pocahontas went on to play an important part in Virginia’s survival, bringing food to the starving settlers. In 1614 she married John Rolfe, a tobacco planter. In 1616 she traveled to England with him and was presented at court to King James I. Pocahontas died of smallpox in 1617 while waiting to board a ship to carry her back home with her newborn son. When the son grew he returned to Virginia, thus many Virginians today claim to have descended from him and so from Pocahontas.

In 1609 John Smith was badly injured in a gunpowder explosion and he was sent back to England. In his absence the colony descended into anarchy. It reached its lowest point in winter 1609-1610. Of the 500 colonists living in the settlement in October 1609, only 60 were still alive in March 1610. Stories reached England about settlers who were so desperate for food that they dug up and ate the body of an Amerindian they had killed during the attack.

Yet new settlers continued to arrive. The Virginia Company gathered homeless children from the streets of London and sent them out to the colony. Then it sent a hundred convicts from London’s prisons. Such emigrants were often unwilling to go. The Spanish ambassador in London told of three condemned criminals who were given the choice of being hanged or sent to Virginia. Two agreed to go, but the third chose to hang.

However some Virginia emigrants sailed willingly. For many English people these early years of the 17th century were a time of hunger and suffering. Incomes were low but the prices of food and clothing climbed higher every year. Many people were without work and if crops failed they starved. For them Virginia had one great attraction that England lacked: plentiful land. This seemed more important than reports of disease and famine there. In England the land was owned by the rich, and in Virginia a poor man could hope for a farm of his own to feed his family.

For a number of years after 1611 military governors ran Virginia like a prison camp. They enforced strict rules to make sure that work was done. But it was not discipline that saved Virginia, it was a plant that grew like a weed there: tobacco. Earlier visitors to America, like Sir Walter Raleigh, had brought the first dried leaves of tobacco to England. Its popularity had been growing ever since. In 1612 a young settler named John Rolfe discovered how to dry the leaves in a new way to make them milder. He began cross-breeding imported tobacco seed from the West Indies with native plants and produced a new variety that was pleasing to European taste. The first shipment of this tobacco reached London in 1614. London merchants paid high prices because of its high quality. Within a decade it had become Virginia’s chief source of revenue. Most of the settlers were busy growing tobacco. They cleared new lands along the rivers and ploughed up the streets of Jamestown to plant more. They even used tobacco as money, for example, the price of a good horse in Virginia was sixteen pounds of top quality tobacco. The possibility of becoming rich by growing tobacco brought wealthy men to Virginia. They obtained large stretches of land and brought workers from England to clear trees and plant tobacco.

Most of the workers in these early days were “indentured servants” from England. They promised to work for an employer for an agreed number of years, usually about seven, in exchange for free passage to America. In 1619 a small Dutch warship brought twenty captured black Africans. The ship’s captain sold them to the settlers as indentured servants. The blacks were set to work in the tobacco fields. But unlike the whites working beside them they were indentured for life. In fact they were slaves, although it was years before their masters openly admitted the fact.

Virginia’s affairs had been controlled so far by governors sent over by the Virginia Company. Now the Company allowed a body called the House of Burgesses to be set up. The burgesses were elected representatives from the various small settlements along Virginia’s rivers. They met to advise the governor on the laws the colony needed. Though few realized it at that time, the Virginia House of Burgesses was the start of an important tradition in American life – that people should have a say in decisions about matters that concern them.

The Virginia Company never made a profit. By 1624 it had run out of money. The English king dissolved the Virginia Company and made Virginia a royal colony that year. Now the English government was responsible for colonists. There were still very few of them. Fierce Amerindian arracks in 1622 had destroyed several settlements and killed over 350 colonists. Out of nearly 10 000 settlers sent out since 1607, a 1624 census showed only 1,275 survivors. But the hardships had tightened the survivors. Building a new homeland had proved harder and taken longer than anyone had expected. But this first society of English people oversees had put down living roots into the American soil. Other struggles lay ahead, but by 1624 it was clear that Virginia would survive.

DISCUSSION

1. What was the first successful British colony in America? What was its geographical position?

2. What aim did the Virginia Company pursue when it paid the cost of the expedition?

3. Were the first years of Jamestown easy? Did colonists choose a good site for their settlement?

4. Soon after the colony had been established many of its members died. What were the most common causes of death in Jamestown?

5. Why is it believed that the colony would have collapsed if it had not been for its young leader Captain John Smith?

6. Were all those people sent to Jamestown from England going willingly? Prove your point.

7. At that time Virginia had one big attraction that England lacked. What was it?

8. It was not strict discipline that helped Virginia to survive, but a plant that grew there. What was it?

9. What do we learn about “indentured servants”? What was the difference between them and black slaves who worked in tobacco fields?

10. Did the Virginia Company ever make big profits due to the colony?