биохимия атеросклероза

Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis

ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Series Editor: Naranjan S. Dhalla, PhD, MD (Hon), DSc (Hon) Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Editorial Board: A. Angel, Toronto, Canada; I.M.C. Dixon, Winnipeg, Canada; L.A. Kirshenbaum, Winnipeg, Canada; Dennis B. McNamara, New Orleans, Louisiana; M.A.Q. Siddiqui, Brooklyn, New York;

A.K. Srivastava, Montreal, Canada

Volume 1: S. K. Cheema (ed.), Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis

Biochemistry of

Atherosclerosis

Edited by

Sukhinder Kaur Cheema, PhD

Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s

NL, Canada

Sukhinder Kaur Cheema, PhD Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry

Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, NL

Canada A1B 3X9 [e-mail]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938503

ISBN-10: 0-387-31252-8

ISBN-13: 978-0387-31252-1

Printed on acid-free paper.

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Springer Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.

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Preface

Atherosclerosis and its complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing nations. There is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, and to develop a strategy to prevent an epidemic episode. Crucial advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications have been achieved in recent years. This text, “Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis”, is a compilation of contributions from world-renowned scientists, who are at the forefront of atherosclerosis research. This compendium will be highly valuable for individuals in the healthcare field and in basic research as it covers a variety of research topics on the onset, progression, and management of atherosclerosis. Each contribution deals in detail with the biochemical processes involved and provides in-depth information in specific areas.

Atherosclerosis comes from the Greek words; “athero” meaning gruel or paste and “sclerosis” meaning hardness. Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the artery caused by elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, as well as high blood pressure. Several other factors are also associated with the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, i.e. hyperglycemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, disruption of the immune system, glycation end products, and infectious agents. The first two sections of this book are dedicated to the association of hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and hypertension with atherosclerosis. Section I addresses recent advances in the regulation of lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and how various biochemical pathways are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Many of these chapters cover recent research that employed transgenic and genetically altered mice. Section II concentrates on diabetes and hypertension. Type 2 diabetes, associated with insulin resistance and obesity, is on a rapid rise in the North American population, not only in the adults but also in children. The risk of heart disease in people with diabetes is two to four times higher than in the nondiabetic population. This section highlights recent advances in these areas.

Homocysteine is an amino acid that is found in the blood; elevated circulating levels are related to a higher risk of heart disease. Section III deals with the regulation of homocysteine metabolism and the factors that influence

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this regulation. Section IV is directed towards other factors that are associated with the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, i.e., immune function, infection, and endothelial dysfunction. Immunological responses and infectious agents also play an important role in transplant arteriopathy, which is a major cause of death in long-term survivors after heart transplantation. This additional information provides an excellent bridge between an understanding of the regulation of metabolic pathways and the clinical implications. The complications of atherosclerosis become acute when the plaque ruptures and blocks blood flow (thrombosis). Stability of the plaque is maintained to a large extent by the composition of the plaque. New insights are provided in this section on the significance of inflammation to the vulnerability of plaque to rupture. Lastly, with the rapid increase in the risk of atherosclerosis and associated risk factors, emphasis needs to be placed on the prevention of atherosclerosis. Thus, the last section addresses dietary and lifestyle interventions as prevention and management strategies for atherosclerosis.

I sincerely appreciate the support from authors in helping to bring together this book. This compendium provides a breadth of knowledge as well as new insights into all aspects of atherosclerosis. These contributions from around the world indicate that heart disease is a worldwide problem. It is clear from these contributions that we need to further our understanding of the onset, progression, and management of atherosclerosis.

Sukhinder Kaur Cheema

Contents

Section I. Hyperlipidaemia and Atherosclerosis		1
Chapter 1:	Reverse Cholesterol Transport	3
	Jim W. Burgess, Philip A. Sinclair,
	Christophe M. Chretien, Jonathon Boucher
	and Daniel L. Sparks
Chapter 2:	The Role of LCAT in Atherosclerosis	23
	Dominic S. Ng
Chapter 3:	Howdy Partner: Apolipoprotein A-I-ABCA1	39
	Interactions Mediating HDL Particle
	Formation
	Sereyrath Ngeth and Gordon A. Francis
Chapter 4:	Role of the Scavenger Receptor Class B	53
	Type I in Lipoprotein Metabolism and
	Atherosclerosis: Insights from Genetically Altered
	Mice
	Bernardo Trigatti
Chapter 5:	The Role of Scavenger Receptors in	70
	Signaling, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
	Daisy Sahoo and Victor A. Drover
Chapter 6:	ABC Transporters and Apolipoprotein E:	92
	Critical Players in Macrophage
	Cholesterol Efflux and Atherosclerosis
	Kathryn E. Naus and Cheryl L.Wellington
Chapter 7:	Provision of Lipids for Very Low-Density	121
	Lipoprotein Assembly
	Dean Gilham and Richard Lehner
Chapter 8:	Oxidatively Modified Low-Density	150
	Lipoproteins and Thrombosis
	Garry X. Shen

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viii	Contents
	Chapter 9:	The Clinical Significance of Small,	168
		Dense Low-Density Lipoproteins
		Manfredi Rizzo and Kaspar Berneis
	Chapter 10:	Bile Acids: At the Crossroads of Sterol,	186
		Fat and Carbohydrate Metabolism
		Luis B. Agellon
Section II. Diabetes and Hypertension Induced Atherosclerosis			203
	Chapter 11:	Lipoprotein Metabolism in Insulin-	205
		Resistant States
		Rita Kohen Avramoglu, Heather Basciano
		and Khosrow Adeli
	Chapter 12:	The Roles of Protein Glycation,	247
		Glycoxidation, and Advanced Glycation
		End-Product Formation in
		Diabetes-Induced Atherosclerosis
		Imran Rashid, Bronwyn E. Brown,
		David M. van Reyk and Michael J. Davies
	Chapter 13:	Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms	284
		by Which Diabetes Mellitus Promotes the
		Development of Atherosclerosis
		Geoff H. Werstuck
	Chapter 14:	Hypertension and Atherosclerosis:	305
		Advanced Glycation End Products—
		A Common Link
		Sudesh Vasdev and Vicki Gill
Section III. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Atherosclerosis			327
	Chapter 15:	Homocysteine Metabolism	329
		Enoka P. Wijekoon, Margaret E. Brosnan
		and John T. Brosnan
	Chapter 16:	Role of Hyperhomocysteinemia in	358
		Atherosclerosis
		Stephen M. Colgan, Donald W. Jacobsen
		and Richard C. Austin
	Chapter 17:	Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms	380
		of Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced
		Cardiovascular Disorders
		Karmin O, Yaw L. Siow, Patrick C. Choy
		and Grant M. Hatch

	Contents	ix
Section IV. Other Factors in Atherosclerosis and the Associated		395
Complications
Chapter 18:	The Role of the Immune System in	397
	Atherosclerosis: Lessons Learned from
	Using Mouse Models of the Disease
	Stewart C. Whitman and Tanya A.
	Ramsamy
Chapter 19:	The Role of Infectious Agents in	413
	Atherogenesis
	Paul K.M. Cheung and Grant N. Pierce
Chapter 20:	Transplant Arteriopathy: Role of	435
	Nitric Oxide Synthase
	Nandini Nair, Hannah Valantine and
	John P. Cooke
Chapter 21:	Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms	455
	of Plaque Rupture and Thrombosis
	P.K. Shah and Behrooz Sharifi
Section V. Management of Atherosclerosis		473
Chapter 22:	Modification of Biochemical and Cellular	475
	Processes in the Development of
	Atherosclerosis by Red Wine
	Harjot K. Saini, Parambir Dhami,
	Yan-Jun Xu, Sukhinder Kaur Cheema,
	Amarjit S. Arneja and Naranjan S. Dhalla
Chapter 23:	Endothelial Dysfunction and	495
	Atherosclerosis: Role of Dietary Fats
	Kanta Chechi, Pratibha Dubey and
	Sukhinder Kaur Cheema
Chapter 24:	Oxidized LDL and Antioxidants in	519
	Atherosclerosis
	Lesley MacDonald-Wicks and
	Manohar Garg
Chapter 25:	Dietary Fatty Acids and Stroke	542
	Gene R. Herzberg
Index		553

Contributors

Khosrow Adeli, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Email: [e-mail]

Luis B. Agellon, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Email: [e-mail]

Amarjit S. Arneja, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Richard C. Austin, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and the Henderson Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Email: [e-mail]

Rita Kohen Avramoglu, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Heather Basciano, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Kaspar Berneis, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland

Email: [e-mail]

Jonathon Boucher, The Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis Research Group, University of Ottawa, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

John T. Brosnan, Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada

Email: [e-mail]

Margaret E. Brosnan, Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada

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