- •Part I
- •Text. Physics and physical phenomena
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •M. V.Lomonosov
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Measurement of Volume
- •Text. The metric system
- •Dimensions of a Solid Body
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Origin of the Metric System
- •Text. The kinetic theory and the three states of matter
- •3 Not to matter — не иметь значения will make full use — займут
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Mass and weight
- •3. Much, more, the most; little, less, the least; good, bet ter,
- •4, .,. Er than, more ... Than
- •5. At, on, over .., etc.
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text, force, work, energy and power
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •1. Have supported, has altered....
- •2. Energy can be converted...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Isaac Newton
- •Text. Heat
- •1. Heat is known to be a form of energy.
- •2. You place, you placed, you have placed. They take, they took, they have taken.
- •3. Newton began to think about heat.
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Transmission of heat
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
- •Text. Calorimeters
- •1. It is usual to transfer ...
- •2. There is; is there; there is no ...
- •3. The setting up of ...; the reading of ...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Wave motion and sound
- •1. It does not move forward but returns again...
- •2. It is evident, it is clear.
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Light
- •1. It becomes red-hot, it is the reason, it was cold...
- •2. High temperature produced by..., in a substance called... . Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Reflection and refraction of light
- •1. Do bodies emit? Does he make? Did it represent?
- •2. Have they shown? Had he travelled? Was it reflected? Is he going? Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Lenses
- •1. After leaving the lens...
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Simple cell
- •1. The twitching of; the reading of...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Voltaic Cells
- •Text. The accumulator
- •1. A plate containing, a plate being immersed...
- •2. Achieved by connecting; determined by testing...
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Principle of electric motor
- •1. They are used to pull...
- •2. When viewed, while doing...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Electric Bell Circuit
- •Text. Moving-coil ammeter and voltmeter
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Moving-Coil Galvanometer
- •Text. Electromotive force
Text. Heat
What is heat? There have been many theories to explain the nature of heat. About a century ago heat was considered to be an invisible substance that passed from a hot to a cold object. This supposed substance was called caloric.
According to the caloric theory, when an object was heated in a flame it became full of caloric. The object would transfer part of its caloric to a colder substance when placed next to it. Only Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton began to think about heat in terms of molecular motion. Our great scientist M. V. Lomoriosov was among the first to state that heat phenomena were due to the motion of molecules. That statement of his was the result of many carefully performed laboratory experiments, of study and observations. Lomoriosov's theory laid the foundation for the present-day molecular-kinetic theory of heat.
Today heat is known to be a form of energy. The coal that burns in a boiler vaporizes the water and speeds up the steam molecules. The molecules of steam bombard the pistons in the cylinders of the locomotive so that a heavy train can be hauled across a continent. The chemical energy of coal is transformed into heat energy of the molecules of steam. The motion of the steam molecules is transformed to the motion of wheels by which the train is moved.
Listen and read words and word combinations to be remembered:
explain [iks'plein] объяснять invisible [in'vizəbl] невидимый
suppose [sə'роuz] предполагать flame [fleim] пламя
transfer ['trænsfə:] передавать due to ['dju: tu] благодаря
perform [pə'fo:m] выполнять burn [bə:n] гореть
vaporize [veipəraiz] выпаривать haul [ho:l ] тащить
speed up [spi:d ap] ускорять steamn [sti:m] пap
piston ['pistən] поршень
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Models
1. Heat is known to be a form of energy.
He is known to be a good student. The students are said to have passed their exams well. The book is considered to be very interesting.
2. You place, you placed, you have placed. They take, they took, they have taken.
3. Newton began to think about heat.
He began to read about nature. They began to think about their work. She began to prepare for her exams early in the term.
4. He was the first to state ... .
He was the first to have known this news. We were the first to come back. She is the first to have read this book.
Exercises
1. Listen, read and translate the text.
2. Answer the following questions in a written form:
1. Who began to think about heat in terms of molecular motion? 2. What did Lornonosov's theory lay the foundation for? 3. What is heat known to be today? 4. Which Lomonosov's statement was the result of many carefully performed laboratory experiments?
3. Make up and write 8 sentences using the words given in the table:
Experiments They Our students Heat The molecules of steam |
are known
was considered
were said |
to be an invisible substance. to be performed in the laboratory. to study well. to have seen all new films. to bombard the pistons in the cylinder. |
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4. Translate the following sentences and explain the use of tenses in them:
1. Heat can never be produced without the expenditure of some other form of energy. 2. Because of this we regard heat itself as a form of energy. 3. When a lump of lead is vigorously hammered, it becomes hot—mechanical energy is changed to heat. 4. If coal gas is burned, chemical energy is changed to heat. 5. An electric current passing through the element of an electric fire produces Heat from electrical energy. 6. On a fine summer's day the radiant energy crossing the 93 million miles of space from the sun warms us as we bask in its rays. 7. So long as the lead is hammered, fuel used, electric current passed and so on, heat energy appears.
5. Make up and write 8 questions using the words given in the table
:
Who What |
was the first is known bombards began is transformed |
to state this phenomenon? to think about heat? into heat energy? to be a form of energy? to the motion of wheels? the piston in the cylinder? |
6. Make up and write all possible questions to the following sentences:
1. We regard heat as a form of energy. 2. We must indicate temperature in numerical terms. 3. The Celsius scale was devised by Celsius in 1742.
7. Copy these sentences putting "invisible", "heat", "caloric", "hauls", "performs", "speed up" in the blanks:
1. An object heated in a flame became full of .... 2. They thought about ... in terms of molecular motion. 3. Heat was considered to be an ... substance. 4. The locomotive ... a heavy train. 5. He ... some experiments. 6. They ... the process of transformation.
8. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
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природа тепла, столетие тому назад, невидимое вещество, молекулярное движение, тепловое явление, благодаря, тщательно выполненный, заложил фундамент, современная молекулярно-кинетическая теория, тепловая энергия.