Ancient era

7	The Pharos of Alexandria, thepyramidsinEgypt, theHanging Gardens of Babylon, theAcropolisand theParthenoninGreece, theRomanaqueducts, theColosseum, the cities and pyramids of theMayan,IncaandAztecEmpires, theGreat Wall of China, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers.
8	The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of the officials of thePharaoh,Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of thePyramid of Djoser(theStep Pyramid)Egyptaround2630-2611 BC. He may also have been responsible for the first known use ofcolumnsinarchitecture.
9	Ancient Greecedeveloped machines in both the civilian and military domains. Theantikythera mechanism, the first knownmechanical computer, and the mechanicalinventionsofArchimedesare examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions as well as the antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge ofdifferential gearingorepicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design thegear trainsof the Industrial revolution, and are still widely used today in diverse fields such asroboticsandautomotive engineering.
10	Chinese, Greek and Roman armies employed complex military machines and inventions such as artillerywhich was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century B.C., thetrireme, theballistaand thecatapult.

Task 4: Read paragraphs 11 and 12 (average reading) and say what Renaissance era is notable for

Renaissance era

11	The first electrical engineeris considered to beWilliam Gilbert, with his 1600 publication ofDe Magnete, who was the originator of the term "electricity". The firststeam enginewas built in 1698 bymechanical engineerThomas Savery. The development of this device gave rise to theindustrial revolutionin the coming decades, allowing for the beginnings ofmass production.
12	With the rise of engineering as a professionin the eighteenth century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering the fields then known as themechanic artsbecame incorporated into engineering.

Task 5: Read paragraphs 13 – 17 (average reading) and say what Modern era is characterized by

Modern era

13	Electrical engineeringcan trace its origins in the experiments ofAlessandro Voltain the 1800s, the experiments ofMichael Faraday,Georg Ohmand others and the invention of theelectric motorin 1872. The work ofJames MaxwellandHeinrich Hertzin the late 19th century gave rise to the field ofElectronics. The later inventions of thevacuum tubeand thetransistorfurther accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.
14	The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Wattgave rise to modernMechanical Engineering. The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplaceBritainand abroad.
15	Chemical Engineering, like Mechanical Engineering, developed in the nineteenth century during theIndustrial Revolution. Industrial manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants. The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.
16	Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraftdesign whileAerospace Engineeringis a more modern term includingspacecraftdesign. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering. Only a decade after the successful flights by theWright brothers, there was extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that were used inWorld War I. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combiningtheoretical physicswith experiments.