Learning to learn in English

	research as	..........................,	........................................,
	feature stories, .....................,		experimentation, ..................
Content	............................................		and in-depth.......................	,
	..........................................		........................, references,
			..........................................
	..................................	, in a	...........................	, charts,
	..............................	format,	a few ...........................	,
Appearance	highly visual, a lot of		.......................................
	..........................................	,
	colour, .............................,
	........................	and drawings
	a member of the editorial		.........................................
Authors	staff .................................	,	.........................................
	freelance ...........................

What do you think?

What new information have you got from the text on periodicals?

How can you apply this new information to your studies and life in general?

Focus on Language

Read these sentences. Do they have active or passive verbs?

Magazines and journals are called periodicals because they are published on a regular or “periodic” basis.

Libraries are able to purchase one copy which can be shared by many people.

The articles in this type of periodicals may be written by a member of the editorial staff, a scholar or a freelance writer, not a subject expert.

Passive Structures

Passive verbs are common when we are thinking about what is done to the person or thing that we are interested in, not about what he/she/it does.

Passives are best in formal style. Actives are more informal. e.g.: English is widely-spoken all over the world.

The Passive structures are formed with the verb to be, in the correct tense, and the past participle of the main verb.

Use by … only if it is necessary to say who does/did the action.

Practice

1.Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

a)Librariansselect books, magazines, journals, databases, and Web sites.

b)The library collects sources considered reliable, historically relevant, and valuable.

c)Magazines publish articles on topics of popular interest and current events.

d)They are studying chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural processes.

e)Who are they going to invite for the ceremony?

f)Scientists have studied a great number of harmful effects of modern civilization on the environment.

g)You can find a lot of useful information about our university and the degree courses in this prospectus.

h)My tutor advised me to read this book from cover to cover.

i)I’m afraid my essay is a sloppy piece of work. I should rewrite it by next Monday.

Speaking

1. How is a book organized? Put the words below in the correct order. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

Front cover, back cover, title, blurb, biographical details, contents page, index, bibliography, reviews, chapters

2.You want the information below. In what part of a book would you look to find:

a)the author’s name

b)information about the writer’s life

c)a brief summary of the contents to interest possible readers

d)suggestions for further reading on the same subject

e)a paragraph on a very specific point

f)the topic of each chapter

3.Prepare a short talk and tell your class about the first popular science book or magazine you have read. Use the questions below to guide you.

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What was its title?

Who wrote it?

Where and when was it published?

How did you get it? Do you still have it or use it?

What scientific subjects were discussed? Are they still up-to-date?

What was/were the most interesting thing(s) you learnt from the book or magazine?

Did it influence your choice of the field of science?

Would you recommend your fellow students to read this book/magazine?

Writing

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Go online. Subscribe to any free magazine or journal. Report back the results of the subscription. Give reasons for your choice of the periodical.

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Reading

1.Work with a partner. Think about the libraries of the future.

What will they be like?

Will technology change the libraries and the way we learn? Write three predictions. Discuss your ideas as a class.

2.Match the words and phrases in A with their explanations in B.

	A	B
1)	obsolete	a) an electronic book
2)	to seize to exist	b) able to be obtained or used
3)	to update resources	c) massive and awkward
4)	an E-book	d) old and useless
5)	available	e) to bring up to date
6)	bulky and cumbersome	f) to disappear

3.Read the text quickly and check the author’s opinion on the future of libraries.

Technology and Libraries

What will become of our libraries with the further development of technology?Will booksbecome obsolete withinthe libraries?Will our future societies use only computers or E-Books when going to the library? How will our children learn in the future, will they use paper books or will they use the computer? These are only just a few questions that people today are beginning to ask. There are many other questions that are left unanswered; however, I think these are the questions that many people think about today.

As everyone knows our society is changing fast, sometimes too fast. Everywhere you look there are computers, some small, and some big. So we all use some type of technology every day of our lives. Libraries are changing just as fast too. They have to in order to keep up with the changing societies, otherwise if they don’t people will not use them and libraries will seize to exist. To keep that from happening libraries must update their resources.

Most libraries are now computerized. Some libraries are now using E-Books, which are another type of technology. What are E-Books you ask? Well, E-Books are small computers that can hold your standard size

book, however, only the book itself is stored on a disk or a chip inside the computer. E-books can hold many large size novels, which actually helps so you don’t have to carry a lot of books at once. However, some libraries consider them to be too bulky and cumbersome for people to carry around. Also, E-Books cost a lot of money and libraries are limited to how much they can spend. Yet there are libraries that have begun to get them.

E-Books seem to be a pretty good idea for libraries, but until they go down in cost very few libraries will have them available for the public.

Librariesare part of our societyand we relyon them.They will definitely change along with our society, and it is unlikely that we will lose our books. They will always be a part of us one way or another.

(Adapted from Techno and Libraries, Jannifer H.)

Comprehension check

1.Answer the following questions.

a)Does the author sound optimistic or pessimistic about the future of libraries?

b)What should libraries be like not to disappear?

c)What is an E-book?

d)Why are E-books not widely available for the public?

e) What fact about modern libraries upsets the author? Why?

Listening

1. Which ofthe followingadjectivescanbe used withthenoungoal?Consult

a dictionary if necessary.
ambitious	available	accessible	ultimate
unabashed		achievable	innovative

2. Match the verbs in A with the nouns they often go with in B.

	A	B
1)	to equalize	a) books
2)	to digitize	b) access
3)	to scan	c) opportunities
4)	to have	d) information
5)	to disseminate	e) published works
6)	to lend	f) materials

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Abstract is a brief summary of a journal article or other library resource that classifies,evaluates, or describes the important points of the content Abstracts can save you time by helping you identify the best articles on your topic.

Managing your learning

3.Listen to the programme about the Universal Digital Library and answer the questions.

a)When and where was the Universal Digital Library started?

b)What is the purpose behind this project?

c)What kinds of published works does the library include?

d)How many works are planned to digitize?

e)How many of them have already been added to the library collection?

f)How are works selected to be digitized?

What do you think?

How many libraries are there in your city? Are they well equipped?

What is the most popular library in your city? Why?

How often do you go to a library?

 What kind of information is available in your university library?

Speaking

1. Look at the abstract of the article and answer the questions below.

“DESININGAKNOWLEDGELEARNINGENVIRONMENTFOR

ARITHMETICCONCEPTS”

Abstract – A knowledge-based learning environment, called ENIGMA, has been developed. This system is centered on an arithmetic game and is intended at being used in teaching arithmetic in primary/secondary school level (pupilsfrom9to12). The underlyingpedagogicalchoicesofthe system are analyzed and the corresponding technical solutions which have been adopted are illustrated.

a) What kind of information about the article is presented? b) How long is the abstract?

c) Does it follow any pattern?

d) What grammar tenses and voice are used?

e) What is the purpose of an abstract? f) Who would be interested in this article?

2.Work with a partner and discuss.

How often do you read abstracts? Do you find them helpful?

 How can readers benefit from reading an abstract?

Get real

Go online. Find the guidelines on how to write an abstract. Discuss as a class and work out the ‘Golden rules’ for abstract writing.

Writing

1.Search the Internet or popular science magazines to find an interesting article. Write an abstract to the article using the cliches fromthe Tool box.

Tool box: Abstractwriting
The article	was written by…
	comes from …
	discusses …
The author	describes …
The article	informs on/about …
	deals with …
The information presented in the…	is very interesting because …
	is the most up-to-date/urgent as it …
The article	is/can be	to awiderangeof readers.
	recommended	to specialists in … .

2. With a partner exchange and check each other’s abstracts.

In the Realm of Science

1.Some letters of the Greek alphabet are widely used in many natural sciences especially in mathematics. Learn how to read some of them.

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Capital and	Name		English	Russian
small			equivalent
A α	a [ ælf ]	a		альфа
B β	beta [ bi:t ]/[ beit ]	b		бета
Γ γ	gamma [ gæm ]	g		гамма
δ	delta [ delt ]	d		дельта
Λ λ	lambda [ læmbd ]	l		лямбда
Μ μ	mu [ mju]	m		ми/мю
Ξ ξ	xi [ ksai]	n		кси
Π π	pi [ pai]	p		пи
Σ σ	sigma [ sigm ]	s		сигма
Ώ ω	omega [ oυmig ]	o		омега

What other letters from the Greek alphabet are used in your subject area?

2.Many English words and word parts can be traced back to the Greek language. The table below lists some common Greek roots.

Greek root	Basic meaning		Example words
-anthrop-	human		misanthrope, philanthropy,
			anthropomorphic
-chron-	time		anachronism, chronicle,
			synchronize,
-dem-	people		democracy, demography,
			pandemic
-morph-	form		amorphous, metamorphic,
			morphology
-path-	feeling, suffering		empathy, sympathy, apathy
-pedo-, -ped-	child, children		pediatrician, pedagogue
-philo-, -phil-	having a strong		philanthropy, philharmonic,
	affinity or love for		philosophy

-phon-	sound		polyphonic, cacophony,
			phonetics

3. Read and remember some of library terms.

Article	a contribution written by one or more personsand
	published in a periodical or as part of a book.
Autobiography	a written account of a person’slife written by that
	person
Archives	a special collection or collections that house the
	recordsof organizations, governments, universities,
	etc. considered worthyto be kept permanentlyand
	as nearly as possible in their original form.
Bibliography	a list of books and/or other materials written by
	one author or on one subject and having something
	in common with each other.
Biography	a written account of a person’s life.
Call Number	the unique numbers and letters given to each item
	in a library used to identify and locate the item
Citation	an identifyingreference to a text. Usually includes
	the title, author, and publishing information
Edition	the whole number of copiesof a work issued from
	one setting of type
Glossary	an alphabetical list of terms within a subject field
	together with definitions.
Paper	piece of writing on a particular subject written by
	an expert in that subject and usually published in
	a book or journal.
Plagiarism	“to copy the writings of another person and
	publish the same as original work.”

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Record	the complete collection of related data found in
	an electronic catalog or index which describes a
	single book or article in that database
References	a list of publicationsreferred to by the author of a
	paper or book. Also called “Works Cited” or
	“Bibliography.”
Subject	the word or phrase which describes a theme of a
	literary work
Truncation	using the root word in a online search to find all
	items containing that root and different endings
	(Adapted from the site http://library.mtsu.edu/help/terms.php)

Unit 2 Progress Monitoring

In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic

“Information search”
	an issue of a magazine/journal		to cite a source
	popular/scholarly sources	 to provide overviews on a wide
	periodicals		variety of topics
	to collect reliable/historically relevant/		to contain audio-visual/
	valuable sources		multimedia materials/ computer
	print or electronic magazines/books		databases
 a large collection of periodicals			to update resources
 to subscribe to a magazine/journal		 to be available for the public
 to publish an article/ book/magazine			the contents of a book/magazine
 to cover specific topics/narrow fields			graphics/drawings/charts
	of research

Tick (V)thepoints youareconfident aboutand cross (X) theones you need torevise.

Unit 3

Revise & Practise

1. Explain the difference between these pairs.

journal	–	magazine
encyclopedia	–	WWW
biography	–	autobiography
author	–	publisher
contents page	–	index
paper	–	article
abstract		blurb

2.Divide into 5 teams. Each team completes word webs for the words information (adjectives), information (verbs), book (adjectives), knowledge

(adjectives), knowledge (verbs) using its own colour marker. Mind maps are rotated every 1 minute, then the results are checked in class. The team that works out the more phrases is the winner.

3.Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.

“Know where to find the information and how to use it – That’s the secret of success.” Albert Einstain

“The most technologically efficient machine that man has ever invented is the book.” Northrup Frye

“We are drowning in information and starved for knowledge.” Kofy Annan

A university is just a group of buildings gathered around a library.” Shelby Foote

4.Complete this questionnaire for yourself. Then divide into groups and take turns to explain how to perform each of these actions.

Do you know …

yes

no

how to use Brainboost search engine? how to conduct field search?

how to find sites that have phrase ‘information literacy’ in the title?

what can save you time when you are searching for necessary sources?

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where to look for information on popular science topics? how to quickly check the authority of the site?

how to check the reliability/accuracy of the page? what kind of information you need to find a particular book in a library catalogue?

how to differentiate information Web page from an advocacy one?

how to understand the purpose of the Web site?

5.Work with a partner. Hold a competition and brainstorm about 10 terms to do with the library search. Compare the lists. Cross out the terms that are on the both lists. Explain the meaning of the rest of the terms.

Progress Test

1.Put these instructions for truncating back a URL in the correct sequence.

a)Stop when you reach the first single slash (/) which is preceded by the domain name portion.

b)This is the page’s server or “publisher.”

c)In the top Location Box, delete the end characters of the URL stopping just before each slash (/).

d)Press enter to see if you can see more about the author or the origins/nature of the site providing the page.

e)Continue this process, one slash (/) at a time.

2.Rewrite the sentences passive.

a)Wilhelm Schickard made the first known adding machine.

b)MIT’s laboratories carry out a great deal of research.

c)The fact that biological sciences are more popular with school leavers than computer science surprised me.

d)You should know the procedure of the experiment before you start doing it.

e)The NASA specialists are planning to launch a space platform to Jupiter.

f)The BBC Company has released a new documentary series about space research.

3. Spot the odd word out.
a) library	internet	www	database
b) journal	magazine	periodicals	newspaper
c) biography	bibliography	glossary	plagiarism

Self study

The Battle For Your Mind At Your Fingertips

If you are like most students, you are relying heavily on resources from the Web for your research. Not all Web resources are created equal. In fact, there are great variations in the quality of the resources you access. The rule of thumb is "when in doubt, doubt." When you carefully select your resources, when you understand their strengths and limits, you create better products. Making smart choices about the information you find is just like making other choicesit really helps to know your options. Your task is to create a resource (a poster, a handout) for your fellow students to use in the library or the classroom to help them to evaluate websites on their own.

Search the site http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram-Memorial-Library/webevaluation

Make a list of at least 10 questions you need to answer to evaluate a web page

Make a resource for your fellow students. You can do this in the form of a handout, a poster, a checklist, etc. Make it by hand or on the computer. Be creative and have a good time! Remember, this is something you are going to share with your fellow students. Make sure you include all of the following in your resource: a) who made itthe names of everyone in your group; b) a creative title; c) at least five criteria/10questions to ask when evaluating a web site.

QUESTIONS TO GUIDE YOU:

What are the types of Web pages?

How do they differ?

What are the criteria for a Web page evaluation?

The Internet is not the only information option. Remember that journals, books, videos and other sources are available as well. Evaluating information is a skill you will be using throughout your lifetime.

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EVOLUTION OF

NATURAL SCIENCES

Necessity is the mother of invention

Plato

Learning Goals

to make notes to organize ideas into a composition

to express opinions in arguments and discussions

to use special linking words and expressions for coherency in writing and speaking

to use different speech patterns and collocations to avoid repetition

to talk about scientific discoveries and inventions

to revisit Past Tenses

Unit 1

Scientific Milestones

Lead-in

1.Lookat thedictionaryentriesfromtheLongmanDictionaryofContemporary English for the words ‘discovery’ and ‘invention’. What isthe difference between them?

discovery n 1[C] a fact or thing that someone discovers that was hidden or not known about before: recent archeological discoveries | make a discovery Astronomers havemade significant discoveriesaboutour galaxy…

3 [U]the actofdiscovering something: [+ of] The discovery of oil in Alaska was a boon to the economy.

invention n 1[C] a useful machine, tool, instrument etc. that has been invented:

The dishwasher is a wonderful invention.

2 [U] the act of inventing something:

The invention of a computer has revolutionized the business world.

2.Sort out the inventions and discoveries into two columns. Compare and discuss your lists with a partner.

Discovery	Invention
e. g. X-rays	e. g. telescope

metric system, magnetic compass, gunpowder, heredity, periodic table of elements, seismograph, gravity, the slide rule, geological time scale, natural selection, electricity, cartogram, icebox, the South Pole, steam engine, radio, telephone, photography, microscope, penicillin, Richter scale, Przewalski’s horse, barometer, electricity.

3.Which areas of scientific study or technology do they belong to? Which of them are used in more than one natural science?

Speaking

1. Look through the list of words below that are used to describe these

inventions:
metric system		telescope	compass
thermometer		microscope
Check if you know the meanings of the words. How are they related to
the inventions?
to contain	to determine		image
concave	magnification		to observe
direction	liquid		to multiply
to measure	constellations		volume
angle	decimal		unit
component	to expand
mercury	to focus

2. Work witha partner. Take turnsto describe the purpose of each invention. Example: Metric system (decimal, system, to measure, meters, hours,

kilograms, etc.)

The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and measures which/that is used to measure time, distance (length) and mass. It is based on meters; seconds, kilograms, etc.

The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and measures for measuring time, distance and mass. It uses meters, seconds, kilograms, etc.

The Metric system is the International decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second. Its main function is to measure time, distance and mass.

a) Microscope (device, to magnify, small objects, to examine, lenses, scientifically)

b)Compass (tool/device, to find, magnetic north, suspended needle, to point to direction)

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c)Thermometer (device, to measure, to rise, to fall, graduated glass cylinder,line, water,temperature, air,mercury, people’sbody, tomove up or down, coloured alcohol, to contain)

d)Telescope (instrument, cylindrical, to enlarge, to observe, stars, planets, lenses, mirrors)

Reading

1.You are going to read about famous scientists/inventors M. Lomonosov, T. Edison and B. Pascal and their research work. With a partner check if you know:

 what fields they worked in;

 what kinds of discoveries/inventions they mode.

2.As you read complete the chart below.

Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 – 1765)

Lomonosov was the first Russian scientist of worldwide importance. His achievements in physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology and geography as well as his construction of instruments made a significant contribution to the development of Natural Sciences. Lomonosov considered chemistry his main ‘profession’. His major scientific аccomplishments were in theoretical and

experimental chemistry. It was Lomonosov who founded a new science, namely, physical chemistry by explaining chemical phenomena through the laws of physics. His law of concentration of matter and development of atomic-molecular theory of matter and molecular-kinetic theory were a revolution in Natural Science of the time.

Besides, he made some notable discoveries in astronomy, geology and mineralogy. In particular, he developed the principle that nature undergoes continuous evolution and demonstrated the organic origin of soil, coal, gas, peat and amber. Lomonosov was also the first to separate geological processes into external (exogenic – wind, rain, rivers, glaciers, etc.) and internal (endogenic – tectonic movements, volcanoes, etc.). His geographical investigation led to the discovery of the northern passage to India.

Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)

At 14, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philo-sopher, began attending weekly lectures on mathematics. When he was only 16years old, Blaise wrote a paper on conic sections, which was acclaimed by his fellow mathe-maticians as ‘the most powerful and valuable contribution that had been made to mathematical science since the days of Archimedes’.

This paper laid the foundations for the modern study and application of conic sections. Pascal always tried to make his work in science and mathematics of practical use to mankind. While still a teenager, he invented the first machine to do calculations – an arithmetic machine that could add and subtract. Pascal also worked with another mathematician, Fermat, on the Theory of Probability. He, in particular, invented a simple method known as Pascal’s Triangle to determine the probability of certain outcomes.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847 – 1931)

Perhaps the man who did most to make everyday life what it is today was Thomas Alva Edison. He was curious about the world around him and always tried to teach himself through reading and experiments.

Many of Edison’s most important inventions were made in his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. In 1877 Thomas Edison made a recording on a little machine which he had invented and played it back to himself.

The firstphonograph was not atalllikea record player of our time. Anyway, it was a greatstepforward,a stepthatwastoleadto the modernscienceofsoundrecording. In October 1879 after long experiments he succeeded in making an incandescent lamp in which a loop of carbonized cotton thread glowed in vacuum for more than 40 hours. In addition to the phonograph, incandescent light bulb and the electric train, he also conducted early experiments in wireless technology. In 1885 he patented a method of transmitting telegraphic signals from moving trains. His life and achievements symbolize the ideal of applied research.

The first phonograph was not at all like a record player of our time. Anyway, it was a greatstepforward,a stepthatwastoleadto themodernscienceofsoundrecording. In October 1879 after long experiments he succeeded in making an incandescent lamp in which a loop of carbonized cotton thread glowed in vacuum for more than 40 hours. In addition to the phonograph, incandescent light bulb and the electric train, he also conducted early experiments in wireless technology. In 1885 he patented a method of transmitting telegraphic signals from moving trains. His life and achievements symbolize the ideal of applied research.

(Adapted from the Internet sites)

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