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4) The main idea of the text is …

a) Early Russian architecture is characterized by carved decorations above windows and porches which were placed by Russian masters on log-cabins, fortress towers, huge cathedrals, churches and monasteries.

b) Wooden and masonry architecture developed side by side in medieval Russia, complimenting each other in stimulating the love for slenderness, Сsatisfying a yearning for monumentality and lavish decoration and splendour. c) The finest examples of traditional architecture of the eleventh – thirteenth centuries with white walled towers, churches, bell towers can be seen in the towns of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo and Sergiev

иPosad.

d) Derived from Byzantium early Russian architecture created its unique style characterized by the harmonious combination of buildings and nature, of masonry and wooden architecture the remnants of which can still be found in Northern Russian.

EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

1.There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world. The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.

2.The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high. They tell us of the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days. It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied. The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.

3.Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52,000 square meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other world».

1)The following statement conforms to the text content.бАИ

a)Blocks of stones for the construction of the pyramids were transported by water and air.

b)The best known pyramids in the world are a group of four built at Giza.

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c)Ancient Egypt was a religious country where science was oppressed and persecuted.

d)Egyptian Pyramids had been constructed by slaves for nearly thirty or forty years.

2) Answer the question:

Why did Egyptian architects use mainly granite for the construction of the Сpyramids?

a) Because it was easier to transport.

b) Because it was the favourite material of the pharaohs. c) Because this stone was cheap.

иd) Because Egypt was rich in this hard stone.

3) Complete the statement according to the text.

The Egyptian pyramids are basically…

a) large triangular buildings used as museums by pharaohs; b) largeбАtriangular constructions used for scientific purposes;

c) large triangular buildings symbolizing some ancient Egyptian religion; d) large triangular constructions placed over the pharaohs’ graves for

protection.

4) The main idea of the text is …

a) The Egyptian pyramids were designed by expert engineers and constructed by thousands of slaves to protect the body of the dead pharaoh and to provide him with the dwelling in his afterlife.

b) The best known and the largest of the pyramids are situated in Giza south of Cairo which symbolizesДthe advanced civilization of ancient Egypt with expert engineers, astronomers and philosophers.

c) The Egyptian pyramids, the colossal triangle constructions protecting pharaohs’ tombs are the oldest monuments which still exist due to the expertise of ancient engineers and durability of granite.

d) The Egyptian pyramids are the oldest architecturalИmonuments on the earth most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago and still attract thousands admirers from different parts of the world.

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

1. Japanese architecture has a long history similar to that of other aspects of Japanese culture, characterized by periods of interaction with foreign influences interspersed with long periods of isolation during which unique traits developed. Buildings of the Yayoi periods were mostly agricultural residences, with larger buildings and tombs appearing as an aristocracy developed. Wooden buildings from the Asuka period, preserved in Horyuji Temple, were built in the style of Chinese worship halls. Japanese buildings continued to follow the Chinese style of horizontal buildings with heavy tile

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roofs supported by timber frames, but developed unique characteristics reflecting Buddhist values.

2. During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the samurai expanded the compounds of the aristocracy to include living quarters for military

personnel. Eventually, (daimyo) warlords built castles from which to defend their domains. During the Tokugawa era, when there were no military Сconflicts, many daimyo built large residences and parks in the city of Edo for

their families.

3. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan began to build Europeanstyle buildings. The widespread destruction of Japanese cities during World War II cleared the way for the construction of large numbers of steel-framed, box-shaped utilitarian buildings, which provoked an adverse reaction during the 1970s, leading to a variety of new styles and architectural treatments incorporating traditional elements into modern designs. Japan’s best-known

и modern architectsбАinclude Kenzo Tange, Maekawa Kunio, Fumihiko Maki,

Isozaki Arata, and Tadao Ando.

4. Japanese architecture has influenced Western architecture with its

emphasis on simplicity, horizontal lines, and flexible spaces. Frank Lloyd Wright was strongly influenced by Japanese spatial arrangements and the concept of interpenetrating exterior and interior space, long achieved in Japan by using walls made of sliding doors that opened onto covered verandas and gardens.

1) Define, which statement conforms to the text content.

a)Japanese architecture never experienced any influence from the outside.

b)The Japanese started building in a European style in the 18th century.

c)Japanese architecture blindly followed Chinese style, which is seen in Horyuji Temple.

d)Japanese architecture had a considerable influence on European architecture. Д

2) Answer the question:

What is characteristic of Japanese architecture nowadays? a) It’s a return to old traditions and customs.

b) It’s a combination of traditional elements and modern technology. c) It’s a combination of modern technology and modern design.

И

d) It’s an adoption of Western architectural patterns.

3) Complete the statement according to the text.

Japanese warlords built castles to…

a)protect their lands;

b)to compete with the neighbours;

c)to be different from the neighbours;

d)make their families happy.

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4) Identify the main idea of the text.

a) Japanese architecture influenced Western architecture with its emphasis on simplicity, horizontal lines, and its concept of interpenetrating exterior and interior space.

b) Historical changes in Japan such as Meiji Restoration in the 19th century, World War II in the 20th century reflected in Japanese architecture as

Сwell.

c) Though Japanese architecture followed the Chinese style of horizontal buildings with heavy tile roof it developed unique characteristics reflecting Buddhist values.

иd) Japanese architecture though affected by foreign cultures could preserve its unique traditional features which influence the architectural styles of other countries.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

1.For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religious complexes,

and centers of government. The first person to write of “making” a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term “landscape architecture” was invented

by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1863. During the later 19th century, the term “landscape architect” became used by professional people who designed landscapes.

2.Through the 19th century, urban planning became a more important need. The combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and emerging city planning gave landscape architecture its unique focus to serve these needs. In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have a huge influence on the practices of landscape architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system.

3.Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline, and

to respond to the various movements in architecture and design throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Such prominent landscape architects as Roberto Burle Marx, Ian McHarg continue today solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for master planning, landscapes and gardens.

1)The following statement conforms to the text content.бАИ

a)Urban planning came to the fore in the 19th century.

b)The term «landscape architecture» was invented by Joseph Addison.

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c)Landscape architecture developed throughout centuries without changes.

d)Joseph Addison was called a landscape architect in his lifetime.

2) Answer the question:

What contribution did Frederick Law Olmsted make to the landscape architecture?

Сa) He designed a number of gardens for the royal family and government buildings.

b) He created the term «landscape architecture» which later was included into the books on design.

иc) He designed a number of parks which greatly affected the standards of landscape architecture.

d) He wrote a book on architecture design where he expressed his ideas on its standards.

3) Complete the statement according to the text.

The landscape architecture of the 19th century is characterized by…

a)master planning and landscape gardening of religious complexes;

b)the combination of landscape gardening and urban planning;

c)the garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties;

d)the unique design solutions in landscape gardening.

4)The main idea of the text is …

a)Modern landscape architects among them Roberto Burle Marx, Ian McHarg continue solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for master planning, landscapes and gardens.

b)One of the best known landscape designers Frederick Law Olmsted created a number of parks in the USA which continue to have a huge influence on the standards of landscape architecture today.

c)Though the notion of landscape design existed before 1800 the term

«landscape architecture», the first mention of it in special literature and the usage of the professional title «landscape architect» occurred in the 19th century.

d)Landscape architecture originated at the interfaces of landscape gardening and urban planning in the 19th century when there were created its

main standards which are developed under the influence of today’s architecture.бАИ

MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS

1. One of the building materials used in a construction is a brick. The production of a brick was industrialized in the 19th century. Earlier it was a process of hand-molding. Later it was superseded by «pressed» bricks. It was a mass production by a mechanical extrusion process. In this way clay was

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squeezed by «pressed» through a rectangular die as a continuous column and sliced to size by a wire cutter. Periodically fired kilns were used. Bricks were moved slowly on a conveyor belt. New methods considerably reduced the cost of a brick. That's why it became one of the constituent building materials of the age.

2. Rapid development of timber technology was in the 19th century in СNorth America. It could be explained by large softwood fir's forests and pine trees. There they were used as industrial methods. Steamand water-powered sawmills began producing standard-dimension timbers in the 1820s. The production of cheap machine-made nails began in the 1830s. It provided иother necessary ingredient – a balloon frame. That made possible a major

innovation in building construction.

3. The first example was a warehouse erected in Chicago in 1832 by George W. Snow. There was a great demand for small buildings of all types settled onбАNorth American continent. Light timber frame provided a quick, flexible, inexpensive solution to this problem. Heavy timbers and complex joinery were abandoned in the balloon frame system.

4. The building walls were framed with 5x10-centimetre (2x4-mch) vertical members. They were placed at 40 centimeters (16 inches) from the centre. This supplied a roof and floor Joists, usually 5x25 centimeters (2x10 inches) and placed 40 centimeters (16 inches) apart and were capable of spanning up to six meters (20 feet).

1) Define, which statement conforms to the text content.

a)Timber technology underwent rapid development in the 20th century in North America.

b)The new technology of «pressed» bricks made the building construction more expensive.

c)The bricks were manufactured by hand-molding in the 20th century.

d)The production of machine-made nails in the 1830s lead to the creation of a balloon frame. Д

2) Answer the question:

What was the first construction built with the balloon-frame technology?

И

a)It was a small building in Ohio.

b)It was a factory in Chicago.

c)It was a warehouse in Ohio.

d)It was a warehouse built in Chicago.

3)Complete the statement according to the text. A balloon frame is …

a)a heavy timber frame;

b)platform frame;

c)a brick frame;

d)a light timber frame.

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4) Identify the main idea of the text.

a) Timber technology developed in North America because it was rich with fir forests and pine-trees.

b) Brick became one of the constituent building materials of the 19th and

20th centuries because of its low cost.
c) Numerous innovations and inventions of the 19th	century made the
С
building construction easier and cheaper.

d) The invention of a balloon frame made possible a major innovation in building construction.

THE RENAISSANCE

1.This architectural style, the resource of inspiration for many European architects, developed in early 15th century Italy during the rebirth of classical art and learning. It succeeded the Gothic as the style dominant in all of Europe after the mid 16th century into classicism. Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical buildings, particularly in Italy, but also in France and Spain and the treatise “De architectura” by the Roman architect Vitruvius. Initially, it was characterized by the use of the classical orders, round arches, and symmetrical composition.

2.The Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between architectural proportions and the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective. The concern for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass that differentiates the Renaissance style from the Gothic. Churches, palaces, gardens, and wellorganized open, urban spaces are the architectural works most often associated with this time.

3.Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) is said to have created the Renaissance. In the early 15th century he formulated linear perspective, which was to become a basic element of Renaissance art. His basic vocabulary – fluted pilasters carrying entablatures, columns supporting arches, unribbed vaults which are portions of the surface of a sphere – appears in his brilliant work, Ospedade degli Innocenti (1419-51) in France. It was the first building in the Renaissance manner.

4.The Italian Renaissance is assumed to have achieved the highest degree of perfection in the early 16th century. In 1505 Pope Julius II decided to build St. Peter’s Cathedral, the work of many architects, beginning with

Bramante, whose ground plan was later changed from a Greek cross to a Latin cross. St. Peter’s Cathedral is the largest church in the high Christianи И

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world. It has 29 altars in addition to the high altar. The dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral was built by Michelangelo.

1) Define, which statement conforms to the text content. a) The Renaissance succeeded the Baroque.

b) The Renaissance developed in Germany.

c) The Renaissance is assumed to have reinitiated classical details. Сd) It is stated that Bramante was the initiator of the Renaissance.

2) Answer the question:

What source did the architects of the Renaissance period get information on the classical style in architecture from?

иclassical style from Pope Julius II.

a) The architects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the

classical style from the work of many architects, beginning with Bramante.

b) The architects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the

c) TheбАarchitects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the classical style from basic vocabulary of Filippo Brune Heschi.

d) The architects of the Renaissance period derived knowledge of the classical style from the ancient classical buildings and the treatise “De architectura” by the Roman architect Vitruvius.

3) Point out which part of the text (1, 2, 3, 4) includes the answer to the question:

What was the essential principle of Renaissance architectural traditions? a)3; b) 1; c) 4; d)2.

4)Identify the main idea of the text.

a)Renaissance architecture affected the principles and traditions of European architecture.

b)The Renaissance architecture achieved its peak in Italy in the early 16th century.

c)The Renaissance architecture has its own vocabulary that is basic elements like fluted pilasters, columns supporting arches.

d)The architects of the Renaissance period derived inspiration and knowledge from classicism of ancient Greeks.ДИ

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