Методичка. Англ. Часть I

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
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E X E R C I S E S

I.ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:

outstanding, combustible, to discover, to begin, accurate, age, assistance, to arise, precise, century, to anticipate, to find out, to look forward, help, famous, flammable.

II. GIVE ANTONYMS TO THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:

flammable, dependent, practical, complex, fruitful.

III. DERIVE NOUNS FROM THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

to develop, to mark, to conclude, to connect, to mean, to free, to contain, to transmit, to help, to found.

IV. STATE WHAT PART OF SPEECH THE UNDERLINED WORDS BELONG TO AND TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN:

1. The word ‘law’ means закон. 2. There are no means of retarding this process. 3. We were making the experiment by means of chemical elements. 4. What is your mark in English? 5. What are the qualities that mark an atom? 6. Medical education in the USSR is free of change. 7. The Vietnamese people struggled to free their country from American troops. 8. According to Stahl all combustible substances contain a common flammable principle. 9. Hydrogen is a combustible gas.

V.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.When did chemistry arise as a collection of various information? 2. What is ‘alchemy’?

3.Did alchemy retard the further progress of chemistry? 4. Was it widespread in Russia?

5.How was Russian practical chemistry developing until the XVII century? 6. Who was the founder of the new theory of precise experiment? 7. Who founded the so-called phlogiston theory? 8. What theory did Lomonosov anticipate?

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |		◄ 10 ►

VI. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. Химия, как наука, возникла в начале нашей эры. 2. В России алхимия не получила широкого распространения. 3. Основателем новой теории точного эксперимента в химии был английский химик Роберт Бойль. 4. Знаменитый русский ученый М.В. Ломоносов подчеркивал тесную связь химии с физикой. 5. В этой лаборатории завтра весь день будут работать студенты I курса фармацевтического факультета. 6. Они готовились к эксперименту с воспламеняющимися веществами.

VII. TRANSLATE WITH A DICTIONARY:

The English chemist Robert Boyle was the first who was applying a new method of investigation in chemistry based on the idea that knowledge comes from a generalization of experiments and laws observed in natural phenomena. Boyle grounded that the task of the chemist is to perform experiments and accumulate observations. But Boyle’s elements had nothing in common with the elements of Aristotle. According to Boyle, elements are the simplest bodies, of which complex bodies are composed.

Boyle is describing his theoretical views on chemical elements in ‘Sceptical Chemist’. In this book, he is criticizing the conceptions of the alchemists and their teachings about the transmutations of metals.

VIII. TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN WITH A DICTIONARY:

Only in the latter half of the XVIII century the greatest Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov freed chemistry of phlogiston theory. M. Lomonosov was considering chemistry his ‘main profession’ but he was at the same time the first outstanding physicist. He was constantly emphasizing the necessity of a close connection between chemistry with the help of physics on the basis of physical laws. Explaining chemical phenomena through the laws of physics, Lomonosov founded a new science, namely ‘physical chemistry’.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |		◄ 11 ►

LESSON 3

PERIODIC LAW OF MENDELEYEV

MODEL № 3

PERFECT ACTIVE

Present	He	has just made	a report on classification of
			elements.
	I	have proposed	him to prepare for this
			experiment alone.
	Many foreign
	scientists	have already visited	Dubna.
Past	We	had received	all chemical preparations by
			5 o’clock yesterday.
	The teacher	had explained	the material before our
			practical lesson on
			quantitative analysis began.
Future	The assistant	will have finished	the lecture by 12 p.m.
	professor

I. DEFINE THE PREDICATES AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Russian scientists and engineers have built synchrocyclotron, a giant machine six metres in diameter. 2. Dubna is a new town which has recently come to life in our country. 3. Rapid development of organic chemistry as a science has already begun in the past century. 4. Russian scientists have already given great attention to the development of different kinds of chemistry. 5. We had finished our experiment by 5 o’clock and went home. 6. The students will have finished their winter session by the end of January.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |		◄ 12 ►

II. ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1. In the fiftieth of the past century the valence of the chemical elements had become a scientific concept and this discovery had already marked a new stage in the progress of human knowledge. 2. Professor V. V. Markovnikov of Moscow University had discovered cycloparaffin in petroleum and he had also discovered that these substances were of great practical importance. 3. The classification of chemical elements has become the guiding principle in the study of the properties of chemical substances. 4. Today chemists have not only synthesized many of the organic substances in nature, but have prepared substances that do not occur in nature, such as plastics, different types of rubber, medicines, etc. 5. By the end of the first year, we shall have finished to study inorganic chemistry and begun organic and analytical chemistry.

T E X T

PERIODIC LAW OF MENDELEYEV

After the consolidation of the atomic and molecular theories, the most important event in chemistry was the discovery of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements. This discovery was made in 1868 by the Russian scientist D. I. Mendeleyev.

Mendeleyev has opened a new era in chemistry. The classification of chemical elements based on the Periodic Law has become the guiding principle in the study of the properties of chemical elements and the science of the structure of substance.

Unlike his predecessors, Mendeleyev considered that all the chemical elements were regularly interrelated.

Further he came to the conclusion that the most common property which already reflects the relations between the elements was their atomic weights: Mendeleyev found that elements chemically similar to each other occur at regular intervals and that identical properties repeat themselves periodically throughout the series of the elements. He expressed this remarkable relationship in the form of periodic table which he formulated as follows:

“The properties of simple bodies as well as the forms and properties of the compounds of elements, are periodic functions of the atomic weights of elements.”

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК			ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |				◄ 13 ►
		WORDS TO BE LEARNT
VERBS		NOUNS
1.	express [ ks pres]	1.	discovery [d s k vər ]
2.	occur [ə k ]	2.	weight [we t]
3.	distinguish [d s t ŋgw ʃ]	3.	comparison [kəm p r sn]
4.	reflect [r flekt]	4.	division [d v n]
5.	find [fa nd]	5.	difference [ d fərəns]
		6.	lustre [ l stə]
		7.	wire [wa ə]
		8.	conductor [kən d ktə]
		9.	heat [h t]
		10. function [f ŋkʃn]
		11. form [f m]
		12. consolidation [kən sɔl de ʃn]
		13. compound [kəm paund]
		14. study [ st di]
		15. relation [r le ʃn]

ADJECTIVES AND OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

16.interrelated [ ntər le t d]

17.common [ kɔmən]

18.similar [ s m lə]

19.identical [a dent kəl]

20.throughout [θr aut]

21.external [ ks t nəl]

22.poor [puə]

23.ordinary [ dnr ]

24.unlike [ n la k]

25.guiding [ ga d ŋ]

26.insufficient [ nsə f ʃənt]

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |		◄ 14 ►

E X E R C I S E S

I.ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:

common, guiding, similar, property, to occur, to classify, leading, to distinguish, quality, to happen, structure, ordinary, composition, throughout, identical, to every part.

II. GIVE ANTONYMS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

sufficient, like, before, simple, body, poor, to cool, regular, internal.

III.FORM NOUNS FROM THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

to divide, to discover, to compare, to weight, to differ, to express, to find, to conduct, to lustre, to heat, to wire, to study, to consolidate, to relate.

IV. STATE WHAT PART OF SPEECH THE UNDERLINED WORD BELONGS TO AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Metals are good conductors of heat. 2. After we had heated the solution, we wrote down the result of the experiment. 3. The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body. 4. Our telephone has not functioned since morning. 5. The classification of chemical elements was expressed by Mendeleyev in the form of periodic table. 6. Form nouns from the following verbs. 7. NaCl is a compound of sodium and chlorine. 8. Find /out/ three compound words from the text.

V.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.What was the most important event in chemistry after the discovery of the atomic and molecular theories? 2. Who discovered the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements? 3. What role has Mendeleyev’s discovery played in the further development of chemistry? 4. What did Mendeleyev find out when he arranged all elements in order of increasing atomic weights? 5. How did Mendeleyev formulate his Periodic Law? 6. Are the properties of simple bodies periodic functions of the atomic weights of elements? 7. What are metals under ordinary conditions?

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |		◄ 15 ►

VI. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. Периодическая система химических элементов открыла новую эру в развитии химии. 2. Д. И. Менделеев расположил химические элементы в порядке увеличения их атомных весов. 3. Классификация химических элементов по Менделееву явилась основным принципом изучения свойств химических элементов. 4. Свойства простых и сложных веществ являются периодическими функциями атомных весов элементов. 5. Он сделает этот опыт к концу недели. 6. После того, как студенты получили материал, они подготовили его для количественного и качественного анализа.

VII. TRANSLATE WITH A DICTIONARY:

The Periodic Table of Elements greatly influenced the subsequent development of chemistry. Besides the fact that it was the first natural classification of chemical elements it has proved a mighty tool for research.

At the time Mendeleyev drew up his Table on the basis of his Periodic Law, many elements were still unknown; for instance, the element scandium in the fourth series was one of these unknown elements. The discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium was a real triumph of the predictions of the Russian chemist, which came true. After this Mendeleyev’s Periodic Law received universal recognition.

The Periodic system was of great importance also in deciding the question of the valency and atomic weights of several elements.

VIII. TRANSLATE WITHOUT A DICTIONARY:

Comparison of the properties of the chemical elements has led to their division into two large groups – metals and non-metals, or metalloids. This division was based primarily on differences in the external physical properties or simple substances.

Metals are distinguished by their characteristic “metallic” lustre; they are good conductors of heat and electricity. At ordinary temperature, all metals (except mercury) are solids.

Non-metals do not have these properties. They do not have characteristic lustre of metals, are very poor conductors of heat and electricity. Many of them are gases.

The division of the elements into metals and non-metals had been their first and simplest classification. Further this classification became insufficient for chemists.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |		◄ 16 ►
LESSON 4	O X Y G E N
MODEL № 4
	MODAL VERBS
CAN – физическая возможность	Infinitive Indefinite Active
MAY – разрешение	+
MUST – долженствование	Infinitive Indefinite Passive

You	may obtain	these preparations in the
		laboratory.
These preparations	may be obtained	in the laboratory.
We	must	heat this solution now.
This solution	must be heated	now.
We	can distinguish	metals by their characteristic
		metallic lustre.
Metals	can be distinguished	by their characteristic
		metallic lustre.
The students	cannot make	this experiment without the
		teacher’s help.
This experiment	cannot be made	without the teacher’s help.

I.DEFINE THE PREDICATES AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1.Our students must read pharmaceutical journals regularly. 2. Atoms are so small that we cannot see them. 3. Mendeleyev considered that all the chemical elements must be regularly interrelated. 4. Oxygen can be found in water. 5. This drug cannot be prepared in this drugstore. 6. If this article is difficult for you you may divide it into two parts.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК	ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |		◄ 17 ►

II.ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1.The people of good will must struggle for the peaceful use of atomic energy throughout the world. 2. In order to obtain the molecular formula of ethylene we must first find the molecular weight of the gas and then establish experimentally that 1 litre of ethylene weighs 1.25 gr. 3. The gram-molecule weight of ethylene cannot be 28 if the molecule contains only one carbon atom (atomic weight 12) and it cannot contain more than two carbon atoms, since their total weight is 24. 4. Experiments showed that oxygen can be obtained from air. 5. Chemistry could not be freed from Aristotelean theory of matter for about 100 years. 6. The periodic system founds that there are contradictions in the very nature of the elements as a result of which one and the same element may show directly opposite properties.

T E X T

O X Y G E N

Of all the elements found on the earth, oxygen is the most abundant. It occurs in the free state in atmospheric air, which contains 23.2 per cent of oxygen by weight or 20.9 per cent by volume. In the combined form we may find oxygen in water (88.9 per cent), various minerals and rocks, as well as in all plants and animals.

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless gas which is a little heavier than air. We can prepare oxygen in the laboratory from potassium chlorate, which decomposes when heated in the presence of manganese dioxide into oxygen and potassium chloride.

For industrial purposes oxygen must be produced in large quantities from liquid air, which is chiefly a mixture of liquid oxygen (54 per cent), liquid nitrogen (44 per cent) and liquid argon (2 per cent). Very pure oxygen can be prepared by the electrolysis of water. One of the most characteristic features of oxygen is its property of combining with many elements with the evolution of heat and light. Such reactions are commonly called combustion.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК			ММА им. И.М. Сеченова
В начало | Меню | Программа | Литература | Возврат к предыдущему документу |				◄ 18 ►
	WORDS TO BE LEARNT
VERBS		NOUNS
1.	decompose [ d kəm pouz]	5.	liquid [ l kw d]
2.	produce [prə dj s]	6.	oxygen [ ɔks ən]
3.	combine [kəm bain]	7.	state [ste t]
4.	support [sə p t]	8.	volume [ vɔlj m]

9.rock [rɔk]

10.plant [pl nt]

11.animal [ n məl]

12.potassium chlorate [pə t sjəm kl re t]

13.manganese dioxide [ m ŋgə n z da ɔksa d]

14.chloride [ kl ra d]

15.purpose [ p pəs]

16.nitrogen [ na tr ən]

17.argon [ gɔn]

18.evolution [ və l ʃn]

19.combustion [kəm b s n]

20.respiration [ resp re ʃn]

21.mercury [ m kjur ]

22.silver [ s lvə]

23.light [la t]

ADJECTIVES AND OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

24.abundant [ə b ndənt]

25.colourless [ k ləl s]

26.odourless [ oudəl s]

27.heavy [ hev ]

28.chiefly [ fl ]

29.pure [pjuə]

30.tasteless [ te stl s]

31.rich [r ]

32.as well as [əz wel əz]

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ по переводу специальной литературы, ч. 1

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