Лекции 1-4 (2 семестр)
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ:
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ – ɬɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɲɚɝɨɜ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ – ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɚ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ – ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɲɚɝɨɜ
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɨɫɬɶ – ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
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1. |
ɇɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ |
2. |
3. |
ȼ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɇɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ 4.
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ |
5. |
ɇɚɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ Ɂɚɞɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɏ ɢ <
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɏ ɢ < ɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ S. S=X+Y
ȼȩȐȓȟȠȖ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡțȎȥȓțȖȓ S Ɂɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ; ɢ < ɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ S.
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɝɭɪ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ – ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ
ȼɕɑɂɋɅȿɇɂȿ
Ⱦɚ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɣ ɛɥɨɤ
ɜɜɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɇɟɬ |
ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ |
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ɛɥɨɤ |
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɇȺɑȺɅɈ
X, Y
S=X+Y
S
Program primer1;
Var X, Y, S:real;
Begin
Write(‘Vvedite X, Y’);
Readln(X,Y);
S:=X+Y;
Writeln(‘Summa=‘,S:5:3);
End.
Ⱥɥɮɚɜɢɬ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ
ɄɈɇȿɐ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɯ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
ɂȾȿɇɌɂɎɂɄȺɌɈɊ - ɢɦɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ – ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɭɤɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɭɤɜ ɨɬ Ⱥ ɞɨ =
ɉɪɨɩɢɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɜ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɱɢɫɥɚɯ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɢɮɪ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɮɪ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 9.
ȼ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɉȿɊȼɈɃ
ɋɢɦɜɨɥ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ © _ ª ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚ ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɛɟɥ
ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ NAME, NAMe, nAmE ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵ
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ©ɩɪɨɛɟɥª ɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɚɳɢɦ ɬɟ ɝɞɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ ɬɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ { } ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ ɜɢɞɚ (* *) ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɤ
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
1.Ɂɧɚɤɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ
2.Ɂɧɚɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
3.ɋɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
4.Ɂɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ
{ } [ ] ( ) ‘ ; : , . = @ # > < $
Ɂɧɚɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ
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ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ |
+ |
- |
* / |
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ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ |
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mod |
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ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ not ɧɟ |
div |
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ – ɨɧɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ
:= > = |
< = |
< > |
. . ( . . ) |
( * * ) |
4. Ɂɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɋɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ARRAY – ɦɚɫɫɢɜ |
AND – ɢ |
BEGIN – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ |
CASE – ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ |
CONST – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ |
DIV – ɰɟɥɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ |
DO – ɞɟɥɚɬɶ |
DOWNTO – ȡȚȓțȪȦȎȠȪ ȒȜ… |
ELSE – ɢɧɚɱɟ |
END – ɤɨɧɟɰ |
FILE – ɮɚɣɥ |
FOR - ɞɥɹ |
FUNCTION – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ |
GOTO – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ |
TO – ɤ |
UNTIL – ɞɨ |
VAR – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ |
IF – ɟɫɥɢ |
IN – ɜ |
LABEL – ɦɟɬɤɚ |
NOT – ɧɟ |
OFF – ɢɡ |
MOD – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ |
OR - ɢɥɢ |
PROCEDURE – ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ |
PROGRAM – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ |
RECORD – ɡɚɩɢɫɶ |
REPEAT – ɩɨɜɬɨɪ |
SET – ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ |
THEN – ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɨ |
TYPE – ɬɢɩ |
WHILE – ɩɨɤɚ |
WITH – ɫ |
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ % ? ! s ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɊɍɋɋɄɈȽɈ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ ɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬ ɹɡɵɤɚ 3$6&$/ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɯ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ 3$6&$/ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ
ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ - Program;
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ - Uses;
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɤ - Label;
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ – Const;
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ - Type;
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ - Var;
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ – Procedure Function;
ɬɟɥɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ – Begin End..
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ PROGRAM ɢ ɂɆȿɇɂ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɂɦɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ 3$6&$/ ɧɨ ȼɋȿȽȾȺ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɋ ȻɍɄȼɕ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ PROGRAM PRIMER;
PROGRAM Primer1;
Program Primer_1;
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɋɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ USES ɢ ɂɆȿɇɂ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɟɣ
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɩɹɬɭɸ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ USES CRT; {Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ}
USES GRAPH; {Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ}
USES GRAPH, CRT;
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɩɹɬɭɸ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ
ɋɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ LABEL ɢ ɂɆȿɇɂ ɦɟɬɨɤ
Ɇɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɞɨ
ɢɥɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ LABEL lb1;
LABEL PA, lb1, N1, 15, 120;
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɷɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ CONST ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɂɆȿɇȺ ɢ ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂə ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨ © = »
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ CONST N=4; Ⱥȼ Ɋ ‘ ɋɥɨɜɨ’;
ɋ )$/6( Ʉ ȿ – 5;
Ɍɢɩ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ TYPE ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɂȾȿɇɌɂɎɂɄȺɌɈɊȺ ɌɂɉȺ ɢɦɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɤ © = ª ɚ ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɫɚɦɨ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɌɂɉȺ.
TYPE <ǶȚȭ ȠȖȝȎ> = <ȜȝȞȓȒȓșȓțȖȓ ȠȖȝȎ>;
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ TYPE Type1=array [1..10] of integer;
Type2=1..40;
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ȼɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ VAR ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɂɆȿɇɂ ɉȿɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɃ ɞɜɨɟɬɨɱɢɹ ©:ª ɢ ɌɂɉȺ ɉȿɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɃ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɫ ɡɚɩɹɬɨɣ
VAR ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ! ɬɢɩ !
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ VAR a:real; c,d,m:integer;
ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ BEGIN ɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ END. ɫ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ «.ª ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
Begin <Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ >; <Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ >;
………………
<Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ N>; End.
Ɍɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ȼɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɦ
Ʉ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɑɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ
Ɍɢɩ – ɫɬɪɨɤɚ
ɰɟɥɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ INTEGER ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɨɬ - ɞɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ REAL ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
¾ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 1.2 0.35 .78
¾ɫ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ȿ Ɂ
103 |
ȿ-5 = 10-5 |
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȿ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ |
ɰɟɥɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɰɢɮɪ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ - ɞɨ |
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Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɬɢɩɚ |
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REAL |
ɨɬ 2,9 * 10-39 |
ɞɨ 1,7 * 1038 |
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EXTENDED |
ɨɬ 10-4951 |
ɞɨ 104932 |
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ BOOLEAN ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
FALSE – ɥɨɠɶ
TRUE – ɩɪɚɜɞɚ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ
FALSE < TRUE
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ CHAR – ɷɬɨ ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ ɁɇȺɄȺ ɢɥɢ ȻɍɄȼɕ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ A Z #
STRING – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɞɨ 255 ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ
ɍ ɬɢɩɚ – ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɜ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ « [ ] ª ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 255).
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ
255.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ VAR Str:string[80];
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
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ʋ |
Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ |
Ɍɢɩ |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ |
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ɝɪ. |
ɧɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ |
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ |
ɚɪɝɭɦɟțɬɚ |
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ |
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Abs(x) |
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real |
real |
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Sqr(x) |
x2 |
integer |
integer |
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Arctan (x) |
arctg x |
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sin(x2 ) |
sin(x * x) |
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ |
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® |
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Exp (x) |
ex |
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sin 2 (x) |
¯sin(sqr(x)) |
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® |
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Cos (x) |
cos x |
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sin(x) *sin(x) |
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Integer |
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sqr(sin(x)) |
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1 |
Ln (x) |
ln x |
real |
real |
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¯ |
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x – ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɧɚɯ |
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Sin (x) |
sin x |
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loga b |
ln(b) / ln(a) |
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Sqrt (x) |
x |
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lgb |
ln(b) / ln(10) |
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Int(x) |
ɐɟɥɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɚ |
real |
real |
Int (23.2) = 23.0 |
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Frac (x) |
Ⱦɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɚ |
real |
real |
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Frac (26.7) = 0.7 |
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PI |
ɑɢɫɥɨ S |
- |
real |
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ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Pascal ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
1.Ⱥɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ Ⱥɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ
2.Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɗɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɟ
3.Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɗɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɞɪ
ȼɫɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ
ʋ |
Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ |
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ |
Ɍɢɩ |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ |
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ɝɪ. |
ɧɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ |
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ |
ɚɪɝɭɦɟțɬɚ |
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ |
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Round (x) |
Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ |
real |
integer |
Round(26.8)= |
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ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɝɨ |
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27 |
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2 |
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ɰɟɥɨɝɨ |
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Trunc (x) |
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɣ |
real |
integer |
Trunc(26.8)= |
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ɱɚɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ |
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26 |