1. Match the words and their definitions

   Collection Investigation Method Acquisition problem

   A group of things the process of trying to find out all the details or facts about something in order to discover who or what caused it or how it happened a way of doing something, especially a planned or established way the process of learning skills or getting knowledge something that causes trouble or difficulty

2. Make the word-combinations with these words relying on the text

Knowledge

Evidence

Data

Method

3. Answer the questions

1. What is essential for the definition of science and reliable knowledge?

2. How do we obtain the reliable knowledge?

3. What is the difference between the scientific and critical thinking? Can you give the examples?

4. Describe the central components of scientific thinking? Give examples.

III Read the citations of the famous scientists and explain the meaning ( use the link phrases) Do you agree with them?

Science and technology, and the various forms of art, all unite humanity in a single and interconnected system. As science progresses, the worldwide cooperation of scientists and technologists becomes more and more of a special and distinct intellectual community of friendship, in which, in place of antagonism, there is growing up a mutually advantageous sharing of work, a coordination of efforts, a common language for the exchange of information, and a solidarity, which are in many cases independent of the social and political differences of individual states.

Zhores Alferov Remember, then, that it [science] is the guide of action; that the truth which it arrives at is not that which we can ideally contemplate without error, but that which we may act upon without fear; and you cannot fail to see that scientific thought is not an accompaniment or condition of human progress, but human progress itself.

William Klingdon Clifford, Aims and Instruments of Scientific Thought (1872)

Every science begins as philosophy and ends as art. Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy (1926)

Science is not to be regarded merely as a storehouse of facts to be used for material purposes, but as one of the great human endeavors to be ranked with arts and religion as the guide and expression of man's fearless quest for truth.

Sir Richard Arman Gregory in A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations by Alan. L Mackay (1991)

IV Formulate the rules of scientific research using the modals.

• What other modals are used to express possibility?( may might would)

• Which one is used in scientific discourse to talk about the probable outcome of the situation which is not real?

• Which is preferred in discussing statements are very probable( exp in scientific context) may might.

• What verbs are used to express certainty? (must should shall) which one is the strongest?

possibility	impossibility
Can- real future (no current possibility!!!!!) Relying on usual situation(it can be cold in winter) Could-hypothetical future Would( as a part of if clause) hypothetical unreal situation May/might May not might not to express negative possibilities	Can’t(logical) Can hardly/could hardly

In affirmative sentences (that is, sentences which are not questions or negatives), we use may or

might to say there is a possibility of something happening or being true:

• This may/might be his last major speech before the election.

• The news may/might come as a shock to many of the people present.

• When Frank gets a job, I may/might get the money back that I lent him.

There is often little difference in meaning, but might can suggest that there is less possibility.

We can also use could, but not can, to express a similar meaning. We prefer could to show that

we are giving an opinion about which we are unsure:

n • 'Why isn't Tim here yet?' 'It may/might/could be because his mother is ill again.'

• • There may/might/could be some cake left. I'll go and look.

We can use can in affirmative sentences when we talk about a more general possibility of

something happening rather than the possibility of something happening in a particular

situation:

• The temperature can sometimes reach 35°C in July.

• Mountain daisies can be yellow or red.

• It may/might/could rain later, {not It can...)

We prefer may rather than can in more formal contexts:

• Exceeding the stated dose may cause drowsiness, (from a medicine container)