Лексикологический анализ текста

Федеральное агентство по образованию ГОУ ВПО «Соликамский государственный педагогический институт»

Л.Н. Пустосмехова

Лексикологический анализ текста

Учебно-методическое пособие

Соликамск

2005

ББК 81.2 АНГ-3я73 П.89

Составитель:

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков и методики преподавания

Л.Н. Пустосмехова

Лексикологическийанализтекста:Учебноепособие/Со-

ставитель Л.Н. Пустосмехова; Соликамский государственный педагогический институт. - Соликамск, 2005. - 44 с.

Настоящее учебное пособие рассчитано на студентовфилологов выпускных курсов Соликамского государственного педагогического института и имеет целью подготовить их к сдаче экзамена по специальности.

Задача пособия - показать студентам старших курсов, что в каждом тексте можно найти интересные с точки зрения языковойтеорииявленияидатьграмотныйвтеоретическомотношении комментарий этих явлений.

Пособие содержит тексты, сопровождающиеся комментариями, в которых обращается внимание на наиболее типичные и принципиальные положения. Анализ, содержащийся в комментариях, носит типовой характер и может быть применен к любому тексту. В разделах содержатся контрольные вопросыпотемамитекстыдлясамостоятельнойработысвопро-

сами и заданиями.

Рецензент: ассистент кафедры иностранных языков и методики преподавания

С.С. Косикова

©Л.Н. Пустосмехова, составление, 2005

©Соликамский государственный педагогический институт, 2005

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ТЕКСТА
В ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ПЛАНЕ
James Thurber
Text 1
ThePeacelikeMongoose.........................................................	6
Textanalysis.......................................................................	7
Camilla Frank
Text 2
I Shop, Therefore IAm Powerless?.......................................	9
Textanalysis......................................................................	11
Teкст для самостоятельной работы
THELANGUAGEOFPOLITICALSCANDALS..............	13

ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ТЕКСТА

СТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ СИСТЕМНЫХ СВЯЗЕЙ

ВЛЕКСИКЕ

	Murdoch Iris
Text 1
AWordChild...........................................................................	15
Textanalysis....................................................................	16
	Jerome K. Jerome
Text 2
Three Men InABoat............................................................	19
Textanalysis......................................................................	20
	Jerome K. Jerome

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Text 3									21
Three Men InABoat............................................................
T	e	x	t	a	n	a	l	y	s
is.......................................................................						22
					Amis K.
Text 4									23
LuckyJim..............................................................................
T	e	x	t	a	n	a	l	y	s
is.......................................................................						23
Контрольныевопросы...................................................									24
				Daphne Du Maurier
Текст для самостоятельной работы									25
Rebecca.................................................................................
Вопросы и задания......................................................									26
	ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ
		ТЕКСТА С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ
	МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ
		СЛОВА И СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ
				Christie Agatha
Text 1									27
TheNemeanLion.................................................................
Textanalysis....................................................................									28
			Fowles John
Текст для самостоятельной работы									31
TheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman..........................................
Вопросы и задания......................................................									32

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ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ
ТЕКСТА С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ
ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ
Galsworthy John
Text 1
TheManOfProperty............................................................	33
Textanalysis.....................................................................	34
Galsworthy John
Text 2
TheManOfProperty............................................................	36
Textanalysis.....................................................................	37
Caroll Lewis
Text 3
AliceInWonderland.............................................................	38
Textanalysis......................................................................	39
Контрольныевопросы...................................................	40
Galsworthy John
Текст для самостоятельного анализа
TheManOfProperty.......................................................	40
Вопросыизадания..........................................................	41
Списокиспользованнойлитературы.........................	42

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mongoose remembered that they had seen him crawling on his stomach, or trying on cobra hoods, or plotting the violent overthrow of Mongoosia.

“Iamtryingtousereasonandintelligence”,saidthestrange new mongoose.

“Reason is six-seventh of treason”, said one of his neighbours.

“Intelligence is what the enemy uses”, said another. Finally, the rumour spread that the mongoose had venom

in his sting, like cobra, and he was tried convicted by a show of paws, and condemned to banishment.

Moral: Ashes to ashes, and clay to clay, if your enemy doesn’t get you, your own folk may.

Text analysis

There is a set of nonce words (author’s coinings) in the text that present an interest from the point of view of word-building. These are the derivatives “pro-cobra”, “antimongoose”, “mongooism”, “mongoosia”, “mongoosexual”. “Pro-cobra”and“anti-mongoose”areformedwiththehelpof antonymicalprefixes,meaningrespectively“infavourof”and “against,opposedto”,thatareusuallyaddedtorootsdenoting nationalities, political parties, ideologies: pro-American, profascist, anticolonial. The fun of these formations is that the rootsinthiscasemeananimals,butthegeneralmeaningofthe pattern “characterized by certain political beliefs” is retained. The suffix - ism is added to the same root to coin the name of a political doctrine - mongooism; the suffix - ia creates the name of a country - Mongoosia. The compound noun “mongoosexual” is a blend made up of 2 roots - mongoose - and - sexual-, the syllable - se - being the common element. The author coins the word using “homosexual” as a model to

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ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ТЕКСТА В ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ПЛАНЕ

Словообразование-одинизспособовобогащениясло- варного состава языка. В современном английском языке выделяютчетыреосновныхспособаобразованияслов:аффиксальный,основосложение,конверсияисокращение.К продуктивным способам словообразования относят также неологизмы - слова, которые образует сам художник, сам поэт, писатель не для того, чтобы дать им общее распространение, ввести их в общий язык, в общий словарь (хотя и это не редкость), а для того, чтобы читатель ощущал в процессе восприятия самого художественного произведения, как перед ним рождается новое слово.

James Thurber

Text 1

The Peacelike Mongoose

InCobracountryamongoosewasbornonedaywhodidn’t want to fight cobras or anything else. The word spread from mongoosetomongoosethattherewasamongoosewhodidn’t want to fight cobras. If he didn’t want to fight anything else, it was his own business, but it was the duty of every mongoose to kill cobras or be killed by cobras.

“Why?”askedthepeacelikemongoose,andthewordwent around that the strange new mongoose was not only procobra and anti-mongoose but intellectually curious and against the ideals and traditions of mongooism.

“He is crazy”, cried the young mongoose’s father. “He is sick”, said his mother.

“He is a mongoosexual”, whispered his sister. Strangers who had never laid eyes on the peacelike

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worth considering. The phrases “ashes to ashes” and “clay to clay” come from a burial service : “We therefore commit his body to the ground; earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust” (The Book of Common Prayer).The words “ashes” and “clay” realize both the primary and the secondary figurative meanings in this context:

ash

1.the white or grayish powder left of smth after it’s been

burnt;

2.(pl.) the part of the body left after cremation;

3.(pl.) a dead person, human remains.

Clay

1.a firm, plastic earth used in the manufacture of bricks, pottery, etc;

2.a) earth; b) the human body.

It is worth mentioning that the word “ash” has a homonym “ash”:atimberandshadetreeoftheolivefamily,havingtough, elastic, straight-grained wood.

Therearesetexpressionsinthetext:“layeyeson”,“ashow of paws”, the latter being a case of the decomposition of the set phrase “a show of hands”.

Camilla Frank

Text 2

I Shop, Therefore IAm Powerless?

...Laterinlife,ifaboyfriendditchedmeI’dseekconsolation in a new record, sweater or a pair of jeans - and the mere act of shopping for such egoboosters was catharic therapy.Even if money was the root of my worries I’d cheer myself up by buying something that would inevitably add to them just as foodaholicdrownsherfuturefrustrationsinsoothingchocolate

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convey the idea of perversion or corruption.

There are several cases of conversion in the text: the verb “plot” and the nouns “overthrow”, “sting”, “show”.

The author uses polysemy of the noun “intelligence” in a creative way. In the first case it means “the faculty of thought and reason”, as its synonym “reason” makes obvious. In the second case it means “secret information, especially such information about enemy” (cf. intelligence service).

In the phrase “reason is six-seventh of treason” the phenomenon of paronymy is wittily exploited. Paronyms are words that sound alike and may be mistakenly judged to contain common morphemes and are therefore liable to be confusedinspeech.Inthiscasethefactthatthewords“reason” and “treason” coinside in 6 letters is used as a proof that they are common in meaning. There are brilliant examples of the demagogic use of the language.

Another case of the play on the two meanings of a word is the use of the word “hood” in the phrase “trying on cobra hoods”:

1.Aloose pliable covering for the head and neck, either attached to a robe or jacket or separate.

2.Anexpandedpart,crestormarkingonornearthehead of an animal.

Thephraseisfunnybecause“hood”inthefirstsensehasthe implied component “detachable”, while “hood” in the second sense is non-detachable and you can’t try it on.

Thereare interestingcases of figurative usesofwords.The noun “the word” realizes its secondary metonymical meaning “rumour” where a part stands for the whole, as the definite article suggests. The verb “spread” is used in the secondary metaphorical meaning “to extend over a considerable area or period of time; distribute widely”.

The semantic structure of the words “ash” and “clay” is

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Still, if teleshopping will eventually allow everybody to order the boring basics electronically, the theory is that we can then go about our recreational shopping unencumbered.

Text analysis

There are 3 neologisms in the text: “shopaholic”, “foodaholic”,and“teleshopping”.Theneologisms“shopaholic” and “foodaholic” are formed on the pattern of “workaholic”, which is a blend of “work” and “alcoholic” and denotes a man with a compulsive desire to work. The form -aholic is registered in dictionaries on neologisms. /The Barnhart Dictionary Companion: “aholic a combining form meaning “one addicted to, obsessed with, or having a compulsive need of or for (something specified)”/.

The BDC gives the following examples: credit-aholic

ice-cream-aholic junk-aholic pun-aholic news-aholic worry-aholic .

The text contains a number of borrowings, e.g. cathartic, therapy, susceptibility, lucrative. The American Heritage Dictionary gives the following etymological analysis of these words:

cathartic - adj. Inducing catharsis, purgative, cleansing; catharsis-NewLatin,fromGreekkatharsis,fromkathairen,

to purge, purify, from katharos, pure;

therapy-NewLatintherapia,fromGreektherapeia,service. “Catharsis” and “therapy” are international words, cf. the

corresponding words in Russian.

Susceptible-LateLatinsusceptibilis,capableofreceiving,

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