1433

Index

		■ * (asterisk), bash special parameters
	1434

Symbols

*(asterisk), bash special parameters, 15

@ (at sign), bash special parameters, 15

\(backslash), bash escape character, 14

$ (dollar sign)

bash special parameters, 15 expansion, 19

ftp command, 148

! (exclamation point)

bash special parameters, 15 ftp command, 148

! command (telnet), 512

>(greater than sign), redirection operator, 21

-(hyphen), bash special parameters, 15

<(less than sign), redirection operator, 21

| (pipeline), bash, 12

# (pound sign)

bash comments, 14

bash special parameters, 15

? (question mark)

bash special parameters, 15 ftp command, 152

? command telnet, 512 xauth, 591

_ (underscore), bash special parameters, 15

/ directory, 1236

0, bash special parameter, 15 8859-1 character set, 1064 8859-2 character set, 1064 8859-3 character set, 1064 8859-4 character set, 1064 8859-5 character set, 1065 8859-6 character set, 1065 8859-7 character set, 1065 8859-8 character set, 1065 8859-9 character set, 1065 8859-10 character set, 1065

A

Abekas YUV bytes, converting to portable pixmaps, 731

abort( ) function, 892 abs( ) function, 892-893 absolute values, 892-893

floating-point numbers, 919 long integers, 960-961

accept, 740-741 access, 741-742 errors, 741

restrictions, 741 return value, 741

access control

files, changing permissions, 61-62

hosts_access, 1133-1136 diagnostics, 1136 files, 1133, 1136 operators, 1134 patterns, 1133-1134

remote username lookup, 1134-1135

rules, 1133

shell commands, 1134 wildcards, 1134

language extensions, 1137-1139

memory, 804-805 NNTP sites, 1167-1168

account (ftp command), 148 acct, 742

acos( ) function, 893 acosh( ) function, 893-894 active, 1104-1105 active.times, 1104-1105 add (cvs command), 96 ADD_ADDRESS environ-

ment variable, 529 add_timer, 1424 addftinfo, 2 addgroup, 1258-1259 addmntent( ) function,

935-936

addresses

Internet, manipulating, 953-954

mail addressing, 1244-1246 abbreviations, 1245

case sensitivity, 1245 compatibility, 1245 postmasters, 1246 routing, 1245

physical, accessing, 818 sed, 476

virtual memory, remapping, 805-806

adduser, 1258-1259 adduser.conf, 1105 adjtimex, 742-743 adjust_clock, 1424-1425 admin (cvs command), 96 advisory locks, open files

(applying/removing), 757 afmtodit, 2-4

files, 3 options, 3 running, 3

agetty, 1259-1262 arguments, 1260 bugs, 1261 diagnostics, 1261 files, 1261

issue escapes, 1261 options, 1260

alarm, 744

alarm clock, setting, 744 alias (shell command), 35 aliases, 23-24, 1106

bugs, 1106 printing, 35 removing names, 45

alloca function, 894 bugs, 894

return values, 894 allocating memory, 894, 976 allow-null_glob_expansion

variable (bash), 17 allow-send-events( ) action

(xterm), 714

		awk ■
				1435
alphasort( ) function,	functions	Atari Degas PI3 files,
1012-1013	awk, 168-169	converting to portable
American Standard Code for	sin( ), 1020-1021	bitmaps, 379
Information, see ASCII	sinh( ), 1021	Atari uncompressed Spectrum
Andrew Toolkit raster objects,	sqrt( ), 1023	files, converting to portable
converting to portable	tan( ), 1047-1048	pixmaps, 495-496
bitmaps, 10	tanh( ), 1048	atexit( ) function, 897-898
ANSI C, converting to	performing on portable	errors, 898
Kernighan & Ritchie, 4	anymaps, 382-383	return value, 898
ansi2knr, 4	arp, 1263	atktopbm, 10
antialiasing portable anymaps,	ARP cache, manipulating,	atobm, 49-57
381-382	1263	options, 50
anytopnm, 4	arrays	atof( ) function, 898
append (ftp command), 148	awk, 164	atoi( ) function, 898-899
application resources,	linear searches, 975-976	atol( ) function, 899
printing, 5	searching sorted, 900-901	attributes, file, 59
applications (client), listing,	sorting, 1000	authentication
669-670	articles (news), see tin	cidentd, 69-70
appres, 5	as, 8-9	Kerberos authentication,
ar, 5-7	ASCII (American Standard	461
copying, 7	Code for Information), 1064	pcnfsd, 1355-1356
modifiers, 7	character set, 1214-1216	pppd, 1366-1367
options, 6-7	graphics, converting to	authority files (X), xauth
arc cosines, 893	portable graymap, 10	utility, 587-592
arc sines, 894-895	ascii (ftp command), 148	auto_resume variable (bash),
arc tangents, 896	ascii manual page, 1214-1216	18
two variables, 896-897	asciitopgm, 10	AutoCAD slide files, convert-
arch, 8	asctime, 984-986	ing to portable pixmaps,
archive, 1262-1263	asctime( ) function, 910	490-491
archives	asin( ) function, 894-895	AUTOSUBSCRIBE environ-
creating, 5-7	errors, 895	ment variable, 529
extracting from, 5-7	return value, 895	AUTOUNSUBSCRIBE
indexes (generating),	asinh( ) function, 895	environment variable, 530
437-438	assemblers, as, 8-9	awk
modifying, 5-7	assert( ) function, 895-896	actions, 165-166
shell, creating, 484-487	asterisk (*), bash special	arithmetic functions,
arguments	parameters, 15	168-169
concatenating, 37	at sign (@), bash special	control statements, 167
outputting, 36-37	parameters, 15	fields, 163
reading from standard input,	atan( ) function, 896	functions, 170
586-587	atan2( ) function, 896-897	GNU extensions, 171
arithmetic	atanh( ) function, 897	historical features supported
evaluation	Atari compressed Spectrum	by gawk, 172
bash, 34	files, converting to portable	I/O statements, 167
let command, 39	pixmaps, 494	operators, 166-167
expansion, bash, 20	Atari Degas PI1 files,	patterns, 165-166
	converting to portable	printf statement, 167-168
	pixmaps, 378

		■ awk
	1436

	program execution, 162-163	history list, 32-33	glob_dot_filenames, 17
	regular expressions, 166	invocation, 45-46	histchars, 17-18
	sprintf( ) function, 167-168	job control, 24-25	HISTCMD, 16
	string constants, 169-170	lists, 12-13	HISTFILE, 17
	string functions, 169	meta characters, 12	HISTFILESIZE, 17
	time functions, 169	names, 12	history control, 17
	variables, 163-165	options, 11	HISTSIZE, 17
	arrays, 164	parameters, 14-15	HOME, 16
	built-in, 163-164	positional, 14	hostname_completion_file,
	typing and conversion,	special, 14-15	18
	164-165	pipelines (|), 12	HOSTTYPE, 16
	B	prompting, 26	IFS, 16
		quoting, 14	IGNOREEOF, 17
		readline, 27-32	INPUTRC, 17
	backslashes (\), bash escape
		commands, 29-32	LINENO, 15
	character, 14	controlling key bindings,	MAIL, 16
	badblocks, 1264	27	MAIL_WARNING, 16
	banner, 1210	customizing, 27	MAILCHECK, 16
	bash	denoting keystrokes, 27	MAILPATH, 16
	aliases, 23-24	macro definitions, 28	no_exit_on_failed_exec,
	arguments, 11	parser directives, 28-29	18
	arithmetic evaluation, 34	variables, 28	noclobber, 18
	blanks, 12	redirection, 21-23	nolinks, 18
	bugs, 46	duplicating file descriptors,	notify, 17
	command execution, 25	23	OLDPWD, 15
	comments, 14	here-documents, 22-23	OPTARG, 16
	compound commands, 13	input, 22	OPTERR, 17
	case, 13	opening file descriptors, 23	OPTIND, 16
	list, 13	operators, 21	OSTYPE, 16
	while, 13	output, 22	PATH, 16
	control operators, 12	standard error output, 22	PPID, 15
	environments, 25-26	standard output, 22	PROMPT_COMMAND,
	escape character, 14	reserved words, 12	17
	exit status, 26	shell variables, 15-18	PS1, 16
	expansion, 18-21	allow-	PS2, 16
	arithmetic, 20	null_glob_expansion, 17	PS3, 17
	brace, 19	auto_resume, 18	PS4, 17
	command substitution, 20	BASH, 15	PWD, 15
	history, 33-34	BASH_VERSION, 15	RANDOM, 15
	parameter, 19-20	cdable_vars, 18	REPLY, 15
	pathname, 21	CDPATH, 16	SECONDS, 15
	process substitution, 20	command_oriented_history,	SHLVL, 15
	quote removal, 21	17	TMOUT, 17
	tilde, 19	ENV, 16	UID, 15
	word splitting, 21	EUID, 15	signals, 25
	files, 46	FCEDIT, 17	simple commands, 12
	functions, 23	FIGNORE, 17	words, 12

		bsearch( ) function ■
			1437
BASH variable (bash), 15	bind, 35, 745-746
		busmouse driver parameters,
BASH_VERSION variable	errors, 745-746	1224
(bash), 15	return value, 745	CD-ROM parameters,
bcmp( ) function, 899-901	binding names to sockets,	1222-1223
bcopy( ) function, 900-901	745-746	debug argument, 1217
BDF fonts, generating,	bioradtopgm, 48-49	Ethernet device parameters,
146-147	bugs, 49	1223
bdflush, 744-745	options, 49	floppy disk driver param-
errors, 745	bit sets, finding first in words,	eters, 1223-1224
return value, 745	921	future domain configura-
bdftopcf, 47	Bitmap Distribution Format	tion, 1220
beforelight, 47-48	fonts, converting to Portable	hard disk parameters,
bell (ftp command), 148	Complied Format, 47	1220-1221
bell( ) action (xterm), 713	bitmap widget, 56-57	mem= argument, 1218
bell-style variable (readline),	bitmaps, 49-57	no-hlt argument, 1217
28	CMU, converting to	no387 argument, 1217
Bennet Yee face files, see face	portable, 71	Pro Audio configuration,
files	color, 56	1220
Bentleyizing portable	conversion, 49	ramdisk= argument, 1218
graymaps, 369	cutting and pasting, 54	reboot=warm argument,
Bessel functions, 959-960	display, 50	1218
j0( ), 959	drawing commands, 51-53	reserve= argument,
j1( ), 959	Edit menu commands,	1217-1218
jn( ), 959	53-54	ro argument, 1217
y0( ), 959	editing images, 50-51	root= argument, 1217
y1( ), 959	File menu commands, 53	rw argument, 1217
yn( ), 959	options, 49-50	SCSI device arguments,
bg (shell command), 35	Universal Product Code,	1218-1219
bibliographic databases, 219	creating, 368	SCSI tape configuration,
fields, 219	widgets, 54-56	1219
inverted indexes, 209-210	blanks (bash), 12	Seagate ST-0x configuration,
searching, 210, 292-293	block buffered streams, 1016	1220
biff, 48	block special files, creating,	sound driver parameters,
biff server, 1274-1275	325	1224
/bin directory, 1236	BMP files, converting to	Trantor T128 configuration,
binary (ftp command), 148	portable pixmaps, 57	1220
binary dates/times, converting	bmptoppm, 57	Bourne shell, see sh
to ASCII, 909-911	bmtoa, 49-57	Bourne-again shell, see bash
binary files, encoding/	/boot directory, 1236	brace expansion, 19
decoding, 565-566	boot-time parameters	break (shell command), 35
binary streams, input/output	(kernel), see bootparam	brk, 746
(getting), 926-927	bootparam, 1216-1224	browsers, lynx, 306-309
binary trees	Adaptec configurations,	commands, 308-309
deleting items, 1056	1219-1220	options, 306-308
searching, 1056	argument list, 1216-1217	brushtopbm, 57
traversing, 1056	BusLogic configuration,	bsearch( ) function, 900-901

1220

		■ buffchan
	1438

buffchan, 1264-1265		string table source files/	cfgetospeed( ) function, 877,
drop command, 1265		headers, 314-315	1052
flush command, 1265		see also gcc	cfingerd, 1106-1109
readmap command, 1265		C++ compiler, see g++	bugs, 1108
buffer-dirty-flush daemon,		cacheflush, 746-747	error messages, 1108
744-745		bugs, 747	features, 1107-1108
buffering streams, 1016-1017		errors, 747	options, 1106-1107
buffers		return value, 747	SYSLOG messages, 1108
cache, committing to disk,		caches (ARP), manipulating,	text commands, 1115
869		1263	cfingerd.conf, 1109-1115
filesystem, flushing,		CAclose routine, 964	display files section,
1401-1402		cal, 58	1109-1110
flushing from files to disk,		calendar sheets, see gcal	finger display configure
756-757		CAlistopen routine, 964	section, 1110-1111
kernel log, 873		calling up systems, 88-90	finger fake users files section,
kernel message ring, reading/		calloc( ) function, 976	1114
clearing, 872-874		canonicalized absolute	finger programs files section,
multiple, reading/writing		pathnames, 1004-1005	1114
data, 1003-1004		CAopen routine, 964	finger strings configure
BUG_ADDRESS environ-		case	section, 1113
ment variable, 529		bash command, 13	forwarded host section,
buildhash, 274, 279		ftp command, 148	1112
files, 281		cat, 58-59	internal config configure
builtin (shell command), 35		catclose( ) function, 903-904	section, 1111-1112
busmouse drivers, boot-time		catgets( ) function, 902-903	internal strings configure
parameters, 1224		catopen( ) function, 903-904	section, 1113
bye (ftp command), 148		cccp, 81-84	rejected host section, 1112
byte strings		copying, 84	services header configure
comparing, 899-900		options, 82-84	section, 1114
copying, 900		cd	services positions configure
operations, 901		ftp command, 148	section, 1114-1115
writing zeros to, 902		shell command, 35-36	signal strings configure
bytes		CD-ROMs, boot-time	section, 1113-1114
counting (in files), 70		parameters, 1222-1223	system list sites configure
swapping adjacent, 1043		cdable_vars variable (bash),	section, 1112
bzero( ) function, 901-902		18	trusted host section, 1112
C		CDPATH variable (bash), 16	cfmakeraw( ) function, 1052
		cdtin, 516	cfsetispeed( ) function, 877,
		see also tin	1053
C		cdup (ftp command), 148	cfsetospeed( ) function, 877,
converting ANSI to		ceil( ) function, 904	1052-1053
Kernighan & Ritchie, 4		cfdisk, 1265-1269	character sets, 1064-1066
functions, displaying		bugs, 1269	ASCII, 1064, 1214-1216
headers, 455-456		commands, 1267-1268	ISO 2022, 1066
preprocessors, 81-84		options, 1268-1269	ISO 4873, 1066
imake, 264-267		cfgetispeed( ) function, 877,	ISO 8859, 1064-1065
options, 82-84		1053	ISO 8859-1, 1239-1242
			alphabets, 1240
			characters, 1240-1242

		commands ■
			1439
KOI8-R, 1065	chfn, 60	clock, 344, 1273-1274
Unicode, 1065, 1253-1255	chgrp, 61	colors, 344
combining characters,	child processes, creating, 751,	options, 1273
1254	758	xclock, 593-595
implementation levels,	chkdupexe, 61	clock( ) function, 905
1254	chmod, 61-62, 148, 748-749	clocks
character special files,	errors, 749	alarm, setting, 744
creating, 325	operators, 62	CMOS, 1273-1274
characters	options, 62	kernel, adjusting, 742-743
classifying, 957-958	return value, 748	clone, 751
converting	specifying mode, 748	close, 752
to ASCII, 1055	chooser (xdm), 607	ftp command, 148
wide to multibyte,	chown, 62-63, 749-750	telnet command, 508
1061-1062	errors, 749-750	closedir( ) function, 905-906
locating in strings, 953,	options, 63	closelog( ) function,
1029	chroot, 750-751, 1273	1045-1046
multibyte, converting to	errors, 750-751	CloseOnExec routine, 965
wide characters, 978	return value, 750	CMOS clock, 1273-1274
outputting, 997-999	chsh, 63	CMU bitmaps, converting to
returning number of bytes	ci, 64-69	portable, 71
in, 977	controlling file access, 67	cmuwmtopbm, 71
searching strings for sets,	diagnostics, 68	co, 71-75
1035-1039	environment, 68	diagnostics, 75
translating/deleting,	file modes, 67	environment, 75
536-539	options, 65-66	file modes, 75
chat, 727-730, 1269-1273	setuid privileges, 67-68	keyword substitution, 74-75
abort strings, 1270-1271	specifying files, 66-67	limitations, 75
Boolean options, 729	temporary files, 67	options, 72-74
daemons, 727	cidentd, 69-70	col, 76
escape menu, 728	cksum, 70	colcrt, 77
escape sequences,	clear, 70-71	color, bitmap application, 56
1271-1272	clear-saved-lines( ) action	colrm, 77-78
options, 1269-1270	(xterm), 715	column, 78
readdressing, 729	clearerr function, 919-920	columns
report strings, 1271	clearing terminal screen,	formatting lists into, 78
runtime options, 728-729	70-71	removing from files, 77-78
script, 1270	clientlib, 904-905	comm, 78-79
startup file, 729	clients	options, 79
termination codes, 1272	listing running applications,	command (shell command),
time-out value, 1271	669-670	36
username field, 727	Remote Start, see rstart	command-line options,
X11 interface, 730	X, killing, 666-667	parsing, 937-940
chattr, 59-60	clipboards, X client, 595-597	command_oriented_history
chdir, 747-748	buttons, 596	variable (bash), 17
checkout (cvs command),	sending/retrieving contents,	commands
96-97	596-597	bitmap application
checksums, computing on		drawing, 51-53
files, 501		Edit menu, 53-54

File menu, 53

		■ commands
	1440

building/executing from	newsgroup selection,	compressed files
standard input, 586-587	519-520	comparing, 731-732
cu, 88-89	spool directory selection,	compressing/expanding,
cvs, 91-104	520	248-252
editres, 121-122	thread listing, 522	executable files, 252-253
execution, bash, 25	top, 534-535	searching for regular
exit status, 26	xauth, 588, 591	expressions, 733
ftp, 148-152	zmore, 733-734	viewing text, 733-734
gpic, 212-213	comment-begin variable	comsat, 1274-1275
history lists, displaying, 39	(readline), 28	concatenating
info, 269-270	comments	files, 58-59
ispell, 274-275	bash, 14	compressed, 251
locating source/binary and	sed, 477	portable anymaps, 383
manuals files, 575-576	commit (cvs command),	strings, 1028-1029
lpc, 1317-1318	96-98	Concurrent Versions System,
lynx, 308-309	comparing	see cvs
more, 328	files, 78-79	conditional expressions,
nslookup, 1351-1353	compressed, 731-732	evaluating, 43
options, parsing, 207-208	strings, 1029-1030	configurable finger daemon,
RCS, 447-449	ignoring case, 1028	1106-1109
readline library, 29-32	using current locale, 1030	configuration file,
redirection, 21-23	compilers	1109-1115
duplicating file descriptors,	g++, 155-160, 174-201	display files section,
23	bugs, 160	1109-1110
here-documents, 22-23	copying, 160, 201	finger display configure
input, 22	filename suffixes, 174-175	section, 1110-1111
opening file descriptors, 23	files, 159-160, 200	finger fake users files
operators, 21	options, 155-159,	section, 1114
output, 22	175-178	finger programs files
standard error output, 22	pragmas, 159, 200	section, 1114
standard output, 22	gcc, 174-201	finger strings configure
remote execution, 569-571	assembling output, 8-9	section, 1113
sed, 478-479	bugs, 201	forwarded host section,
grouping, 478	copying, 201	1112
syntax, 476	filename suffixes, 174-175	internal config configure
shell (built-in), 35-45	files, 200	section, 1111-1112
enabling/disabling, 37	options, 175-178	internal strings configure
help information, 38	pragmas, 200	section, 1113
telnet, 508-512	rpcgen, 464-466	rejected host section, 1112
tftp, 514	compiling, make utility	services header configure
timedc, 1409	(recompiling programs),	section, 1114
tin	310-312	services positions configure
article viewer, 522-524	completion-query-items	section, 1114-1115
editing, 519	variable (readline), 28	signal strings configure
global options menu, 524-	compound commands (bash),	section, 1113-1114
525	13	system list sites configure
group index, 521-522		section, 1112
		trusted host section, 1112

		converting ■
				1441
error messages, 1108	display attributes,	report strings, 1271
features, 1107-1108	1070-1071	termination codes, 1272
SYSLOG messages, 1108	ESC sequences, 1068-1069,	time-out value, 1271
configuration information,	1073-1074	convert-meta variable
getting at runtime,	mode switches, 1071	(readline), 28
1043-1045	mouse tracking, 1072-1073	converting
configuring	private CSI sequences, 1072	Abekas YUV bytes to
network interfaces,	Set/Reset Mode sequences,	portable pixmaps, 731
1304-1305	1071	Andrew Toolkit raster
rstartd, 469	status report commands,	objects to portable
keywords, 470	1071	bitmaps, 10
serial ports, 1394-1395	console_ioctls, 1074-1080	ANSI C to Kernighan &
SF86_SVGA servers,	consoles	Ritchie C, 4
627-628	control-character handling,	ASCII graphics to portable
SF86_VGA16 servers, 631	1073	graymap, 10
system logging file,	properties, 1067	Atari files
1402-1403	sequences, 1067-1074	compressed Spectrum files
tinrc, 525-526	character sets, 1072	to portable pixmaps, 494
XF86_Accel servers,	control characters, 1068	Degas PI1 files to portable
615-616	CSI, 1069-1070, 1074	pixmaps, 378
XF86_Mono servers, 624	display attributes,	Degas PI3 files to portable
XFree86, 636	1070-1071	bitmaps, 379
xfs, 642	ESC, 1068-1069,	uncompressed Spectrum
xinetd, 656-660	1073-1074	files to portable pixmaps,
confstr( ) function, 906-907	mode switches, 1071	495-496
connect, 752-753	mouse tracking,	AutoCAD slide files to
connections	1072-1073	portable pixmaps, 490-491
dialup IP, handler,	private CSI, 1072	Bennet Yee face files to
1285-1288	Set/Reset Mode, 1071	portable bitmaps, 726
displaying active, 1339-1342	status report commands,	Biorad confocal files to
routing information, 1341	1071	portable graymaps, 48-49
socket information,	starting processes on, 1066	bitmap files, 49
1340-1341	switching, 1067	CMU to portable, 71
displaying active routing	virtual, 1066	to portable pixmaps, 57
information, 1341	memory, 1101-1102	characters
full-duplex, shutting down,	continue (shell command), 36	to ASCII, 1055
855	control messages, 1310	wide to multibyte,
socket	control operators (bash), 12	1061-1062
accepting, 740-741	control statements, awk, 167	dates/times, 79
initiating, 752-753	control.ctl, 1115-1116	to ASCII, 984-986
listening for, 792-793	controlling terminal, getting	to Discordian format,
console, 1066-1067	name, 909	1210-1211
console_codes, 1067-1074	convdate, 79	documents, troff to LaTeX,
character sets, 1072	conversational exchanges,	1252-1253
control characters, 1068	1269-1273	doodle brush files to
CSI sequences, 1069-1070,	abort strings, 1270-1271	portable bitmaps, 57
1074	chat script, 1270	FITS files to portable
	escape sequences,	anymaps, 142-143
	1271-1272

		■ converting
	1442

fonts	portable anymaps	to X10 bitmaps, 366
Bitmap Distribution	to DDIF format, 396	to X11 bitmaps, 367
Format to Portable	to FITS format, 396-397	to Zinc bitmaps, 367-368
Compiled Format, 47	to PostScript, 397	portable graymaps
packed format to portable	to SGI image file,	to Lisp machine format,
bitmaps, 381	398-399	376-377
GEM IMG files to portable	to Solitaire format, 399	to portable bitmaps, 377
bitmaps, 201	to Sun raster files, 398	to portable pixmaps, 378
GIF files to portable	to TIFF files, 399-400	to Usenix FaceSaver
anymaps, 208-209	into X11 window dumps,	format, 376
Gould scanner files to	400	portable pixmaps
portable pixmaps, 211	portable bitmaps	to Abekas YUV files, 428
groff output to TeX dvi	to Andrew Toolkit raster	to Atari Degas PI1 files,
format, 227-228	objects, 358	422
Group 3 fax files to portable	to ASCII graphics, 357	to AutoCAD, 414-416
bitmaps, 160-161	to Atari Degas PI3 files,	to BMP files, 416
HIPS files to portable	364	to DEC sixel format,
graymaps, 256	to Bennet Yee “face” files,	425-426
HP PaintJet files to portable	367	to GIF files, 416-417
pixmaps, 381	to BitGraph graphics, 358	to HP PaintJet files, 423
ILBM files to portable	to CMU window manager	to HP PaintJet XL PCL
pixmaps, 263-264	bitmaps, 358-359	files, 424
image file to portable	to compressed GraphOn	to ILBM files, 418-419
anymap, 4	graphics, 360-361	to Macintosh PICT files,
Img-whatnot files to	to DEC LN03+ Sixel	422-423
portable pixmaps, 267	output, 362	to Mitsubishi S340-10
letters	to encapsulated PostScript-	files, 420-421
to lowercase, 1055-1056	style bitmaps, 359	to MotifUIL icon files,
to uppercase, 1055-1056	to Epson printer graphics,	427
Lisp machine bitmap files to	359	to NCSA ICR format,
portable graymaps, 292	to GEM IMG files, 360	417-418
Macintosh PICT files to	to Gemini 10x graphics,	to PCX files, 421
portable pixmaps, 379-380	356	to portable graymaps,
MacPaint files to portable	to Group 3 fax files, 360	421-422
bitmaps, 309-310	to HP LaserJet format,	to red/blue 3D glasses,
MGR bitmaps to portable	361-362	400-401
bitmaps, 322-323	to MacPaint files, 363	to three portable graymaps,
multibyte characters to wide	to MGR bitmap, 363	425
characters, 978	to packed format fonts,	to three raw YUV files,
multibyte strings to wide	364-365	428-429
character, 977-978	to portable graymaps, 364	to TrueVision Targa files,
object code into NLM	to PostScript, 362	426
outfiles, 338-339	to Printronix printer	to X11 pixmaps, 427-428
PCX files to portable	graphics, 366	to X11 puzzle files,
pixmaps, 368-369	to Sun icons, 361	424-425
Photo-CD files to portable	to UNIX plot files,	PostScript files to portable
pixmaps, 260-261	365-366	anymaps, 434-435

		cvs ■
				1443
PostScript image data to	X11 or X10 bitmaps to	create_module, 800-802
portable graymap,	portable, 592	crond, 1275
433-434	X11 pixmaps to portable,	crontab, 84-85
QRT ray tracer output to	677	crypt function, 908-909
portable pixmaps, 436-437	X11/X10 window dump	csplit, 85-86
raw grayscale bytes to	files to portable anymaps,	ctags, 87-88, 135-137
portable graymaps, 439	722	bugs, 88
raw RGB bytes to portable	Xconfig file format to	copying, 136-137
pixmaps, 439-440	XF86Config, 454	files, 87
ray tracer output to portable	XIM files to portable	options, 87, 136
pixmaps, 333	pixmaps, 654	ctermid( ) function, 909
SGI image files to portable	XV thumbnail pictures to	ctime, 909-910, 984-986
anymaps, 483-484	portable pixmaps, 720	ctlinnd, 1276-1279
Solitaire files to portable	YUV files to portable	bugs, 1279
anymaps, 488-489	pixmaps, 730-731	commands, 1276-1278
spaces to tabs, 559	convolution kernels, generat-	Ctrl+Alt+Del combination,
SPOT satellite images to	ing, 372-373	setting function, 1279
portable graymaps, 495	cookies, generating, 317	ctrl_alt_del, 1425
strings	copying	ctrlaltdel, 1279
ASCII to double,	ar utility, 7	cu, 88-90
1039-1040	as, 9	bugs, 90
to long integers, 1041	byte strings, 900	commands, 88-89
to unsigned long integers,	files, 80-81	options, 89-90
1041-1042	converting while, 108-109	cuserid( ) function, 934-935
wide character to	install, 272-273	bugs, 935
multibyte character,	MS-DOS to/from UNIX,	errors, 934
1061	317-318	files, 935
Sun icons to portable	UNIX-to-UNIX,	cut, 90-91
bitmaps, 262	563-565	cut buffers, copying selections
Sun raster files to portable	MS-DOS files to UNIX,	into, 598-599
anymaps, 438	329	cvs, 91-106, 1116-1120
tabs to spaces, 137	number signs, 907	commands, 91-104
TIFF files to portable	strings, 1030-1031	add, 96
anymaps, 515-516	stpcpy( ) function,	admin, 96
times	1027-1028	checkout, 96-97
initializing information,	copysign( ) function, 907	commit, 96-98
1058-1060	cos( ) function, 907	diff, 98
to ASCII, 984-986	cosh( ) function, 908	export, 98
to tm structure, 1036-	cosines, 907	history, 99
1037	cp, 80-81	import, 100
TrueVision Targa files to	cpp, 81-84	log, 100
portable pixmaps, 515	copying, 84	rdiff, 101
Usenet batch files to INN	options, 82-84	release, 101
format, 1281-1282	CPU, listing most intensive	remove, 101-102
Usenix FaceSaver files to	processes, 533-535	rtag, 102
portable graymaps, 147	cr (ftp command), 148	status, 102
	creat, 815-816	tag, 102-103
		update, 103-104

		■ cvs
	1444

	environment variables,	cvtbatch, 1281-1282			databases
	105-106	Cyclades drivers, tuning,			bibliographic, 219
	CVS_IGNORE_REMOTE	1282-1284			fields, 219
	_ROOT, 105	cytune, 1282-1284			inverted indexes, 209-210
	CVS_RSH, 106		bugs, 1283		searching, 210, 292-293
	CVS_SERVER, 106		options, 1283		filename, updating, 561-562
	CVSEDITOR, 105	D			files, searching for patterns,
	CVSREAD, 105				295
	CVSROOT, 105				news overview
		daemons
	CVSWRAPPERS, 106				expiring entries,
	RCSBIN, 105		buffer-dirty-flush, 744-745		1293-1294
	files, 104-105, 1117-1119		configurable finger daemon,		format, 1168-1169
	options, 92-104	1106-1109			updating, 1353-1354
	checkout command, 97		configuration file,		ps, updating, 436
	commit command, 97	1109-1115			rebuilding for mail aliases
	history command, 99		error messages, 1108		file, 336
	import command, 100		features, 1107-1108		RGB colorname,
	rdiff command, 101		SYSLOG messages, 1108		uncompiling, 488
	sending problem reports,		cron, 1275		terminal capability,
	1279-1281		InterNetNews, 1309-1312		1188-1197
	filling out reports,		control messages, 1310		boolean capabilities, 1189
	1280-1281		controling, 1276-1279		numeric capabilities,
	startup file, 93		kernel log, 1315-1317		1189-1190
	support files, 1116-1120		line printer spooler,		string capabilities,
	CVS_IGNORE_REMOTE	1318-1320			1190-1197
	_ROOT environment		network routing, 1380-1382		Usenet, recovering, 1342-
	variable, 105		NFS mount, 1332-1333		1344
	CVS_RSH environment		NFS service, 1347		date, 106-108
	variable, 106		powerd, 1359-1360		arguments, 106-107
	CVS_SERVER environment		pppd, 1360-1369		files, 108
	variable, 106		time server, 1407-1408		options, 108
	cvsbug, 1279-1281		UUCP file transfer,		dates/times
	EMACS interface, 1281	1415-1417			converting, 79
	environment, 1280	DARPA			to ASCII, 909-911,
	files, 1281		FTP server, 1301-1304		984-986
	filling out reports,		requests supported,		to Discordian format,
	1280-1281	1302-1303			1210-1211
	options, 1280		port numbers, converting		strings to numbers,
	CVSEDITOR environment		PRC program numbers to,		989-990
	variable, 105	1358-1359			formatting, strftime( )
	CVSREAD environment		Telnet server, 1406-1407		function, 1032-1034
	variable, 105		TFTP server, 1407		returning current, 928-929
	CVSROOT environment	data buffers, flushing from			setting, 107-108
	variable, 105		files to disk, 756-757		showing, 106-107
	CVSWRAPPERS environment	data cache, flushing contents,			dd, 108-109
	variable, 106	746-747			ddate, 1210-1211
		data segments, changing, 746			DDcheck routine, 965

		directory trees ■
				1445
DDend routine, 965	SCSI tape, drivers,	/etc, 1236
DDstart routine, 965	1096-1100	/etc/skel, 1236
debug (ftp command), 149	setup, 849	/etc/X11, 1236
debugfs, 1284-1285	swapping	files (searching for), 137-142
commands, 1284-1285	enabling/disabling, 1401	getting current, 931
options, 1284	starting/stopping, 866-867	getting entries, 759
declare (shell command), 36	terminal (list of), 1197	filesystem-independent
del_timer, 1424	DEVINFO, 1120-1121	format, 931-932
delete_module, 800-802	df, 112-113	hierarchies, creating, 323
delete (ftp command), 148	dialup IP connection handler,	/home, 1236
deleting	1285-1288	/lib, 1236
binary tree items, 1056	dialin mode, 1286-1287	listing contents, 303-304
directories, 829-830	dialout mode, 1287-1288	/mnt, 1236
MS-DOS directory trees,	dictionaries, compressing/	MS-DOS
319	uncompressing, 496	changing, 316-317
MS-DOS files, 318-319	diff (cvs command), 98	displaying, 319
depmod, 109-112	difftime, 911, 984-986	opening, opendir, 989
configuration, 110-111	dig, 113-117	printing pathnames, 40
files, 111	bugs, 117	/proc, 1236
strategy, 111	environment, 117	promoting, 39-40
descriptor tables, size	files, 117	RCS, creating, 447-449
(getting), 760-761	options, 114-115	reading
descriptors, testing, 958-959	dip, 1285-1288	entries, 823
/dev directory, 1236	command mode, 1285-1286	readdir( ) function,
devices	dialin mode, 1286-1287	1002-1003
bad blocks (searching for),	dialout mode, 1287-1288	removing, 462
1264	files, 1288	root, changing, 750-751,
controlling, 774-788	dir, 303-304	1273
ioctl calls (list of),	bugs, 304	/sbin, 1237
775-786	ftp command, 149	scanning for matching
creating, 815-816,	options, 303-304	entries, 1012-1013
1321-1324	directories	stream, resetting, 1011
describing all, 1120-1121	/, 1236	/tmp, 1237
disk, ram, 1094-1095	adding to stack, 40	trees, walking through, 930
DOS (table of), 1152-1158	alphabetizing entries,	/usr, 1237
Ethernet, boot-time	1012-1013	/usr/X11R6, 1237
parameters, 1223	/bin, 1236	/usr/X11R6/bin, 1237
floppy disk, 1080-1083	/boot, 1236	/usr/X11R6/lib, 1237
configuration, 1080-1082	changing, 35-36, 747-748	/usr/X11R6/lib/X11, 1237
hard disk, 1083	closing, 905-906	/usrX11R6/include/X11,
line printer (ioctl( ) calls),	creating, 323	1237
1090-1091	mkdir, 794-795	directory stream, current
lp, parameters (setting),	mknod, 795-796	location (returning), 1048
1413-1414	deleting, 829-830	directory trees
opening, 815-816	/dev, 1236	MS-DOS, deleting, 319
PLIP, tuning parameters,	displaying list of, 36	shadow directories
1357	/dos, 1236	(creating), 294

		■ dirs (shell command)
	1446

	dirs (shell command), 36	dollar signs ($)	dup2, 753-754
	disconnect (ftp command),	bash special parameters, 15	duplicate executables, finding,
	149	expansion, 19	61
	Discordian dates (converting	ftp command, 148	duplicating strings, 1031
	to), 1210-1211	domain names	E
	disks	current host, 119
	adding MS-DOS filesystems	displaying, 259-260
			e-mail
	to, 321-322	getting/setting, 760
	devices, ram, 1094-1095	querying servers, 117-119		notification, 48
	displaying usage/limits, 437	sending query packets to		sending, 1387-1390
	floppy	servers, 113-117		aliases, 1390
	formatting, 1295-1296	servers, resolver routines,	e2fsck, 1289-1291
	marking bad blocks, 316	1008-1011		bugs, 1291
	setting parameters, 1391	domain servers, looking up		exit code, 1290
	MS-DOS, mounting,	hostnames with, 257-258		options, 1290
	326-327	domainname, 119	echo (shell command), 36-37
	quotas, manipulating,	domains, nameserver,	ECHO_REQUEST packets,
	821-822	1334-1338		sending, 1358
	SCSI, drivers, 1095-1096	querying, 1350-1353	ecvt( ) function, 913-914
	summarizing free space,	doodle brush files, converting	Edit menu commands, bitmap
	112-113	to portable bitmaps, 57		application, 53-54
	summarizing usage, 120-121	DOS devices, table of,	editing bitmaps, 49-51
	Xdf, 332	1152-1158	editing-mode variable
	display argument command	/dos directory, 1236		(readline), 28
	(telnet), 508	drand48( ) functions, 912	editors
	DISTRIBUTION environ-	drawing bitmaps (commands),		emacs, 130-133
	ment variable, 529	51-53		bugs, 133
	div( ) function, 911	drem( ) function, 913		distributing, 133
	dividing integers, 911	drivers		files, 132-133
	floating-point remainders,	busmouse, boot-time		manuals, 132
	913, 923	parameters, 1224		mouse button bindings,
	returning quotient and	Cyclades, tuning,	132
	remainder, 961	1282-1284		options, 130
	dmesg, 1288-1289	floppy disk, boot-time		X Window System,
	dn_comp, 1008-1011	parameters, 1223-1224	131-132
	dn_expand, 1008-1011	SCSI disks, 1095-1096		stream-oriented, see sed
	dnsdomainname, 259-260	SCSI tape devices,	editres, 121-126
	dnsquery, 117-119	1096-1100		beginning sessions, 121
	bugs, 119	ioctl( ) calls, 1097-1100		blocking requests, 124
	diagnostics, 118	sound, boot-time param-		commands, 121-122
	files, 118	eters, 1224		environment, 126
	options, 117-118	dsplit, 119-120		files, 126
	documents	du, 120-121		options, 121
	converting, troff to LaTeX,	dumpe2fs, 1289		resource box, 123-124
	1252-1253	dumping files, 345-346		resources, 124-125
	formatting, gtroff, 237-248	dup, 753-754		widgets, 125-126
				window, 121

		environment variables ■
				1447
edquota, 1291-1292	endmntent( ) function,	imake, 267
egrep, 224-226	935-936	info, 270
bugs, 226	endnetent subroutine,	ld, 291
diagnostics, 226	936-937	lkbib, 293
options, 224-225	endprotoent( ) function,	locate, 295
regular expressions, 225-226	941-942	lpq, 299
$else parser directive	endpwent( ) function, 943	lpr, 300
(readline), 29	endservent( ) function, 946	lprm, 302
elvis, 126-128	endusershell( ) function,	more, 328
bugs, 128	946-947	nslookup, 1353
environment, 127-128	endutent( ) function, 947	rcs, 443
files, 127	ENV variable (bash), 16	rcsclean, 444
options, 127	environ, 1121	rcsdiff, 445
ref interaction, 455	environ command (telnet),	rcsmerge, 450
tag files, 135-137	511	ref, 455
elvprsv, 128-129	environment variables	rlog, 459
elvrec, 129-130	adding/changing, 996-997,	rlogin, 461
emacs, 130-133	1017	script, 475
bugs, 133	bash, 25-26	startx, 497
distributing, 133	ci, 68	tcal, 506
files, 132-133	co, 75	telnet, 512
function key/mouse support,	cvs, 105-106	tin, 528-530
134-135	CVS_IGNORE	ADD_ADDRESS, 529
manuals, 132	_REMOTE_ROOT,	AUTOSUBSCRIBE, 529
mouse button bindings, 132	105	AUTOUNSUBSCRIBE,
options, 130	CVS_RSH, 106	530
tag files, 135-137	CVS_SERVER, 106	BUG_ADDRESS, 529
using emacstool with, 135	CVSEDITOR, 105	DISTRIBUTION, 529
X Window System, 131-132	CVSREAD, 105	MAILER, 529
EMACS user interface,	CVSROOT, 105	NNTPSERVER, 529
cvsbug, 1281	CVSWRAPPERS, 106	ORGANIZATION, 529
emacstool, 134-135	RCSBIN, 105	REPLYTO, 529
bugs, 135	cvsbug, 1280	TI_ACTIVEFILE, 529
environment variables, 135	dig, 117	TI_NOVROOTDIR, 529
files, 135	editres, 126	TIN_HOMEDIR, 528
options, 134	elvis, 127-128	TIN_INDEXDIR, 529
using with emacs, 135	emacstool, 135	TIN_LIBDIR, 529
enable (shell command), 37	fsinfo, 145	TIN_SPOOLDIR, 529
encoded files, uuencode	fslsfonts, 146	TINRC, 528
format, 1200	fstobdf, 146	VISUAL, 529
encryption	ftp, 154	tset, 541
crypt function, 908-909	gawk, 172	twm, 557
memory areas, 980-981	getopt( ) function, 939	TZ, 987
endgrent( ) function, 932-933	getting, 932	ul, 559
$endif parser directive	groff, 229	xauth, 589, 592
(readline), 29	gtroff, 248	xclipboard, 597
	gzip, 251	xclock, 595
		xcmsdb, 593

		■ environment variables
	1448

xconsole, 598	fsync, 759	setpriority, 766-767
xdm, 608	getdents, 759	setrlimit, 768
XFree86, 637	getdomainname, 760	setsockopt, 771
xhost, 644	getgroups, 762	settimeofday, 773
xinit, 666	gethostname, 763	symbolic error names,
xlogo, 668	getitimer, 764	916-917
xlsatoms, 669	getpeername, 765	unmount, 803
xlsclients, 669	getpriority, 766-767	escape character, bash, 14
xlsfonts, 671	getrlimit, 768	etags, 135-137
xmodmap, 675	getsid, 768	copying, 136-137
xprop, 680	getsockname, 769	options, 136
xrdb, 684	getsockopt, 771	/etc directory, 1236
xrefresh, 685	gettimeofday, 773	/etc/modules file, 1152
xstdcmap, 700	idle, 774	/etc/skel directory, 1236
xterm, 717	ioctl, 774	/etc/X11 directory, 1236
xwd, 722	iopl, 789	Ethernet devices, boot-time
xwininfo, 724	kill, 790	parameters, 1223
xwud, 726	killpg, 791	Euclidean distance (finding),
eqn, see geqn	link, 791-792	953
equation formatting, 202-206	listen, 792	EUID variable (bash), 15
erand48( ) functions, 912	llseek, 793	eval (shell command), 37
erf( ) function, 914	lseek, 794	event timers, managing, 1424
erfc( ) function, 914	mkdir, 795	ex, see elvis
errno, 916-917	mknod, 796	exclamation points (!)
error functions, 914	mlockall, 798	bash special parameters, 15
errors	mmap, 799	ftp command, 148
access, 741	modify_ldt, 800	exec (shell command), 37
adjtimex, 743	mount, 803	execl function, 914-916
bdflush, 745	mprotect, 804	execle function, 914-916
bind, 745-746	mremap, 806	execlp function, 914-916
cacheflush, 747	msgctl, 807	exect function, 914-916
chdir/fchdir, 747-748	msgget, 808	executable files, compressing/
chmod, 749	msgop, 810	expanding, 252-253
chown, 749-750	munlock, 812	executables, duplicate
chroot, 750-751	munmap, 799	(finding), 61
clone, 751	mysnc, 811	executing programs, 754-755
close, 752	nanosleep, 813	pausing, 813-814
codes, describing (returning	nice, 814	suspending, 1061
strings), 1032	open, 816	execv function, 914-916
creat, 816	pause, 817	execve, 754-755
dup/dup2, 753	personality, 818	execvp function, 914-916
execve, 754	return value, 797	exit, 739-740, 917
fchmod, 749	returning number, 916-917	shell command, 37
fchown, 749-750	setdomainname, 760	xauth, 591
fcntl, 756	setgroups, 762	exit status (commands), 26
fdatasync, 757	sethostname, 763	exp( ) function, 918
fork/vfork, 758	setitimer, 764

expand, 137 expand-tilde variable

(readline), 28

expanding files, see compressing/expanding files

expansion, 18-21 arithmetic, 20 brace, 19

command substitution, 20 history, 33-34

event designators, 33 modifiers, 34

word designators, 33 parameter, 19-20 pathname, 21

process substitution, 20 quote removal, 21 tilde, 19

word splitting, 21 expire, 1292-1293 expire.ctl, 1121-1123 expireover, 1293-1294 expm1( ) function, 918 exponents, 918

export

cvs command, 98 shell command, 37 exported kernel symbols, displaying, 284-285

exports, 1123-1125 files, 1124 options, 1123 user ID mapping,

1123-1124 expressions

conditional, evaluating, 43 find, 138

gawk, 166 gpic, 213-214 grep, 225-226

label, grefer, 223-224 numeric, gtroff, 239 regular, sed, 476-477

ext filesystem, 1125 ext2 filesystem, 1125

extracting from archives, 5-7

F

fabs( ) function, 919 face files, converting to

portable bitmaps, 726 fastrm, 1294-1295

fc (shell command), 37-38 FCEDIT variable (bash), 17 fchdir, 747-748

fchmod, 748-749 fchown, 749-750 fclose function, 919 fcntl, 755-756

fcvt( ) function, 913-914 fd, 1080-1083

configuration, 1080-1082 ioctl( ) calls supported, 1082

FD_CLR macro, 836 FD_ISSET macro, 836 FD_SET macro, 836 FD_ZERO macro, 836 fdatasync, 756-757 fdformat, 1295-1296 fdisk, 1296-1297

fdopen function, 924-925 feof function, 919-920 ferror function, 919-920 fflush function, 920-921 ffs( ) function, 921

fg (shell command), 38 fgetc( ) function, 945

fgetgrent( ) function, 921-922 fgetpos function, 927-928 fgetpwent( ) function,

922-923

fgets( ) function, 945 fgrep, 224-226

bugs, 226 diagnostics, 226 options, 224-225

regular expressions, 225-226 fields, awk, 163

FIFOs (named pipes), 1403 creating, 323-325, 982-983 system logging, 1403

FIGNORE variable (bash), 17

files ■	1449

file descriptors duplicating, 23 manipulating sets, 836 opening, 23

reading from, 822 writing to, 889-890

File menu commands, bitmap application, 53

file table

adding entries, 1428-1429 description, 1425-1426 initializing, 1427

moving files to end, 1431 removing files, 1431-1432 structure, 1426

table entries, 1426 unreferenced entries,

fetching, 1428 file-creation mask, setting, 45 file_table, 1425-1426

table entries, 1426 table structure, 1426

file_table_init, 1427 filechan, 1297-1298 filename databases, updating,

561-562 filenames

matching, 924 temporary, creating,

983-984

fileno function, 919-920 files

aborting transfer, 152 access permissions,

changing, 61-62 agetty, 1261 Atari

compressed Spectrum, converting to portable pixmaps, 494

Degas PI1, converting to portable pixmaps, 378 Degas PI3, converting to portable bitmaps, 379 uncompressed Spectrum, converting to portable pixmaps, 495-496

		■ files
	1450

attributes, 59	cvs, 104-105, 1117-1119	HIPS, converting to
changing (second extended	startup, 93	portable graymaps, 256
file system), 59-60	cvsbug, 1281	HP PaintJet, converting to
authority (X), xauth file	database, searching for	portable pixmaps, 381
utility, 587-592	patterns, 295	httpd, 261
AutoCAD slide, converting	date, 108	identifying processes, 154-
to portable pixmaps,	descriptors	155
490-491	closing, 752	identifying RCS keyword
bash, 46	duplicating, 753-754	strings in, 262-263
binary	manipulating, 755-756	ifconfig, 1305
encoding/decoding,	domainname, 119	ILBM, converting to
565-566	doodle brush, converting to	portable pixmaps, 263-264
locating for commands,	portable bitmaps, 57	image, converting to
575-576	dumping, 345-346	portable anymap, 4
Biorad confocal, converting	/etc/modules, 1152	imake, 266
to portable graymaps,	executing, 914-916	Img-whatnot, converting to
48-49	exports, 1124	portable pixmaps, 267
bitmap, converting, 49	face, converting to portable	joining fields, 282-283
to portable pixmaps, 57	bitmaps, 726	linking, 293-294, 791-792
block special, creating, 325	filesystem description,	Lisp machine bitmap,
character special, creating,	accessing, 935-936	converting to portable
325	filters, hexdump, 254-256	graymaps, 292
comparing, 78-79	FITS, converting to portable	listing attributes, 304-305
compressed	anymaps, 142-143	location, changing, 828-829
comparing, 731-732	font, 1128	lock, creating for shell
searching for regular	adding font-metric	scripts, 487
expressions, 733	information, 2	login, 297
viewing text, 733-734	creating, 3	login record, 1198-1200
compressing/expanding,	groff (creating for), 513	Macintosh PICT, convert-
248-252	formats, converting Xconfig	ing to portable pixmaps,
concatenation, 251	to XF86Config, 454	379-380
executable files, 252-253	free, 144	MacPaint, converting to
computing checksums, 501	gcc/g++, 159-160, 200	portable bitmaps, 309-310
concatenating, 58-59	GEM IMG, converting to	MAKEDEV, 1321
configuration values, getting,	portable bitmaps, 201	makefiles, creating
925-926	GIF, converting to portable	dependencies in, 312-314
copying, 80-81	anymaps, 208-209	man, 1248
between machines,	Gould scanner, converting	manual page, locating for
440-441	to portable pixmaps, 211	commands, 575-576
converting while, 108-109	group, getting entries,	mapping/unmapping,
install, 272-273	921-922, 932-934	799-800
counting bytes/words/lines,	group ownership, changing,	merging
70, 574	61	lines, 347
creating, 815-816	gtroff, 248	three-way, 320
masks, 880	gzip, forcing .gz extension,	mesg, 321
cuserid( ) function, 935	732-733	modprobe, 111
cutting sections from, 90-91		mount, 1332

		files ■
				1451
MS-DOS	password, editing,	organization (diagram),
changing attribute flags,	1418-1419	1182
315-316	PCX, converting to portable	printing log messages,
copying to/from UNIX,	pixmaps, 368-369	458-460
317-318, 329	permissions	retrieving revisions, 71-75
deleting, 318-319	changing, 748-749	specifying, 66-67
displaying contents,	checking, 741-742	storing revisions, 64-69
333-334	setting modes, 272-273	temporary files, 67
manipulating (mtools),	Photo-CD, converting to	recovering after crashes,
330-333	portable pixmaps, 260-261	129-130
moving, 327	portable anymap	refs, generating, 87-88
renaming, 329-330	format, 1173	remote distribution,
mtools, testing, 330	reading, 971	451-454
named, 1337	writing, 971-972	removing, 461-462
names	portable bitmap	columns, 77-78
changing, 828-829	format, 1170-1171	sets of, 1294-1295
displaying from Usenet	reading, 968	renaming, 334-335
history file, 226-227	writing, 968-969	resolver configuration,
naming conventions, 153	portable graymap	1183-1184
.netrc, 153-154	format, 1171-1172	reversing lines, 457
NLM outfiles, converting	reading, 970	searching for (in directories),
object code into, 338-339	writing, 970	137-142
nontext, printing strings	portable pixmap	SF86Config, generating,
from, 498	format, 1173-1174	633
numbering lines, 337-338	reading, 974	SGI image, converting to
object	writing, 974	portable anymaps,
copying/translating,	PostScript, converting to	483-484
341-342	portable anymaps, 434-	shar, unpacking, 560-561
discarding symbols from,	435	shrinking, 488
499	preserving after crashes,	Solitaire, converting to
displaying information	128-129	portable anymaps,
from, 342-343	printer/plotter accounting,	488-489
listing section and total	reading, 1354-1355	sorted, removing duplicate
sizes, 489-490	printing, in reverse, 503-504	lines, 560
listing symbols from,	protocol definition, 1180-	source, locating for
339-340	1181	commands, 575-576
offsets, repositioning,	RCS	spell-checking utilities, 281
793-794	changing attributes,	splitting, 85-86, 119-120,
opening, 815-816	441-443	494-495
advisory locks (applying/	cleaning, 443-445	status, getting, 863-864
removing), 757	comparing revisions,	string table C source files/
outputting	445-446	headers, 314-315
ends of, 504	controlling access, 67	substituting definitions into,
headers, 253-254	format, 1181-1183	500-501
ownership, changing, 62-63,	freezing configuration,	suffixes, list of, 1249-1252
749-750	446-447	Sun raster, converting to
	modes, 67	portable anymaps, 438

		■ files
	1452

swapping	Files section, 1201	msdos, 1125
enabling/disabling, 1401	Keyboard section, 1202	names, deleting, 882
starting/stopping, 866-867	Monitor sections,	ncpfs, 1126
symbolic links, 867-869	1203-1204	nfs, 1125
synchronizing	Pointer section,	export list, 1123-1125
in-core data, 756-757	1202-1203	proc, 1125
in-core state, 758-759	Screen sections,	quotas
with memory maps, 811	1206-1208	summarizing, 1376
tag	ServerFlags section, 1201	turning on/off,
emacs, 135-137	XIM, converting to portable	1372-1373
vi, 135-137	pixmaps, 654	repairing, 1298-1299
tags, generating, 87-88	YUV, converting to portable	Rock Ridge, 1125
temporary	pixmaps, 730-731	root, mounting, 849
creating, 983, 1053-1054	Z, recompressing to GZ,	scanning, 1371-1372
naming, 1049, 1054	734-735	second extended
text	Zeiss confocal, converting to	checking, 1289-1291
converting for printing,	portable anymaps, 732	creating, 1324-1325
429-430	filesystem checks	lost+found directory, 1327
creating gcal resource files	group identity (setting),	tunable parameters
from, 558	843-844	(adjusting), 1412-1413
sorting, 492-493	user identity (setting), 844	setup, 849
TIFF, converting to portable	filesystem description file,	smb, 1126
anymaps, 515-516	accessing, 935-936	static information,
time zone information,	filesystems, 1125-1126	1126-1127
1197-1198	buffers, flushing, 1401-1402	statistics, getting, 883-884,
timestamps (changing), 536	building, 1325-1326	865-866
transfer parameters, 153	checking, 1298-1300	sysv, 1125
TrueVision Targa, convert-	debugger, 1284-1285	table of, 1427-1428
ing to portable pixmaps,	commands, 1284-1285	type information, getting,
515	options, 1284	871
truncating, 879-880	deleting names from, 1008	umsdos, 1125
UNIX	device entries, maintaining,	vfat, 1125
copying between systems,	1320-1321	xiafs, 1125
563-565	dumping information, 1289	filesystems command,
copying to MS-DOS, 335	ext, 1125	1427-1428
restoring filenames, 324-	ext2, 1125	filters
325	hierarchy, description of,	Laplacian relief, running on
Usenix FaceSaver, convert-	1236-1238	portable pixmaps, 413
ing to portable graymaps,	High Sierra, 1125	more, 327-328
147	hpfs, 1125	commands, 328
user group, 1131	iso9660, 1125	environment, 328
UUCP transfer requests,	MINIX, 1125	options, 327-328
processing, 1415-1417	consistency checker,	nonlinear (pnmnlfilt),
uuencode, format, 1200	1300-1301	390-391
XFree86, 638-639,	creating, 1326-1327	nroff output, 77
1201-1208	mounting/dismounting,	reverse line feeds, 76
Device sections,	802-804, 1328-1332
1204-1206

		fstab ■
				1453
find, 137-142	fmt, 143	input, 1013-1015
actions, 140-142	fnmatch() function, 924	conversions, 1014-1015
expressions, 138	fold, 143-144	flags, 1014
numeric arguments,	font files	line lengths, 143
138-140	adding font-metric	man pages, 1246-1248
operators, 142	information, 2	fonts, 1247
options, 138	creating, 3	macros, 1248
findaffix, 274, 280	font formats	preamble, 1246-1247
bugs, 282	converting	sections, 1247-1248
files, 281	Bitmap Distribution to	output, 992-996,
see also ispell	Portable Compiled, 47	1022-1023
finger daemons, configurable,	packed format to portable	conversion specifiers, 994
1106-1109	bitmaps, 381	examples, 995
configuration file,	PostScript PFB format to	flags, 993-994
1109-1115	ASCII, 369	technical papers
error messages, 1108	groff_font, 1127-1129	groff_me macros,
features, 1107-1108	DESC file, 1127-1128	1225-1227
SYSLOG messages, 1108	font servers (X)	groff_mm macros,
finger information, changing,	displaying information	1227-1234
60	about, 145	groff_ms macros,
finite( ) function, 959	generating BDF fonts,	1234-1236
first in - first out scheduling,	146-147	times, strftime( ) function,
833-834	listing fonts, 145-146	1032-1034
FITS files, converting to	fonts	troff tables, 236-237
portable anymaps, 142-143	files, 1128	fpathconf( ) function,
fitstopnm, 142-143	creating for groff, 513	925-926
floating-point numbers	grops styles, 231-232	fprintf function, 992-996
absolute value, 919	man pages, 1247	fpurge function, 920-921
converting	X	fputc( ) function, 997-999
to fractional/integral	displaying all characters	fputs( ) function, 997-999
components, 927	in, 633-636	fractal forgeries, 404-407
to strings, 913-914,	listing, 670-671	fread function, 926-927
930-931	X font server, 641-643, 689	free, 144
extracting integral and	configuration, 642	free( ) function, 976
fractional values, 984	naming, 643	freopen function, 924-925
multiplying, by integral	fopen function, 924-925	frexp( ) function, 927
powers of 2, 961	errors, 925	fscanf function, 1013-1015
flock, 757	mode argument sequences,	fsck, 1298-1300
floor( ) function, 923	924-925	fsck.minix, 1300-1301
floppy disks	return values, 925	fseek function, 927-928
devices, 1080-1083	fork, 758	fsetpos function, 927-928
configuration, 1080-1082	form (ftp command), 149	fsinfo, 145
drivers, boot-time	formatting	fslsfonts, 145-146
parameters, 1223-1224	dates, strftime( ) function,	fstab, 1126-1127
formatting, 1295-1296	1032-1034	file format/options,
marking bad blocks, 316	documents, gtroff, 237-248	1165-1167
parameters, setting, 1391	equations, 202-206
fmod( ) function, 923	floppy disks, 1295-1296

		■ fstat
	1454

	fstat, 863-864	mls, 150	ftruncate, 879-880
	fstatfs, 865-866	mode, 150	ftw( ) function, 930
	fstobdf, 146-147	modtime, 150	full-duplex connections,
	fstopgm, 147	mput, 150		shutting down, 855
	fsync, 758-759	newer, 150	function bindings, displaying,
	ftell function, 927-928	nlist, 150	35
	ftime function, 928-929	nmap, 150	functions
	ftok function, 929-930	ntrans, 150-151		calling at termination,
	FTP (File Transfer	open, 151	897-898, 988
	Protocol), DARPA server,	prompt, 151		headers, displaying, 455-456
	1301-1304	proxy ftp, 151		library, undocumented,
	ftp, 147-154	put, 151	1060
	aborting transfer, 152	pwd, 151		portable pixmap programs,
	bugs, 154	quit, 151	973-974
	commands, 148-152	quote, 151		color names, 974
	!, 148	recv, 151		memory management, 973
	$, 148	reget, 151		reading files, 974
	?, 152	remotehelp, 151		writing files, 974
	account, 148	remotestatus, 151	fuser, 154-155
	append, 148	rename, 151	fwrite function, 926-927
	ascii, 148	reset, 151	G
	bell, 148	restart, 151
	binary, 148	rmdir, 152
			g++, 155-160, 174-201
	bye, 148	runique, 152
	case, 148	send, 152		bugs, 160
	cd, 148	sendport, 152		copying, 160, 201
	cdup, 148	site, 152		filename suffixes, 174-175
	chmod, 148	size, 152		files, 159-160, 200
	close, 148	status, 152		options, 155-159, 175-178
	cr, 148	struct, 152		assembler, 181
	debug, 149	system, 152		code generation, 198-199
	delete, 148	trace, 152		debugging, 186-187
	dir, 149	type, 152		directory, 182-183
	disconnect, 149	umask, 152		language, 178-180
	form, 149	user, 152		linker, 181-182
	get, 149	verbose, 152		machine-dependent,
	glob, 149	environment variables, 154	191-198
	hash, 149	file naming conventions,		optimization, 188-190
	help, 149	153		preprocessor, 180-181
	idle, 149	file transfer parameters, 153		target, 190-191
	lcd, 149	.netrc file, 153-154		warning, 183-186
	ls, 149	options, 147-148		pragmas, 159, 200
	macdef, 149	tenex, sendport, 152	g3topbm, 160-161
	mdelete, 149	ftpd, 1301-1304	games, 1210
	mdir, 150	bugs, 1303	gawk, 161-173
	mget, 150	FTP requests supported,		actions, 165-166
	mkdir, 150	1302-1303		arithmetic functions,
		options, 1302	168-169

		getrusage ■
				1455
bugs, 172	optimization, 188-190	gethostid, 762-763
reporting, 172-173	preprocessor, 180-181	gethostname, 763
control statements, 167	target, 190-191	getitimer, 763-764
environment variables, 172	warning, 183-186	getlist, 206-207
fields, 163	pragmas, 200	getlogin( ) function, 934-935
functions, 170	gcvt( ) function, 930-931	getmntent( ) function,
GNU extensions, 171	GEM IMG files, converting to	935-936
historical awk features	portable bitmaps, 201	GetModeratorAddress
supported, 172	gemtopbm, 201	routine, 965
I/O statements, 167	GenerateMessageID routine,	getnetbyaddr subroutine,
operators, 166-167	964	936-937
options, 161-162	geqn, 202-206	getnetbyname subroutine,
patterns, 165-166	automatic spacing, 203	936-937
POSIX compatibility, 171	bugs, 206	getnetent subroutine, 936-937
printf statement, 167-168	customization, 204-205	getopt, 207-208
program execution, 162-163	equation components,	getopt( ) function, 937-940
regular expressions, 166	202-203	environment variables, 939
special filenames, 168	files, 206	getopt_long( ) example,
sprintf( ) function, 167-168	fonts, 206	939-940
string constants, 169-170	macros, 206	return value, 939
string functions, 169	new primitives, 203-204	getopt_long( ) function,
time functions, 169	options, 202	938-940
variables, 163-165	get (ftp command), 149	getopt_long_only( ) function,
arrays, 164	get_current_dir_name( )	938
built-in, 163-164	function, 931	getopts (shell command), 38
typing and conversion,	get_empty_filp, 1428	getpagesize, 765
164-165	get_kernel_syms, 800-802	getpass function, 940-941
version information, 172	getc( ) function, 945	getpeername, 765
gcal, 173-174	getchar( ) function, 945	getpgid, 845-846
running one day ahead, 506	GetConfigValue routine, 965	getpgrp, 845-846
resource files, creating from	getcwd( ) function, 931	getpid, 766
text files, 558	getdents, 759	getppid, 766
gcc, 174-201	getdirentries function,	getpriority, 766-767
assembling output, 8-9	931-932	getprotobyname( ) function,
bugs, 201	getdomainname, 760	941-942
copying, 201	getdtablesize, 760-761	getprotobynumber( )
filename suffixes, 174-175	getegid, 761	function, 941-942
files, 200	getenv( ) function, 932	getprotoent( ) function,
options, 175-178	geteuid, 773	941-942
assembler, 181	GetFileConfigValue routine,	getpw( ) function, 942-943
code generation, 198-199	965	getpwent( ) function, 943
debugging, 186-187	GetFQDN routine, 965	getpwnam( ) function, 944
directory, 182-183	getgid, 761	getpwuid( ) function, 944
language, 178-180	getgrent( ) function, 932-933	GetResourceUsage routine,
linker, 181-182	getgrgid( ) function, 933-934	965
machine-dependent,	getgrnam( ) function, 933-934	getrlimit, 767-768
191-198	getgroups, 761-762	getrusage, 767-768

		■ gets( ) function
	1456

gets( ) function, 945	glookbib, 210	grep, 224-226
getservbyname( ) function,	gmtime, 984-986	bugs, 226
946	gmtime( ) function, 909-910	diagnostics, 226
getservbyport( ) function, 946	gnroff, 210-211	options, 224-225
getservent( ) function, 946	GNU linker, 287-291	regular expressions, 225-226
getsid, 768	copying, 291	grodvi, 227-228
getsockname, 769	environment, 291	groff, 228-230
getsockopt, 769-772	options, 288-291	availability, 230
bugs, 772	GNU ar, see ar	bugs, 230
errors, 771	GNU as, see as	creating font files for, 513
options recognized, 770-771	GNU Bourne-again shell, see	environment, 229
SO_BROADCAST, 771	bash	files, 229
SO_DEBUG, 770	Gould scanner files, convert-	guessing options, 230
SO_DONTROUTE, 770	ing to portable pixmaps, 211	interpreting .so requests,
SO_ERROR, 771	gouldtoppm, 211	236
SO_KEEPALIVE, 770	gpic, 211-215	options, 229
SO_LINGER, 770	bugs, 215	output, converting to TeX
SO_RCVBUF, 771	commands, 212-213	dvi format, 227-228
SO_RCVLOWAT, 771	expressions, 213-214	PostScript driver, 230-235
SO_RCVTIMEO, 771	file, 215	preprocessing references,
SO_REUSEADDR, 770	mode, 212	217-224
SO_SNDBUF, 771	options, 211-212	typewriter device driver, 235
SO_SNDLOWAT, 771	versus pic, 212-215	groff_font format, 1127-1129
SO_SNDTIMEO, 771	gprof, 216-217	DESC file, 1127-1128
SO_TYPE, 771	graph profile data, displaying,	groff_me, 1225-1227
return value, 771	216-217	groff_mm, 1227-1234
GetTimeInfo routine, 965	graphics (ASCII), converting	extensions, 1227-1229
gettimeofday, 772-773	to portable graymap, 10	number variables,
getuid, 773	graphs	1233-1234
getusershell( ) function,	system load average, 533	strings, 1233
946-947	topological sorts, 542	variables, 1229-1230
getutent( ) function, 947	grayscale ramps, generating,	groff_ms, 1234-1236
getutid( ) function, 947	374-375	groff_out, 1129-1131
getutline( ) function, 948	greater than signs (>),	grog, 230
getw function, 948	redirection operator, 21	grops, 230-235
getwd( ) function, 931	grefer, 217-224	files, 234
GIF files, converting to	bibliographic databases, 219	font styles, 231-232
portable anymaps, 208-209	bugs, 224	options, 231
giftopnm, 208-209	citations, 219-220	X commands, 232-233
giles, gpic, 215	commands, 220-222	grotty, 235-236
gindxbib, 209-210	files, 224	group, 1131
glob (ftp command), 149	label expressions, 223-224	Group 3 fax files, converting
glob( ) function, 949-950	macro interface, 224	to portable bitmaps,
glob_dot_filenames variable	options, 218-219	160-161
(bash), 17		group access lists
globfree( ) function, 949-950		getting/setting, 761-762
		initializing, 955

group file entries, getting, 921-922, 932-934

group identity, setting, 845 group IDs

getting/setting, 761, 845-846

real and effective, setting, 846-847

group ownership (files), changing, 61

groups

adding to system, 1258-1259

logging into, 336-337 process, sending signals to,

960

grow_files, 1428-1429 grttoppm, 436-437 gsoelim, 236

gtbl, 236-237 gtroff, 237-248

environment, 248

escape sequences, 239-240 files, 248

fractional point sizes, 238239

incompatibilities, 247-248 long names, 238

numeric expressions, 239 options, 238

requests, 241-244 extended, 244

number registers, 245-246 warnings, 246-247

gunzip, 248-249 see also gzip gzexe, 252-253

gzip, 248-252 bugs, 252

diagnostics, 251-252 environment, 251 options, 249-250

gzip files, forcing .gz extension, 732-733

H

handling signals, 857-858 hard disks

boot-time parameters, 1220-1221

devices, 1083

partition tables, manipulating, 1296-1297

hard drives, partitioning, 1265-1269

hard-reset( ) action (xterm), 715

hardware, video (identifying), 501-503

hash

ftp command, 149 shell command, 38

hash tables creating, 951

freeing memory, 951 searching, 951

hasmntopt( ) function, 935-936

hcreate( ) function, 951-952 hd, 1083

hdestroy( ) function, 951 head, 253-254 HeaderCleanFrom routine,

964

HeaderFind routine, 964 headers function, displaying,

455-456 help

ftp command, 149 shell command, 38 xauth command, 591

here-documents, 22-23 hexdump, 254-256 hier, 1236-1238

directories, 1236-1238

/, 1236 /bin, 1236 /boot, 1236 /dev, 1236 /dos, 1236 /etc, 1236

HISTSIZE variable (bash) ■	1457

/etc/skel, 1236 /etc/X11, 1236 /home, 1236 /lib, 1236 /mnt, 1236 /proc, 1236 /sbin, 1237 /tmp, 1237 /usr, 1237

/usr/X11R6, 1237 /usr/X11R6/bin, 1237 /usr/X11R6/lib, 1237 /usr/X11R6/lib/X11, 1237 /usrX11R6/include/X11,

1237 hierarchies

directory (creating), 323 filesystem, description of,

1236-1238

High Sierra filesystem, 1125 HIPS files, converting to

portable graymaps, 256 hipstopgm, 256 histchars variable (bash),

17-18

HISTCMD variable (bash), 16

HISTFILE variable (bash), 17 HISTFILESIZE variable

(bash), 17 histograms

drawing for PGM or PPM files, 388

portable pixmaps, printing, 408

history, 1131-1132

control variable (bash), 17 cvs command, 99

shell command, 39 history expansion (bash),

33-34

event designators, 33 modifiers, 34

word designators, 33 history lists (bash), 32-33

displaying, 39

HISTSIZE variable (bash), 17

		■ HOME variable (bash)
	1458

HOME variable (bash), 16	HOSTTYPE variable (bash),		IFS variable (bash), 16
/home directory, 1236	16		ignore( ) action (xterm), 713
horizontal-scroll-mode	HP PaintJet files, converting		IGNOREEOF variable (bash),
variable (readline), 28		to portable pixmaps, 381	17
host, 257-258	hpcdtoppm, 260-261		ijoin, 274, 281
bugs, 258	hpfs filesystem, 1125		files, 281
customizing, 258	hsearch( ) function, 951-952		see also ispell
options, 257-258	htonl( ) function, 901-902		ILBM files, converting to
host byte order, converting	htons( ) function, 901-902		portable pixmaps, 263-264
between network byte order,	httpd, 261		ilbmtoppm, 263-264
901-902	hyperbolic cosines, 908		image files, converting to
host IDs, printing, 258-259	hyphens (-), bash special		portable anymap, 4
hostid, 258-259		parameters, 15	image parameter, values, 1374
hostname, 259-260,	hypot( ) function, 953		imake, 264-267
1238-1239	I		environment variables, 267
hostname_completion_file			files, 266
variable (bash), 18			input, 266
hostnames	I/O		options, 265
displaying, 259-260		awk statement, 167	X Window System, 266
looking up, 257-258		port permissions, setting,	Imakefiles, creating Makefiles
resolving, 1238-1239	788		from, 672
hosts		ports, functions, 816	Img-whatnot file, converting
identifiers, getting/setting,		privilege level, changing,	to portable pixmaps, 267
762-763	788-789		imgtoppm, 267
names, getting/setting, 763		standard I/O library,	import (cvs command), 100
sending messages to users	1025-1027		in_group_p, 1429
on, 473	ICCcancel routine, 956		inb, 816
hosts.nntp, 1132-1133	ICCclose routine, 956		inb_p, 816
hosts.nntp.nolimit,	ICCcommand routine, 956		inbound zone transfers,
1132-1133	ICCopen routine, 956		1333-1334
hosts_access, 1133-1136	ICCpause routine, 956		index( ) function, 953
access control files, 1133	ICCreserve routine, 956		indexes, archives (generating
access control rules, 1133	ICCsettimeout routine, 956		for), 437-438
bugs, 1136	icombine, 274, 281		inet_addr( ) function, 954
diagnostics, 1136		files, 281	inet_aton( ) function, 954
files, 1136		see also ispell	inet_lnaof( ) function, 954
operators, 1134	icontopbm, 262		inet_makeaddr( ) function,
patterns, 1133-1134	ident, 262-263		954
remote username lookup,	idle, 774		inet_netof( ) function, 954
1134-1135		errors, 774	inet_network( ) function, 954
shell commands, 1134		ftp command, 149	inet_ntoa( ) function, 954
wildcards, 1134		return value, 774	inetd, 1305-1307
hosts_access( ) function,	IDs (group), searching for		inews, 267-269
950-951		matches, 1429	infinite results
hosts_ctl( ) function, 950-951	$if parser directive (readline),		returning value for, 954-955
hosts_options, 1137-1139	28-29		testing for, 959
diagnostics, 1139	ifconfig, 1304-1305		infnan( ) function, 954-955
options, 1137

		InterNetNews library ■
				1459
info, 269-270	input lines, wrapping, 143-	serial mouse, 1092-1094
commands, 269-270	144	Microsoft protocol, 1093
environment, 270	input, see elvis	MM protocol, 1094
options, 269	INPUTRC variable (bash), 17	MouseSystems protocol,
info command (xauth), 591	insb, 816	1093
init, 1307-1309	insert( ) action (xterm), 713	Sun protocol, 1093
diagnostics, 1309	insert-eight-bit( ) action	interned atoms, listing,
files, 1308	(xterm), 713	668-669
run levels, 1308	insert-selection( ) action	Internet
init_module, 800-802	(xterm), 713	addresses, manipulating,
init_timer, 1424	insert-seven-bit( ) action	953-954
initgroups( ) function, 955	(xterm), 713	extended Internet services
initializing	insert_file_free, 1429	daemon, 655-664
terminals, 539-542	insl, 816	inetd superserver,
X sessions, 496-497	insmod, 271-272	1305-1307
initstate( ) function,	insque( ) function, 957	services, listing, 1184-1186
1001-1002	install, 272-273	InterNetNews
inittab, 1139-1141	installing	buffered file-writing, 1264-
inittab file, 1398	loadable modules, 271-272	1265
inl, 816	rstartd, 469	configuration data,
inl_p, 816	spottopgm, 495	1141-1142
inn.conf, 1141-1142	sysklogd, 1403	daemon, 1309-1312
innconfval, 270-271	installit, 273-274	control messages, 1310
innd, 1309-1312	insw, 816	controlling, 1276-1279
control messages, 1310	integers	file-writing, 1297-1298
header modifications, 1311	absolute values, 892-893	InterNetNews library
logging, 1311-1312	converting, between host	clientlib, 904-905
protocol differences,	and network byte order,	INND communication
1310-1311	901-902	routines, 956
inndcomm routines, 956	dividing, 911	libinn routines, 962-966
inndstart, 1309-1312	floating-point remainders,	CAclose, 964
INNVersion routine, 966	913, 923	CAlistopen, 964
innwatch.ctl, 1142-1144	returning quotient and	CAopen, 964
innxmit, 1312-1313	remainder, 961	CloseOnExec, 965
input	long, labs, 960-961	DDcheck, 965
formatting, 1013-1015	rounding, 904	DDend, 965
conversions, 1014-1015	downward, 923	DDstart, 965
flags, 1014	to, 1011-1012	GetConfigValue, 965
reading, 27-32	interactive shells, 45	GetFileConfigValue, 965
controlling key bindings,	interfaces	GetFQDN, 965
27	name daemon control,	GetModeratorAddress,
denoting keystrokes, 27	1338-1339	965
macro definitions, 28	network	GetResourceUsage, 965
readline commands,	attaching to serial line,	GetTimeInfo, 965
29-32	1399	HeaderFind, 964
redirecting, 22	configuring, 1304-1305	INNVersion, 966

		■ InterNetNews library
	1460

	LockFile, 965	IP		headers, 1085
	NNTPcheckarticle, 965	dialup connections, handler,		options, 275-279
	NNTPconnect, 965	1285-1288		options statements,
	NNTPlocalopen, 965	routing table (manipulat-	1085-1086
	NNTPremoteopen, 965	ing), 1379-1380		prefix/suffix tables, 1088
	NNTPsendarticle, 966	ipc, 789, 1144-1146		root words
	NNTPsendpassword, 966	message queues, 1145		case, 1084
	Radix32, 966	resource access permissions,		extending, 1085
	ReadInDescriptor, 966	1144-1145		modifying, 1088-1089
	ReadInFile, 966	semaphore sets, 1145-1146	isprint( ) function, 958
	SetNonBlocking, 965	shared memory segments,	ispunct( ) function, 958
	Quick I/O, 998	1146	isspace( ) function, 958
	interrupt key sequence,	ipc facilities	issue, 1146-1147
	routing, 1425	getting information on,	isupper( ) function, 958
	interval timers	1314	isxdigit( ) function, 958
	getting/setting value,	removing, 1313-1314	ITIMER_PROF interval
	763-764	IPC system calls, 789		timer, 764
	ITIMER_PROF, 764	ipcrm, 1313-1314	ITIMER_REAL interval
	ITIMER_REAL, 764	ipcrs, 1314		timer, 764
	ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 764	isalnum( ) function, 958	ITIMER_VIRTUAL interval
	value definitions, 764	isalpha( ) function, 958		timer, 764
	inverse hyperbolic cosines,	isascii( ) function, 958	J
	893-894	isatty function, 958-959
	inverse hyperbolic sines, 895	isblank( ) function, 958
	inverse hyperbolic tangents,	iscntrl( ) function, 958	j0( ) function, 959
	897	isdigit( ) function, 958	j1( ) function, 959
	inverted indexes, biblio-	isgraph( ) function, 958	jn( ) function, 959
	graphic databases, 209-210	isinf( ) function, 959	job control, 24-25
	invocation, bash, 45-46	islower( ) function, 958	jobs, displaying, 39
	inw, 816	isnan( ) function, 959	jobs (shell command), 39
	inw_p, 816	ISO character sets	join, 282-283
	ioctl, 774-788	2022, 1066	jrand48( ) functions, 912
	arguments, 787-788	4873, 1066	K
	calls	8859, 1064-1065
	consoles, 1074-1080	8859-1, 1239-1242
			kbdrate, 1314-1315
	fd device support, 1082	alphabets, 1240
	list of, 775-786	characters, 1240-1242	Kerberos authentication, 461
	lp, 1090-1091	iso9660 filesystem, 1125	kernel
	sd, 1095-1096	ispell, 274-279, 1084-1090		boot-time parameters,
	st, 1097-1100	affix file, 1084-1085	1216-1224
	duplicates, 788	alternate string characters,		Adaptec configurations,
	errors, 774	1087	1219-1220
	return value, 774	bugs, 282		argument list, 1216-1217
	ioperm, 788	capitalization rules, 279		BusLogic configuration,
	iopl, 788-789	character-set section, 1086	1220
	errors, 789	commands, 274-275		busmouse drivers, 1224
	return value, 789	flags, 1088		cards not accepting, 1220

				libpbm routines ■
						1461
CD-ROMs, 1222-1223	key combinations,			lcd (ftp command), 149
debug argument, 1217		Ctrl+Alt+Del (setting		lcong48( ) functions, 912
Ethernet devices, 1223		function), 1279		ld, 287-291
floppy disk drivers,	key sequences (interrupt),			copying, 291
1223-1224		routing, 1425		environment, 291
future domain configura-	keyboard repeat rate,			options, 288-291
tion, 1220		resetting, 1314-1315		ldexp( ) function, 961
hard disks, 1220-1221	keymap variable (readline), 28			ldiv( ) function, 961
mem= argument, 1218	keymap( ) action (xterm), 713			less than signs (<), redirection
no-hlt argument, 1217	keymaps (X), modifying,			operator, 21
no387 argument, 1217	672-676			let (shell command), 39
Pro Audio configuration,	keywords, RCS, identifying in			letters, converting
1220		files, 262-263		to lowercase, 1055-1056
ramdisk= argument, 1218	kill, 283-284, 790			to uppercase, 1055-1056
reboot=warm argument,		bugs, 790		lfind( ) function, 975-976
1218		errors, 790		lgamma( ) function, 962
reserve= argument,		options, 283		/lib directory, 1236
1217-1218		return value, 790		libinn routines, 962-966
ro argument, 1217		shell command, 39		CAclose, 964
root= argument, 1217	killall, 284			CAlistopen, 964
rw argument, 1217	killing client connections (X			CAopen, 964
SCSI device arguments,		servers), 666-667		CloseOnExec, 965
1218-1219	killpg, 790-791, 960			DDcheck, 965
SCSI tape configuration,	klogd, 1315-1317			DDend, 965
1219		files, 1317		DDstart, 965
Seagate ST-0x		options, 1315		GetConfigValue, 965
configuration, 1220		signal handling, 1316-1317		GetFileConfigValue, 965
sound drivers, 1224	kmem, 1091-1092			GetFQDN, 965
Trantor T128	KOI8-R character set, 1065			GetModeratorAddress, 965
configuration, 1220	ksyms, 284-285			GetResourceUsage, 965
exported symbols, display-	L			GetTimeInfo, 965
ing, 284-285				HeaderFind, 964
log buffer, 873				INNVersion, 966
	labs( ) function, 960-961
message ring buffer, reading/				LockFile, 965
clearing, 872-874	Laplacian relief filters,			NNTPcheckarticle, 965
modules, loading at boot		running on portable		NNTPconnect, 965
time, 1152		pixmaps, 413		NNTPlocalopen, 965
name, getting, 880-881	last, 285-286			NNTPremoteopen, 965
ring buffer, controlling,	Latin-1 character set, 1064			NNTPsendarticle, 966
1288-1289	Latin-2 character set, 1064			NNTPsendpassword, 966
kernel clock, adjusting,	Latin-3 character set, 1064			Radix32, 966
742-743	Latin-4 character set, 1064			ReadInDescriptor, 966
kernel log daemon,	Latin-5 character set, 1065			ReadInFile, 966
1315-1317	Latin-6 character set, 1065			SetNonBlocking, 965
kernel logging, 1402	lbxproxy, 286-287			libpbm routines, 966-969
kernel_mktime, 1430		network connections, 286		constants, 968
key bindings, displaying, 35		options, 286		endian i/o, 967
				errors, 967

		■ libpbm routines
	1462

file management, 967	linear searches, arrays,	locking memory
initialization, 968	975-976	mlock, 796-797
keyword matching, 967	LINENO variable (bash), 15	mlockall, 797-798
memory management, 968	link, 791-792	locks (advisory), applying/
messages, 967	linkers, ld (GNU linker),	removing open files, 757
reading files, 968	287-291	log (cvs command), 100
types, 968	copying, 291	log( ) function, 918
writing files, 968-969	environment, 291	log10( ) function, 918
libpgm routines, 969-970	options, 288-291	log1p( ) function, 918
constants, 969	linking files, 293-294, 791-	logarithms, 918
initialization, 969	792	1 plus argument, 918
memory management, 969	Lisp Machine bitmap files,	base-10, 918
reading files, 970	converting to portable	logger, 295-296
types, 969	graymaps, 292	logging
writing files, 970	lispmtopgm, 292	innd, 1311-1312
libpnm routines, 970-972	list	kernel, 1402
constants, 970	bash command, 13	system, 1402-1404
format promotion, 972	xauth command, 591	configuration file,
initialization, 971	listen, 792-793	1402-1403
memory management, 971	lists	FIFOs, 1403
reading files, 971	bash, 12-13	messages, 1404-1405
types, 970	columnating, 78	remote, 1403
writing files, 971-972	variable argument (declar-	Usenet, log file
XEL manipulation, 972	ing), 1023-1024	maintenance, 1346-1347
XEL manipulations, 971	lkbib, 292-293	login, 296-297
libppm, 973-974	llseek, 793	login shells, 45
color names, 974	ln, 293-294	changing, 63
memory management, 973	lndir, 294	exiting, 39
reading files, 974	loadable modules	logins
writing files, 974	installing, 271-272	changing groups, 336-337
libraries	support, 800-802	displaying last, 285-286
shared, selecting, 883	unloading, 462-463	login command, 296-297
standard I/O, 1025-1027	viewing, 305	login record files,
library functions, undocu-	loadlin program, 1216	1198-1200
mented, 1060	local (shell command), 39	preventing, 1168
LILO, 1216	local descriptor table, reading/	remote, 460-461
configuration file,	writing, 800	Kerberos authentication,
1147-1151	local variables, creating, 39	461
global options, 1148-1149	locale, 1243-1244	root, tty lines (listing), 1184
kernel options, 1150-1151	setting, 1018-1019	shells, pathnames, 1186
per-image section,	localeconv, 974-975	logout (shell command), 39
1149-1150	localtime, 909-910, 984-986	logs
line buffered streams, 1016	locate, 295	system
line printer	lock files, creating for shell	making entries, 295-296
control program, 1317-1318	scripts, 487	sending messages to,
devices, 1090-1091	LockFile routine, 965	1045-1046
ioctl( ) calls, 1090-1091		xinetd, 661-663
spooler daemon, 1318-1320

long integers, absolute values, 960-961

longjmp( ) function, 975 look, 297-298

loops exiting, 35

resuming, 36

lowercase, converting letters to, 1055-1056

lp, 1090-1091

lp devices, setting parameters, 1413-1414

lpc, 1317-1318 commands, 1317-1318 diagnostics, 1318

lpd, 1318-1320

key characters, 1319 options, 1319

lpq, 298-299 bugs, 299 diagnostics, 299

environment, 299 options, 298-299

lpr, 299-301 bugs, 301 diagnostics, 301

environment, 300 options, 299-300

lprm, 301-302 bugs, 302 diagnostics, 302 environment, 302 options, 301

lptest, 302

lrand48( ) functions, 912 ls, 303-304

ls (ftp command), 149 lsattr, 304-305

lsearch( ) function, 975-976 lseek, 793-794

lsmod, 305 lstat, 863-864 lynx, 306-309

commands, 308-309 options, 306-308

M

macdef (ftp command), 149 Macintosh PICT files,

converting to portable pixmaps, 379-380

MacPaint files, converting to portable bitmaps, 309-310

macptopbm, 309-310 magic cookies, generating,

317

mail addressing, 1244-1246 abbreviations, 1245

case sensitivity, 1245 compatibility, 1245 postmasters, 1246 routing, 1245

mail, see e-mail

MAIL variable (bash), 16 MAIL_WARNING variable

(bash), 16 mailaddr, 1244-1246

abbreviations, 1245 bugs, 1246

case sensitivity, 1245 compatibility, 1245 postmasters, 1246 routing, 1245

MAILCHECK variable (bash), 16

MAILER environment variable, 529

MAILPATH variable (bash), 16

make, 310-312

imake preprocessor, 264-267 options, 311

makeactive, 1342-1344 makedepend, 312-314

algorithm, 313 bugs, 314 options, 312-313

MAKEDEV, 1320-1324 files, 1321

options, 1321-1324

MAKEDEV.cfg, 1151

memchr( ) function ■	1463

makefiles

creating dependencies in, 312-314

creating from Imakefiles, 672

makehistory, 1342-1344 makestrs, 314-315

bugs, 315 directives, 315 options, 314 syntax, 314-315

malloc( ) function, 976 man, 1246-1248

man pages, formatting, 1246-1248

fonts, 1247 macros, 1248

preamble, 1246-1247 sections, 1247-1248 mapping files to memory,

799-800 mark-modified-lines variable

(readline), 28

mask bitmaps, creating from regular, 353-354

masks, file-creation, 880 setting, 45

mattrib, 315-316, 330 mbadblocks, 316, 330 mblen, 977 mbstowcs( ) function,

977-978

mbtowc( ) function, 978 mcd, 316-317, 330 mcookie, 317

mcopy, 317-318, 330 MD5 message digests,

generating/checking, 318 md5sum, 318

mdel, 318-319, 330 mdelete (ftp command), 149 mdeltree, 319

mdir, 150, 319, 330 mem, 1091-1092 memccpy( ) function, 901,

978-979

memchr( ) function, 901, 979

		■ memcmp( ) function
	1464

memcmp( ) function, 901,	message catalogs	options, 323
979-980	getting messages from,	return value, 795
memcpy( ) function, 901, 980	902-903	mkdirhier, 323
memfrob( ) function, 901,	opening/closing, 903-904	mke2fs, 1324-1325
980-981	message queue identifier,	mkfifo, 323-324, 982-983
memmem( ) function, 901,	retrieving, 807-808	errors, 982-983
981	messages	options, 324
memmove( ) function, 901,	control, 1310	mkfs, 1325-1327
981	control operations, 806-807	mklost+found, 1327
memory	displaying, 321	mkmanifest, 324-325
access, controlling, 804-805	log (RCS files), printing,	mknod, 325, 795-796
allocating, 894, 976	458-460	bugs, 796
displaying amount, 144	message of the day file, 1152	errors, 796
freeing, 976	receiving, from sockets,	options, 325
kernel, 1091-1092	826-828	return value, 796
locking	sending/receiving, 808-811	mkstemp( ) function, 983
mlock, 796-797	sending	mkswap, 1327-1328
mlockall, 797-798	from sockets, 842-843	mktemp( ) function, 983-984
mapping/unmapping files	to system logger,	mktime, 910, 984-986
to, 799-800	1045-1046	mlabel, 325-326, 330
reallocating, 976	to users, 473, 576-577	mlock, 796-797
scanning for characters, 979	signal, printing, 996	mlockall, 797-798
shared	system console, monitoring	mls (ftp command), 150
allocating, 851-853	with X, 597-598	mmap, 799-800
controlling, 849-851	system error, printing,	mmd, 326, 330
operations, 853-854	990-991	mmount, 326-327, 330
system, 1091-1092	systems, logging, 1404-1405	mmove, 327, 330
unlocking	Usenet control, handling,	/mnt directory, 1236
munlock, 811-812	1115-1116	mode (ftp command), 150
munlockall, 812-813	writing to users, 574, 1383	mode command (telnet), 508
virtual	meta characters (bash), 12	mode parameter, values, 1374
remapping addresses,	meta-flag variable (readline),	modems, conversational
805-806	28	exchanges, 1269-1273
reports, 1417-1418	mformat, 321-322, 330	abort strings, 1270-1271
virtual console, 1101-1102	bugs, 322	chat script, 1270
memory areas	options, 321-322	escape sequences,
comparing, 979-980	mget (ftp command), 150	1271-1272
copying, 978-981	MGR bitmaps, converting to	report strings, 1271
encrypting, 980-981	portable bitmaps, 322-323	termination codes, 1272
filling with constant bytes,	mgrtopbm, 322-323	time-out value, 1271
982	MINIX filesystems, 1125	moderators, 1151-1152
locating substrings in, 981	consistency checker,	modf( ) function, 984
memset( ) function, 901, 982	1300-1301	modify_ldt, 800
merge, 320	creating, 1326-1327	modprobe, 109-112
merge command (xauth), 591	mkdir, 150, 323, 794-795	configuration, 110-111
merging files, three-way, 320	bugs, 795	files, 111
mesg, 321	errors, 795	strategy, 111

		mysnc ■
				1465
modtime (ftp command), 150	moving, 327	mren, 330
modules	renaming, 329-330	mtest, 330
kernel, loading at boot time,	filesystems, adding to disks,	mtype, 330
1152	321-322	multiple descriptions, 1155
loadable	floppies, marking bad	name clashes, 332
support, 800-802	blocks, 316	open flags, 1155
unloading, 462-463	subdirectories	parsing order of files,
viewing, 305	creating, 326	1157-1158
more, 327-328	moving, 327	per-drive flags/variables,
motd, 1152	removing, 329	1153
mount, 802-804, 1328-1332	renaming, 329-330	working directory, 331
bugs, 1332	volume labels, creating,	Xdf disks, 332
errors, 803	325-326	MTV ray tracers, converting
files, 1332	msdos filesystem, 1125	output to portable pixmaps,
options, 1329-1331	msgctl, 806-807	333
return value, 803	msgget, 807-808	mtvtoppm, 333
mountd, 1332-1333	msgop, 808-811	mtype, 330, 333-334
mounting MS-DOS disks,	msync, 811	multilanguage support
326-327	mtest, 330	(description), 1243-1244
mouse, 1092-1094	mtools, 330-333, 1152-1158	multibyte characters,
Microsoft protocol, 1093	bugs, 333	converting to wide
MM protocol, 1094	case sensitivity of VFAT,	characters, 978
MouseSystems protocol,	332	multibyte strings, converting
1093	character translation tables,	to wide character, 977-978
Sun protocol, 1093	1155-1157	multiple buffers, reading/
mprotect, 804-805	configuration files, testing,	writing data, 1003-1004
mput (ftp command), 150	330	multiuser chat program,
mrand48( ) functions, 912	default values, 1153	727-730
mrd, 329-330	drive geometry	Boolean options, 729
mread, 329	configuration, 1154-1155	daemons, 727
mremap, 805-806	exit codes, 333	escape menu, 728
mren, 329-330	general purpose drive	readdressing, 729
MS-DOS	variables, 1153-1154	runtime options, 728-729
directories	global variables, 1153	startup file, 729
changing, 316-317	long filenames, 331	username field, 727
displaying, 319	mattrib, 330	X11 interface, 730
trees, deleting, 319	mbadblocks, 330	munchlist, 274, 279
disks, mounting, 326-327	mcd, 330	bugs, 282
files	mcopy, 330	files, 281
changing attribute flags,	mdel, 330	options, 279-280
315-316	mdir, 330	see also ispell
copying to/from UNIX,	mformat, 330	munlock, 811-812
317-318, 329	mlabel, 330	munlockall, 812-813
deleting, 318-319	mmd, 330	munmap, 799-800
displaying contents,	mmount, 330	mv, 334-335
333-334	mmove, 330	mwrite, 335
manipulating (mtools),	mrd, 330	mysnc, 811
330-333

		■ named
	1466

N

named, 1334-1338 boot file, 1334-1336 files, 1337

master file, 1336 options, 1334 signals, 1337

SOA record, 1336-1337 named pipes, see FIFOs named-xfer, 1333-1334 named.reload, 1338 named.restart, 1338 namei, 335-336

options, 336 output, 335

names bash, 12

peer, getting, 765 socket, getting, 769

nameserver (Internet domains), 1334-1338

boot file, 1334-1336 control interface, 1338-1339 master file, 1336

querying, 1350-1353 signals, 1337

SOA record, 1336-1337 stopping/restarting, 1338 synchronizing database,

1338 naming

font servers, 643 temporary files, 1049, 1054 xhost, 644

NaN (not-a-number) results returning value for, 954-955 testing for, 959

nanosleep, 813-814 ncpfs filesystem, 1126 ndc, 1338-1339 Netnews reader, see tin

.netrc file, 153-154 netstat, 1339-1342

files, 1341

routing information, 1341 socket information,

1340-1341

network byte order, converting between host byte order, 901-902

network entries, getting, 936-937

networking displaying active

connections, 1339-1342 routing information, 1341 socket information,

1340-1341 interfaces

attaching to serial line, 1399

configuring, 1304-1305 routing daemon, 1380-1382

newaliases, 336

newer (ftp command), 150 newgrp, 336-337

news

Netnews, see tin

news software information newsgroups, 530

overview database expiring entries,

1293-1294 format, 1168-1169 updating, 1353-1354

receiving from UUCP connections, 463-464

news.daily, 1344-1346 keywords, 1344-1345

newsfeeds, 1158-1163

Distribution headers, 1159 entries, 1158-1159 examples, 1162-1163

feed types, 1161-1162 flags, 1159-1161

ME entry, 1161 newsgroups

news software information, 530

Usenet, listing active, 11041105

newslog, 1163-1165, 1346-1347

files, 1164 keywords, 1346 message/action fields,

1163-1164 newsrequeue, 1342-1344 NFS

mount daemon, 1332-1333 servers, authentication/print

request, 1355-1357 service daemon, 1347

nfs, 1165-1167

nfs filesystem, 1125 export list, 1123-1125

NFS servers, mount information, 1396

nfsd, 1347 nice, 814 nl, 337-338

nlist (ftp command), 150 NLM outfiles, converting

object code into, 338-339 nlmconv, 338-339

nm, 339-340

nmap (ftp command), 150 nnrp.access, 1167-1168 nnrpd, 1347-1349

NNTP

news, host list, 1132-1133 servers, 1347-1349

getting lists from, 206-207 passwords, 1170 retrieving Usenet articles

from, 340-341 sites, access control,

1167-1168

NNTPcheckarticle routine, 965

NNTPconnect routine, 965 nntpget, 340-341 NNTPlocalopen routine, 965 NNTPremoteopen routine,

965

nntpsend, 1349-1350 nntpsend.ctl, 1168 NNTPsendarticle routine, 966 NNTPsendpassword routine,

966

NNTPSERVER environment variable, 529

no_exit_on_failed_exec variable (bash), 18

noclobber variable (bash), 18 nolinks variable (bash), 18 nologin, 1168

none, 881

none (undocumented library functions), 1060

not-a-number (NaN) results returning value for, 954-955 testing for, 959

notify variable (bash), 17 nrand48( ) functions, 912 nroff

emulating, 210-211 output, filtering, 77 nslookup, 1350-1353

arguments, 1350 commands, 1351-1353 diagnostics, 1353 environment, 1353 files, 1353

ntohl( ) function, 901-902 ntohs( ) function, 901-902 ntrans (ftp command),

150-151 null, 1094 numbers

floating-point absolute value, 919

converting to fractional/ integral components, 927

converting to strings, 913-914, 930-931

pseudo-random, generating, 912-913

random, generating, 1001-1002

rounding, 1011-1012 signs, copying, 907 square roots, 1023

numeric expressions, gtroff, 239

O

objcopy, 341-342 objdump, 342-343 object files

copying/translating, 341-342

discarding symbols from, 499

displaying information from, 342-343

listing section and total sizes, 489-490

listing symbols from, 339-340

oclock, 344 od, 345-346

offline printing, 299-301 oldfstat, 814

oldlstat, 814 oldolduname, 814

OLDPWD variable (bash), 15 oldstat, 814

olduname, 814 on_exit( ) function, 988 open, 815-816

bugs, 816 errors, 816 flags, 815

ftp command, 151 modes, 815 return value, 816

open host command (telnet), 508

opendir, 989 openlog( ) function,

1045-1046

facility argument, 1046 option argument, 1046

operators

awk, 166-167 find, 142 redirection, 21

OPTARG variable (bash), 16 OPTERR variable (bash), 17 OPTIND variable (bash), 16

papers, formatting ■	1467

ORGANIZATION environment variable, 529

OSTYPE variable (bash), 16 outb, 816

outb_p, 816 outl, 816 outl_p, 816 output

formatting, 992-996, 1022-1023

conversion specifiers, 994 examples, 995

flags, 993-994 redirecting, 22

output-meta variable (readline), 28

outsb, 816 outsl, 816 outsw, 816 outw, 816 outw_p, 816

overchan, 1353-1354 overview.fmt, 1168-1169 ownership (file), changing,

62-63, 749-750

P

pac, 1354-1355

packed format fonts, converting to portable bitmaps, 381

packets

ECHO_REQUEST, sending, 1358

route, printing, 1409-1412 page size, system (getting),

765 paging

disabling, 796-797

calling process, 797-798 reenabling, 811-813

papers, formatting groff_me macros,

1225-1227 groff_mm macros,

1227-1234 groff_ms macros,

1234-1236

		■ paragraphs, formatting line length
	1468

paragraphs, formatting line	sound drivers, 1224	pathnames
length, 143	Trantor T128	canonicalized absolute,
parameter command substitu-	configuration, 1220	1004-1005
tion (bash), 20	floppy disk, setting, 1391	following to terminal point,
parameter expansion (bash),	positional	335-336
19-20	parsing, 38	matching, 924, 949-950
parameters	renaming, 42	patterns
bash, 14-15	serial ports, 1392-1394	printing lines matching,
positional, 14	parsedate, 989-990	224-226
special, 14-15	parser directives, readline,	searching database files for,
boot-time (kernel),	28-29	295
1216-1224	$else, 29	pause, 817
Adaptec configurations,	$endif, 29	pausing execution, 813-814
1219-1220	$if, 28-29	pbm, 1170-1171
argument list, 1216-1217	parsing	PBM images, displaying on
BusLogic configuration,	command options, 207-208	4425 terminals, 357
1220	command-line options,	pbmclean, 348
busmouse drivers, 1224	937-940	pbmfilters, 348-352
cards not accepting, 1220	positional parameters, 38	pbmlife, 352-353
CD-ROMs, 1222-1223	partition tables, manipulat-	pbmmake, 353
debug argument, 1217	ing, 1296-1297	pbmmask, 353-354
Ethernet devices, 1223	DOS 6.x, 1296-1297	PBMPlus package, programs,
floppy disk drives,	partitioning disk drives,	348-352
1223-1224	1265-1269	pbmpscale, 354
future domain	passwd, 346-347, 1169-1170	pbmreduce, 355
configuration, 1220	bugs, 347	pbmtext, 355-356
hard disks, 1220-1221	files, 347	pbmto10x, 356
mem= argument, 1218	passwd.nntp, 1170	pbmto4425, 357
no-hlt argument, 1217	password files, editing,	pbmtoascii, 357
no387 argument, 1217	1418-1419	pbmtoatk, 358
Pro Audio configuration,	passwords	pbmtobg, 358
1220	changing, 346-347	pbmtocmuwm, 358-359
ramdisk= argument, 1218	encryption, 908-909	pbmtoepsi, 359
reboot=warm argument,	file entries, writing, 997	pbmtoepson, 359
1218	getting, 940-941	pbmtog3, 360
reserve= argument,	getting file entry, 943-944	pbmtogem, 360
1217-1218	password file, 1169-1170	pbmtogo, 360-361
ro argument, 1217	reconstructing line entry,	pbmtoicon, 361
root= argument, 1217	942-943	pbmtolj, 361-362
rw argument, 1217	paste, 347	pbmtoln03, 362
SCSI device arguments,	PATH variable (bash), 16	pbmtolps, 362
1218-1219	pathconf( ) function, 925-926	pbmtomacp, 363
SCSI tape configuration,	options returned, 926	pbmtomgr, 363
1219	return value, 926	pbmtopgm, 364
Seagate ST-0x	pathname expansion (bash),	pbmtopi3, 364
configuration, 1220	21	pbmtopk, 364-365

		portable anymaps ■
				1469
pbmtoplot, 365-366	pi3topbm, 379	pnmscale, 393-394
pbmtoptx, 366	pic, versus gpic, 212-215	pnmshear, 394-395
pbmtox10bm, 366	commands, 212-213	pnmsmooth, 395
pbmtoxbm, 367	expressions, 213-214	pnmtile, 395
pbmtoybm, 367	mode, 212	pnmtoddif, 396
pbmtozinc, 367-368	picttoppm, 379-380	pnmtofits, 396-397
pbmupc, 368	bugs, 379	pnmtoiff, 399-400
pclose( ), 991-992	fontdir file format, 380	pnmtops, 397
pcnfsd, 1355-1357	ping, 1358	pnmtorast, 398
authentication, 1355-1356	pipe, 818-819	pnmtosgi, 398-399
file, 1357	pipelines (|), bash, 12	pnmtosir, 399
printing, 1356	pipes, creating, 818-819	pnmtoxwd, 400
reconfiguration, 1357	pjtoppm, 381	popd (shell command), 39-40
PCX files, converting to	pktopbm, 381	popen( ) function, 991-992
portable pixmaps, 368-369	PLIP devices, tuning	popup-menu( ) action
pcxtoppm, 368-369	parameters, 1357	(xterm), 713
peers, getting names, 765	plipconfig, 1357	port, 1091-1092
permissions	pnm, 1173	portable anymaps
file	pnmalias, 381-382	antialiasing, 381-382
changing, 748-749	pnmarith, 382-383	bordering, 389-392
setting, 272-273	pnmcat, 383	changing maxval, 385-386
port input/output, setting,	pnmcomp, 383-384	compositing, 383-384
788	pnmconvol, 384	concatenating, 383
perror, 990-991	pnmcrop, 385	converting
personality, 817-818	pnmcut, 385	to DDIF format, 396
pfbtops, 369	pnmdepth, 385-386	to FITS format, 396-397
pgm, 1171-1172	pnmenlarge, 386	to PostScript, 397
pgmbentley, 369	pnmfile, 386-387	to red/blue 3D glasses,
pgmcrater, 370-371	pnmflip, 387	400-401
pgmedge, 371	pnmgamma, 387	to SGI image file,
pgmenhance, 371-372	pnmhistmap, 388	398-399
pgmhist, 372	pnmindex, 388-389	to Solitaire format, 399
pgmkernel, 372-373	pnminvert, 389	to Sun raster files, 398
pgmnoise, 373	pnmmargin, 389-390	to TIFF files, 399, 400
pgmnorm, 373-374	pnmnlfilt, 390-391	to X11 window dumps,
pgmoil, 374	alpha-trimmed mean filter,	400
pgmramp, 374-375	390	convolving, 384
pgmtexture, 375-376	bugs, 391	creating index of, 388, 389
pgmtofs, 376	combining modes, 391	cropping, 385
pgmtolispm, 376-377	edge enhancement, 391	cutting rectangles from, 385
pgmtopbm, 377	optimal estimation	describing, 386, 387
pgmtoppm, 378	smoothing, 390	drawing histograms from,
Photo-CD files, converting to	pnmnoraw, 391-392	388
portable pixmaps, 260-261	pnmpad, 392	enlarging, 386
phys, 818	pnmpaste, 392-393	file format, 1173
physical addresses, accessing,	pnmrotate, 393	flipping, 387
818		gamma correction, 387

		■ portable anymaps
	1470

inverting, 389	to GEM IMG files, 360	converting
pasting rectangles into, 392,	to Gemini 10x graphics,	to Lisp machine format,
393	356	376-377
performing arithmetic on,	to Group 3 fax files, 360	to portable bitmaps, 377
382, 383	to HP LaserJet format,	to portable pixmaps, 378
plain format, 391, 392	361-362	to Usenix FaceSaver
programs	to MacPaint files, 363	format, 376
constants, 970	to MGR bitmap, 363	creating from white noise,
format promotion, 972	to packed format fonts,	373
functions supporting, 970,	364-365	enhancing edges, 371-372
971, 972	to portable graymaps, 364	file format, 1171-1172
initialization, 971	to PostScript, 362	mimicking cratered terrain,
memory management, 971	to Printronix printer	370-371
reading files, 971	graphics, 366	normalizing contrast,
types, 970	to Sun icons, 361	373-374
writing files, 971, 972	to UNIX plot files,	outlining edges, 371
XEL manipulations,	365-366	performing oil transfers on,
971-972	to X10 bitmaps, 366	374
replicating into specified	to X11 bitmaps, 367	printing histogram of values,
size, 395	to Zinc bitmaps, 367-368	372
rotating, 393	creating with specified size,	programs
scaling, 393, 394	353	constants, 969
shearing, 394, 395	enlarging, 354	functions supporting,
smoothing, 395	file format, 1170-1171	969-970
portable bitmaps	flipping pixels in, 348	initialization, 969
applying Rules of Life to,	programs	memory management, 969
352, 353	constants, 968	reading files, 970
converting	endian i/o, 967	types, 969
to Andrew Toolkit raster	errors, 967	writing files, 970
objects, 358	file management, 967	portable pixmaps
to ASCII graphics, 357	functions supporting,	blending together, 408-409
to Atari Degas PI3 files,	966-969	brightening, 404
364	initialization, 968	changing pixel color,
to Bennet Yee “face” files,	keyword matching, 967	401-402
367	memory management, 968	changing saturation and
to BitGraph graphics, 358	messages, 967	value, 401
to CMU window manager	reading files, 968	converting
bitmaps, 358-359	types, 968	to Abekas YUV files, 428
to compressed GraphOn	writing files, 968-969	to Atari Degas PI1 files,
graphics, 360-361	reducing, 355	422
to DEC LN03+ Sixel	portable graymaps	to AutoCAD, 414-416
output, 362	Bentleyizing, 369	to BMP files, 416
to encapsulated PostScript-	calculating textural features	to DEC sixel format,
style bitmaps, 359	on, 375-376	425-426
to Epson printer graphics,	combining three into a	to GIF files, 416-417
359	portable pixmap, 457-458	to HP PaintJet files, 423

		ppmtoxpm ■
				1471
to HP PaintJet XL PCL	programs, functions	pow( ) function, 918
files, 424	supporting, 973-974	powerd, 1359-1360
to ILBM files, 418-419	quantizing colors, 411	powers (raising numbers to),
to Macintosh PICT files,	8-plane quantization,	918
422-423	412-413	PPID variable (bash), 15
to Mitsubishi S340-10	multiple files, 412	ppm, 1173-1174
files, 420-421	shifting lines, 413-414	ppm3d, 400-401
to MotifUIL icon files,	portmap, 1358-1359	ppmbrighten, 401
427	ports	ppmchange, 401-402
to NCSA ICR format,	input/output functions, 816	ppmdim, 402
417-418	input/output permissions,	ppmdist, 402-403
to PCX files, 421	setting, 788	ppmdither, 403
to portable graymaps,	serial	ppmflash, 404
421-422	configuring, 1394-1395	ppmforge, 404-407
to three portable graymaps,	parameters, 1392-1394	bugs, 407
425	setting/getting informa-	options, 405-407
to three raw YUV files,	tion, 1391-1395	ppmhist, 408
428-429	system, 1091-1092	ppmmake, 408
to TrueVision Targa files,	positional parameters	ppmmix, 408-409
426	bash, 14	ppmnorm, 409
to X11 pixmaps, 427-428	parsing, 38	ppmntsc, 409-410
to X11 puzzle files,	renaming, 42	ppmpat, 410-411
424-425	POSIX	ppmquant, 411-412
creating, 408	gawk compatibility, 171	ppmquantall, 412
patterns, 410-411	regex functions, 1005-1007	ppmqvga, 412-413
specifying color, 408	compiling, 1005-1006	ppmrelief, 413
creating from three portable	error reporting, 1006	ppmshift, 413-414
graymaps, 457-458	matching, 1006	ppmspread, 414
dimming	pattern buffer freeing,	ppmtoacad, 414-416
to black, 402	1007	ppmtobmp, 416
every other row, 409-410	signal set operations,	ppmtogif, 416-417
displacing pixels, 414	1019-1020	ppmtoicr, 417-418
dithering, 403	PostScript	ppmtoilbm, 418-419
extracting color from,	bounding box, extracting,	ppmtomap, 419-420
419-420	433	ppmtomitsu, 420-421
file format, 1173-1174	files, converting to portable	ppmtopcx, 421
files	anymaps, 434-435	ppmtopgm, 421-422
reading, 974	fonts	ppmtopi1, 422
writing, 974	translating from PFB	ppmtopict, 422-423
fractal forgeries, 404-407	format to ASCII, 369	ppmtopj, 423
grayscale assignments	translating fromPFB	ppmtopjxl, 424
(performing), 402-403	format to ASCII, 369	ppmtopuzz, 424-425
histograms (printing), 408	image data, converting into	ppmtorgb3, 425
Laplacian relief filters	portable graymap,	ppmtosixel, 425-426
(running on), 413	433-434	ppmtotga, 426
normalizing contrast, 409	pound sign (#)	ppmtouil, 427
	bash comments, 14	ppmtoxpm, 427-428
	bash special parameters, 15

		■ ppmtoyuv
	1472

ppmtoyuv, 428	spool queue examination,	identifying, 154-155
ppmtoyuvsplit, 428-429	298-299	IDs, getting, 766
PPP	system activity summary,	listing most CPU-intensive,
daemon, 1360-1369	573	533-535
statistics, printing,	system error messages,	opening, popen( ) function,
1369-1370	990-991	991-992
pppd, 1360-1369	time zones, 1419	parents, IDs (getting), 766
authentication, 1366-1367	user/system times, 43	priorities, altering,
diagnostics, 1368	see also line printer	1375-1376
examples, 1367-1368	priority values, getting range,	priority, changing, 814
files, 1366-1369	830-831	reporting status, 430-433
options, 1360-1366	privileges	SCHED_RR interval,
routing, 1367	I/O, changing level,	getting, 831
signals, 1369	788-789	scheduling priorities,
pppstats, 1369-1370	setuid (RCS files), 67-68	getting/setting, 766-767
pr, 429-430	/proc, 1174-1180, 1236	selecting, by criteria,
preprocessor, 81-84	bugs, 1180	1430-1431
preprocessors, imake, 264-267	hierarchy outline, 1174-	sending signals to, 790
printf function, 992-996	1180	raise function, 1000
bugs, 995-996	proc filesystem, 1125	starting, on consoles, 1066
printf statement, awk,	proc_sel, 1430-1431	terminating, 283-284,
167-168	process control, initialization,	739-740
printing	1307-1309, 1397-1399	by name, 284
aliases, 35	process groups, sending	times, getting, 878-879
application resources, 5	signals to, 790-791, 960	tracing, 820
banners, 1210	process substitution (bash),	user IDs
converting text files for,	20	getting, 773
429-430	processes	real and effective (setting),
files, in reverse, 503-504	0, making idle, 774	847-848
histograms of portable	accounting, switching on/	setting, 848-849
pixmaps, 408	off, 742	waiting for termination,
host IDs, 258-259	child, creating, 751, 758	886-889
lines matching a pattern,	closing, pclose( ) function,	yielding processor, 835
224-226	991-992	processor, time used (deter-
log messages (RCS files),	displaying tree of, 435-436	mining), 905
458-460	execution, suspending, 1061	profil, 819
machine architecture, 8	execution domain, setting,	profiling, 819
offline, 299-301	817-818	programs
packet route, 1409-1412	group identity, setting, 845	executing, 754-755
pcnfsd, 1356	group IDs	portable anymap
PPP statistics, 1369-1370	getting/setting, 845-846	constants, 970
printer/plotter accounting	real and effective (setting),	format promotion, 972
files (reading), 1354-1355	846-847	functions supporting,
removing jobs from queue,	groups	970-972
301-302	access lists (getting/setting),	initialization, 971
ripple test pattern, 302	761-762	memory management, 971
signal messages, 996	IDs (getting), 761	reading files, 971

				rawtoppm ■
							1473
types, 970		sort keys, 431-432	question marks (?)
writing files, 971-972		updating, 432, 436		bash special parameters, 15
XEL manipulations,	PS1 variable (bash), 16			ftp command, 152
971-972	PS2 variable (bash), 16		queues, inserting/removing
portable bitmap, functions	PS3 variable (bash), 17			items, 957
supporting, 966-969	PS4 variable (bash), 17		quit command
portable graymap	psbb, 433			ftp command, 151
constants, 969	pseudo-filesystems, /proc,			telnet, 508
functions supporting,	1174-1180			xauth, 591
969-970		bugs, 1180	quit( ) action (xterm), 714
initialization, 969		hierarchy outline,	quota, 437
memory management, 969	1174-1180		quotacheck, 1371-1372
reading files, 970	pseudo-random numbers,		quotactl, 821-822
types, 969		generating, 912-913	quotaoff, 1372-1373
writing files, 970	psidtopgm, 433-434		quotaon, 1372-1373
recompiling, make utility,	pstopnm, 434-435		quotas
310-312	pstree, 435-436			disk, manipulating, 821-822
running, in new session,	psupdate, 436			remote machines, 1012
1395	ptrace, 820		quote (ftp command), 151
terminating	pushd (shell command), 40		quoting (bash), 14
abort( ) function, 892	put (ftp command), 151		R
assert( ) function,	put_file_last, 1431
895-896	putc( ) function, 997-999
exit( ) function, 917	putchar( ) function, 997-999		Radix32 routine, 966
promoting directories, 39-40	putenv, 996-997		raise function, 1000
prompt (ftp command), 151		errors, 996	ram, 1094-1095
PROMPT_COMMAND	putpwent( ) function, 997		rand( ) function, 1001
variable (bash), 17		errors, 997	random numbers, generating,
prompting (bash), 26	puts( ) function, 997-999		1001-1002
properties, consoles, 1067	pututline( ) function, 948		RANDOM variable (bash), 15
protocols	putw function, 948		random( ) function,
protocols definition file,	pwd (ftp command), 151		1001-1002
1180-1181	pwd (shell command), 40		randomizing strings, 1032
RPC, rpcgen compiler,	PWD variable (bash), 15		ranlib, 437-438
464-466	Q		rarp, 1373
Telnet, interface, 507-512			RARP table, manipulating,
XIE, testing, 645-654			1373
proxy ftp (ftp command), 151	qio, 998		rasttopnm, 438
proxy servers, LBX, 286-287	QRT ray tracer, converting		raw grayscale bytes, convert-
PRT ray tracers, converting		output to portable pixmaps,		ing to portable graymaps,
output to portable pixmaps,	436-437		439
333	qsort, 1000		raw RGB bytes, converting to
prunehistory, 1370-1371	quantizing colors (pixmaps),			portable pixmaps, 439-440
ps, 430-433	411		rawtopgm, 439
bugs, 433		8-plane quantization,	rawtoppm, 439-440
field descriptions, 432	412-413
options, 430-431		multiple files, 412

		■ ray tracers
	1474

ray tracers	rcsclean, 443-445	horizontal-scroll-mode, 28
converting output to	rcsdiff, 445-446	keymap, 28
portable pixmaps, 333	rcsfile, 1181-1183	mark-modified-lines, 28
QRT, converting output to	organization (diagram),	meta-flag, 28
portable pixmaps, 436-437	1182	output-meta, 28
rcp, 440-441	rcsfreeze, 446-447	show-all-if-ambiguous, 28
RCS (Revision Control	rcsintro, 447-449	readlink, 823-824
System), 447-449	automatic identification,	readonly (shell command), 40
automatic identification,	449	readv, 824-825
449	RCS functions, 447	readv( ) function, 1003-1004
commands, 447-449	rcsmerge, 449-451	realloc( ) function, 976-977
directories, creating,	rdev, 1373-1375	realpath, 1004-1005
447-449	rdiff (cvs command), 101	reboot, 825-826
files	rdist, 451-454	recompiling programs, make
changing attributes,	bugs, 454	utility, 310-312
441-443	diagnostics, 454	recompressing Z files,
cleaning, 443-445	files, 453	734-735
comparing revisions,	options, 451-452	reconfig, 454
445-446	re_comp function, 1005	recv, 151, 826-828
freezing configuration,	re_exec function, 1005	recvfrom, 826-828
446-447	read (shell command), 40	recvmsg, 826-828
functions, 447	read( ), file descriptors, 822	redirection, 21-23
revisions, merging, 449-451	readdir, 823	duplicating file descriptors,
rcs, 441-443	readdir( ) calls, setting	23
bugs, 443	position, 1015-1016	here-documents, 22-23
compatibility, 443	readdir( ) function,	input, 22
diagnostics, 443	1002-1003	opening file descriptors, 23
environment, 443	ReadInDescriptor routine,	operators, 21
files, 443	966	output, 22
options, 441-443	ReadInFile routine, 966	redraw( ) action (xterm), 714
RCS files	readline library, 27-32	ref, 455-456
controlling access, 67	commands, 29-32	elvis interaction, 455
format, 1181-1183	controlling key bindings, 27	environment, 455
modes, 67	customizing, 27	files, 455
organization (diagram),	denoting keystrokes, 27	options, 455
1182	macro definitions, 28	search method, 455
printing log messages,	parser directives, 28-29	refreshing screen (X), 684-685
458-460	$else, 29	refs files, generating, 87-88
retrieving revisions, 71-75	$endif, 29	regcomp function, 1005-1007
specifying, 66-67	$if, 28-29	regerror function, 1005-1007
storing revisions, 64-69	variables, 28	reget (ftp command), 151
setuid privileges, 67-68	bell-style, 28	regex functions, 1005
temporary files, 67	comment-begin, 28	POSIX, 1005-1007
RCS keyword strings,	completion-query-items,	compiling, 1005-1006
identifying, 262-263	28	error reporting, 1006
RCSBIN environment	convert-meta, 28	matching, 1006
variable, 105	editing-mode, 28	pattern buffer freeing,
	expand-tilde, 28	1007

		routines ■
				1475
regexec function, 1005-1007	res_mkquery, 1008-1011	rmdir, 462, 829-830
regfree function, 1005-1007	res_query, 1008-1011	bugs, 830
regular expressions	res_search, 1008-1011	errors, 829
grep, 225-226	res_send, 1008-1011	options, 462
sed, 476-477	reserved words (bash), 12	rmdir (ftp command), 152
release (cvs command), 101	reset, 456, 539-542	rmmod, 462-463
remote execution server,	compatibility, 542	rnews, 463-464
1376-1377	options, 540	Rock Ridge filesystem, 1125
remote file copying, 440-441	setting environment, 540	root logins, tty lines (listing),
remote logging, 1403	terminal type mapping,	1184
remote login server,	540-541	root directories
1377-1378	reset (ftp command), 151	changing, 750-751, 1273
remote logins, 460-461	resize, 456-457	root filesystem, mounting,
Kerberos authentication,	resolver, 1183-1184	849
461	resolver routines, 1008-1011	root window (X), setting
remote machines, starting X	resolving hostnames,	parameters, 693-694
programs on, 676	1238-1239	round-robin scheduling, 834
remote quota server, 1384	resource editor, see editres	rounding integers, 904
remote shell, 466-467	resources	rounding numbers,
remote shell server,	limits, getting/setting,	1011-1012
1385-1386	767-768	route, 1379-1380
Remote Start client, see rstart	usage, getting, 767-768	routed, 1380-1382
Remote Start rsh helper, see	restart (ftp command), 151	bugs, 1382
rstartd	return (shell command), 40	files, 1382
remote status, displaying, 472	return value, errors, 797	gateways, 1381-1382
remote systems, command	rev, 457	options, 1381
execution, 569-571	reverse line feeds, filtering, 76	request packets, 1381
remote user communication	Revision Control System, see	response packets, 1381
server, 1405-1406	RCS	starting, 1380
remotehelp (ftp command),	rewind function, 927-928	routines
151	rewinddir( ) function, 1011	ICCcancel, 956
remotestatus (ftp command),	rexecd, 1376-1377	ICCclose, 956
151	bugs, 1377	ICCcommand, 956
remove, 1008	diagnostics, 1377	ICCgo, 956
cvs command, 101-102	protocol, 1376-1377	ICCopen, 956
xauth command, 591	RGB colorname databases,	ICCpause, 956
remove_file_free, 1431-1432	uncompiling, 488	ICCreserve, 956
remque( ) function, 957	rgb3toppm, 457-458	ICCsettimeout, 956
rename, 828-829	rindex( ) function, 953	libinn library, 962-966
rename (ftp command), 151	rint( ) function, 1011-1012	CAclose, 964
renice, 1375-1376	ripple test pattern (printing),	CAlistopen, 964
REPLY variable (bash), 15	302	CAopen, 964
REPLYTO environment	rlog, 458-460	CloseOnExec, 965
variable, 529	rlogin, 460-461	DDcheck, 965
repquota, 1376	rlogind, 1377-1378	DDend, 965
res_init, 1008-1011	rm, 461-462	DDstart, 965
		GetConfigValue, 965

		■ routines
	1476

GetFileConfigValue, 965	routing, pppd, 1367			sched_get_priority_min,
GetFQDN, 965	RPC			830-831
GetModeratorAddress,		program numbers,		sched_getparam, 832
965		converting to DARPA port		sched_getscheduler, 833-835
GetResourceUsage, 965		numbers, 1358-1359		errors, 834
GetTimeInfo, 965		protocol compiler, see rpcgen		policies, 833
HeaderFind, 964		services, reporting informa-		SCHED_FIFO, 833-834
INNVersion, 966		tion, 1383-1384		SCHED_OTHER, 834
LockFile, 965	rpc.rquotad, 1384			SCHED_RR, 834
NNTPcheckarticle, 965	rpc.rusersd, 1382-1383			response time, 834
NNTPconnect, 965	rpc.rwalld, 1383			sched_rr_get_interval, 831
NNTPlocalopen, 965	rpcgen, 464-466			sched_setparam, 832
NNTPremoteopen, 965		options, 465-466		sched_setscheduler, 833-835
NNTPsendarticle, 966		preprocessor symbols, 465		errors, 834
NNTPsendpassword, 966	rpcinfo, 1383-1384			policies, 833
Radix32, 966	rquota( ) protocol, 1012			SCHED_FIFO, 833-834
ReadInDescriptor, 966	rquotad, 1384			SCHED_OTHER, 834
ReadInFile, 966	rsh, 466-467			SCHED_RR, 834
SetNonBlocking, 965	rshd, 1385-1386			response time, 834
libpbm, 966-969	rstart, 467-468			sched_yield, 835
constants, 968	rstartd, 468-471			scheduling
endian i/o, 967		configuring, 469		algorithm, getting/setting,
errors, 967		keywords, 470		833-835
file management, 967		installing, 469		parameters, getting/setting,
initialization, 968		options, 469		832
keyword matching, 967	rtag (cvs command), 102			policies, 833
memory management, 968	runique (ftp command), 152			first in - first out,
messages, 967	rup, 472			833-834
reading files, 968	rusers, 472-473			round-robin, 834
types, 968	rwall, 473			time-sharing, 834
writing files, 968-969	rwho, 474			priorities
libpgm, 969-970	rwhod, 1386-1387			getting/setting, 766-767
constants, 969	S			value ranges, 830-831
initialization, 969				yielding processor, 835
memory management, 969				screen, clearing, 70-71
reading files, 970	saving stack context, 1018			screen savers, beforelight,
types, 969	/sbin directory, 1237			47-48
writing files, 970	sbrk, 746			script, 474-475
libpnm, 970-972	scandir( ) function,			scripts, chat, 1270
constants, 970	1012-1013			scroll-back( ) action (xterm),
format promotion, 972	scanf functions, 1013-1015			714
initialization, 971		bugs, 1015		scroll-forw( ) action (xterm),
memory management, 971		conversions, 1014-1015		714
reading files, 971		flags, 1014		SCSI drivers
types, 970		return values, 1015		disk drives, 1095-1096
writing files, 971-972	sched_get_priority_max,			tape devices, 1096-1100
XEL manipulation, 972	830-831			sd, 1095-1096
XEL manipulations, 971

		servers ■
				1477
searching	semaphore sets	serial mouse interface,
binary trees, 1056	control operations, 837-839	1092-1094
strings, for character sets,	GETALL, 838	Microsoft protocol, 1093
1035-1039	GETNCNT, 838	MM protocol, 1094
second extended filesystems	GETPID, 838	MouseSystems protocol,
creating, 1324-1325	GETVAL, 838	1093
lost+found directory, 1327	GETZCNT, 838	Sun protocol, 1093
tunable parameters	IPC_RMID, 838	serial ports
(adjusting), 1412-1413	IPC_SET, 838	configuring, 1394-1395
SECONDS variable (bash), 15	IPC_STAT, 837	parameters, 1392-1394
secure( ) action (xterm), 713	SETALL, 838	setting/getting information,
securetty, 1184	SETVAL, 838	1391-1395
security	identifiers (getting),	serial terminal lines, 1101
sysklogd, 1403-1404	839-840	servers
X server, 688-689	operations, 840-842	biff, 1274-1275
xterm, 712	semctl, 837-839	controlling with xdm,
sed, 475-480	errors, 838-839	612-613
addresses, 476	operations, 837-838	DARPA FTP, 1301-1304
bugs, 480	GETALL, 838	requests supported,
commands, 478-479	GETNCNT, 838	1302-1303
grouping, 478	GETPID, 838	DARPA Telnet protocol,
syntax, 476	GETVAL, 838	1406-1407
comments, 477	GETZCNT, 838	DARPA TFTP, 1407
diagnostics, 479-480	IPC_RMID, 838	domain
options, 475	IPC_SET, 838	looking up hostnames
regular expressions, 476-477	IPC_STAT, 837	with, 257-258
replacement pattern	SETALL, 838	resolver routines,
symbols, 477	SETVAL, 838	1008-1011
search pattern symbols,	semget, 839-840	font (X)
476-477	semop, 840-842	displaying information
seed48( ) functions, 912	send, 842-843	about, 145
seekdir( ) function,	ftp command, 152	generating BDF fonts,
1015-1016	send arguments command	146-147
select, 835-837	(telnet), 508-509	listing fonts, 145-146
select-cursor-end action	send-signal( ) action (xterm),	interned atoms, listing,
(xterm), 714	714	668-669
select-cursor-start( ) action	sendmail, 1387-1390	Internet, xinetd (starting
(xterm), 714	aliases, 1390	with), 655-664
select-end( ) action (xterm),	exit status codes, 1390	Internet domain nameserver,
714	files, 1390	1334-1338
select-extend( ) action	flags, 1388	boot file, 1334-1336
(xterm), 714	options, 1389-1390	control interface,
select-start( ) action (xterm),	sendmsg, 842-843	1338-1339
714	sendport (ftp command), 152	master file, 1336
selections, copying into cut	sendto, 842-843	querying, 1350-1353
buffers, 598-599	serial lines	signals, 1337
	monitoring, 1359-1360
	network interfaces,
	attaching, 1399-1401

		■ servers
	1478

SOA record, 1336-1337	XF86_8514, 615	sessions
stopping/restarting, 1338	XF86_Accel, 614-623	creating, setsid, 848
synchronizing database,	configuration, 615-616	IDs, getting, 768
1338	files, 622	typescripts, creating,
Internet superserver,	options, 616	474-475
1305-1307	setup, 616-622	X Session Manager, 694-698
LBX proxy server, 286-287	XF86_AGX, 615	default startup applica-
logged-in users, 1382-1383	XF86_Mach32, 615	tions, 695
news, sending Usenet	XF86_Mach64, 615	options, 695-698
articles to, 267-269	XF86_Mach8, 615	proxy, 698
NFS	XF86_Mono, 624-627	remote applications, 698
authentication/print	configuration, 624	Session menu, 695-696
request, 1355-1357	files, 626	SM_SAVE_DIR
mount information, 1396	setup, 624-626	environment variable,
NNTP, 1347-1349	XF86_P9000, 615	695
getting lists from, 206-207	XF86_S3, 615	starting, 695
passwords, 1170	XF86_SVGA, 627-631	tester, 698-699
retrieving Usenet articles	configuration, 627-628	.xsession file, 695
from, 340-341	files, 630-631	xdm, 600
portmap, 1358-1359	options, 628	sessreg, 480-481
remote execution,	setup, 628-630	set
1376-1377	XF86_VGA16, 631-633	shell command, 40-42
remote login, 1377-1378	configuration, 631	telnet command, 509-510
remote quota, 1384	files, 633	set-allow132( ) action (xterm),
remote shell, 1385-1386	options, 632	715
remote user communication,	setup, 632	set-altscreen( ) action (xterm),
1405-1406	XF86_W32, 615	715
specifying, xdm, 607-608	XFree86, 636-641	set-appcursor( ) action
system status, 1386-1387	configuration, 636	(xterm), 715
message format,	environment variables,	set-appkeypad( ) action
1386-1387	637	(xterm), 715
X Window System	files, 638-639	set-autolinefeed( ) action
access control program,	key combinations, 638	(xterm), 715
643-645	network connections,	set-autowrap( ) action
display server, 685-690	636-637	(xterm), 715
file utility, 587-592	options, 637-638	set-cursesemul( ) action
font server, 641-643	setup, 638	(xterm), 715
information utility, 614	services, 1184-1186	set-jumpscroll( ) action
killing clients, 666-667	bugs, 1186	(xterm), 715
starting, 664-666	files, 1186	set-marginbell( ) action
virtual framebuffer,	Internet, listing, 1184-1186	(xterm), 715
717-718	NFS, daemon, 1347	set-reverse-video( ) action
X11	RPC, reporting information,	(xterm), 715
performance comparison	1383-1384	set-reversewrap( ) action
program, 585-586	Session Manager Proxy, see	(xterm), 715
performance test program,	smproxy	set-scroll-on-key( ) action
577-585		(xterm), 715

		shell variables (bash) ■
				1479
set-scroll-on-tty-output( )	setpwent( ) function, 943	shadow directories (creating),
action (xterm), 715	setregid, 846-847	294
set-scrollbar( ) action (xterm),	setreuid, 847-848	shar, 484-487
715	setrlimit, 767-768	files, unpacking, 560-561
set-tek-text( ) action (xterm),	setserial, 1391-1395	options, 484-486
715	configuration consider-	shared libraries, selecting, 883
set-terminal-type( ) action	ations, 1394-1395	shared memory
(xterm), 715	files, 1395	allocating, 851-853
set-visibility( ) action (xterm),	options, 1392	controlling, 849-851
715	parameters, 1392-1394	commands, 850
set-visual-bell( ) action	setservent( ) function, 946	system calls, 851
(xterm), 715	setsid, 848, 1395	operations, 853-854
set-vt-font( ) action (xterm),	errors, 848	shell variables (bash), 15-18
714	setsockopt, 769-772	allow-null_glob_expansion,
setbuf function, 1016-1017	bugs, 772	17
setbuffer function, 1016-1017	errors, 771	auto_resume, 18
setdomainname, 760	options recognized, 770-771	BASH, 15
setegid, 846-847	SO_BROADCAST, 771	BASH_VERSION, 15
setenv( ) function, 1017	SO_DEBUG, 770	cdable_vars, 18
seteuid, 847-848	SO_DONTROUTE, 770	CDPATH, 16
setfdprm, 1391	SO_ERROR, 771	command_oriented_history,
setfsgid, 843-844	SO_KEEPALIVE, 770	17
setfsuid, 844	SO_LINGER, 770	ENV, 16
setgid, 845	SO_RCVBUF, 771	EUID, 15
setgrent( ) function, 932-933	SO_RCVLOWAT, 771	FCEDIT, 17
setgroups, 761-762	SO_RCVTIMEO, 771	FIGNORE, 17
sethostid, 762-763	SO_REUSEADDR, 770	glob_dot_filenames, 17
sethostname, 763	SO_SNDBUF, 771	histchars, 17-18
setitimer, 763-764	SO_SNDLOWAT, 771	HISTCMD, 16
bugs, 764	SO_SNDTIMEO, 771	HISTFILE, 17
defining values, 764	SO_TYPE, 771	HISTFILESIZE, 17
errors, 764	return value, 771	history control, 17
return value, 764	setstate( ) function,	HISTSIZE, 17
timer types, 764	1001-1002	HOME, 16
setjmp( ) function, 1018	setterm, 482-483	hostname_completion_file,
setlinebuf function,	settimeofday, 772-773	18
1016-1017	setuid, 848-849	HOSTTYPE, 16
setlocale( ) function,	setup, 849	IFS, 16
1018-1019	setusershell( ) function,	IGNOREEOF, 17
setmntent( ) function,	946-947	INPUTRC, 17
935-936	setutent( ) function, 947	LINENO, 15
SetNonBlocking routine, 965	setvbuf function, 1016-1017	MAIL, 16
setpgid, 845-846	SGI image files, converting to	MAIL_WARNING, 16
setpgrp, 845-846	portable anymaps, 483-484	MAILCHECK, 16
setpriority, 766-767	sgitopnm, 483-484	MAILPATH, 16
setprotoent( ) function,	sh, expansion, 19	no_exit_on_failed_exec, 18
941-942		noclobber, 18

		■ shell variables (bash)
	1480

nolinks, 18	parameters, 14-15	suspend, 42-43
notify, 17	pipelines (|), 12	test expr, 43
OLDPWD, 15	prompting, 26	times, 43
OPTARG, 16	quoting, 14	trap, 43-44
OPTERR, 17	readline, 27-32	type, 44
OPTIND, 16	redirection, 21-23	ulimit, 44-45
OSTYPE, 16	reserved words, 12	umask, 45
PATH, 16	shell variables, 15-18	unalias, 45
PPID, 15	signals, 25	unset, 45
PROMPT_COMMAND,	simple commands, 12	wait, 45
17	words, 12	commands, executing, 1047
PS1, 16	built-in commands, 35-45	exiting, 37
PS2, 16	alias, 35	interactive, 45
PS3, 17	bg, 35	login, 45
PS4, 17	bind, 35	changing, 63
PWD, 15	break, 35	exiting, 39
RANDOM, 15	builtin, 35	pathnames, 1186
REPLY, 15	cd, 35-36	remote, 466-467
SECONDS, 15	command, 36	server, 1385-1386
SHLVL, 15	continue, 36	suspending execution, 42-43
TMOUT, 17	declare, 36	user, getting, 946-947
UID, 15	dirs, 36	shells file, 1186
shells	echo, 36-37	shift (shell command), 42
archives, creating, 484-487	enabling/disabling, 37	shlock, 487
Bourne-again, 11-46	eval, 37	SHLVL variable (bash), 15
aliases, 23-24	exec, 37	shmctl, 849-851
arguments, 11	exit, 37	commands, 850
arithmetic evaluation, 34	export, 37	errors, 851
blanks, 12	fc, 37-38	system calls, 851
bugs, 46	fg, 38	shmget, 851-853
command execution, 25	getopts, 38	bugs, 853
comments, 14	hash, 38	errors, 852
compound commands, 13	help, 38	system calls, 852
control operators, 12	history, 39	shmop, 853-854
environments, 25-26	jobs, 39	show-all-if-ambiguous
escape character, 14	kill, 39	variable (readline), 28
exit status, 26	let, 39	showmount, 1396
expansion, 18-21	local, 39	showrgb, 488
files, 46	logout, 39	shrinkfile, 488
functions, 23	popd, 39-40	shutdown, 855, 1396-1397
history list, 32-33	pushd, 40	bugs, 1397
invocation, 45-46	pwd, 40	errors, 855
job control, 24-25	read, 40	files, 1397
lists, 12-13	readonly, 40	options, 1397
meta characters, 12	return, 40	sigaction, 855-857
names, 12	set, 40-42	sigaddset, 1019-1020
options, 11	shift, 42	sigblock, 858

		source command (xauth) ■
				1481
sigdelset, 1019-1020	site (ftp command), 152	options, 770-771
sigemptyset, 1019-1020	size, 489-490	getting/setting, 769-772
sigfillset, 1019-1020	copying, 489-490	SO_BROADCAST, 771
siggetmask, 858	ftp command, 152	SO_DEBUG, 770
siginterrupt( ) function, 1019	options, 489	SO_DONTROUTE, 770
sigismember, 1019-1020	slattach, 1399	SO_ERROR, 771
sigmask, 858	slc command (telnet), 510	SO_KEEPALIVE, 770
signal, 857-858, 1248-1249	sldtoppm, 490-491	SO_LINGER, 770
bugs, 1249	sleep( ) function, 1021	SO_RCVBUF, 771
signal messages, printing,	sliplogin, 1399-1401	SO_RCVLOWAT, 771
996	diagnostics, 1400	SO_RCVTIMEO, 771
signals	/etc/slip.hosts format, 1400	SO_REUSEADDR, 770
available (list of), 1248-1249	example, 1400	SO_SNDBUF, 771
bash, 25	parameters, 1400	SO_SNDLOWAT, 771
blocked	smb filesystem, 1126	SO_SNDTIMEO, 771
changing list of, 856	smproxy, 491-492	SO_TYPE, 771
releasing, 858-859	snprintf function, 992-996	pairs, creating, 862-863
changing process action,	SOCK_DGRAM sockets,	peers, getting names, 765
855-856	860-861	receiving messages from,
describing with strings, 1038	SOCK_RAW sockets, 861	826-828
handling, 857-858	SOCK_RDM sockets, 861	sending messages from,
interrupting system calls,	SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets,	842-843
1019	860-861	system calls, 862
masks	SOCK_STREAM sockets,	types, 860
manipulating, 858	860-861	SOCK_DGRAM,
replacing, 856	socket, 860-861	860-861
pending, examining, 856	errors, 861	SOCK_RAW, 861
POSIX signal set operations,	socket types, 860	SOCK_RDM, 861
1019-1020	SOCK_DGRAM,	SOCK_SEQPACKET,
sending to processes, raise	860-861	860-861
function, 1000	SOCK_RAW, 861	SOCK_STREAM,
waiting for, 817	SOCK_RDM, 861	860-861
signatures, tin, 528	SOCK_SEQPACKET,	soft-reset( ) action (xterm),
sigpause, 858-859	860-861	715
sigpending, 855-857	SOCK_STREAM,	Solitaire files, converting to
sigprocmask, 855-857	860-861	portable anymaps, 488-489
sigreturn, 859	socketcall, 862	sort, 492-493
sigsetmask, 858	socketpair, 862-863	sorted arrays, searching,
sigsuspend, 855-857	sockets	900-901
sigvec, 860	connections	sorted files, removing
simple commands (bash), 12	accepting, 740-741	duplicate lines, 560
simpleinit, 1397-1399	initiating, 752-753	sorted word lists, compress-
bugs, 1399	listening for, 792-793	ing/uncompressing, 496
files, 1398	creating, 860-861	sorting arrays, 1000
sin( ) function, 1020-1021	names	sound drivers, boot-time
sinh( ) function, 1021	binding, 745-746	parameters, 1224
sirtopnm, 488-489	getting, 769	source command (xauth), 591

		■ spaces, converting to tabs
	1482

spaces, converting to tabs, 559	sq, 496	strcspn( ) function,
spctoppm, 494	sqrt( ) function, 1023	1038-1039
special parameters, bash,	square roots (returning), 1023	strdup( ) function, 1031
14-15	srand( ) function, 1001	stream-oriented editor, see sed
! (exclamation points), 15	srand48( ) functions, 912	streams
# (pound signs), 15	srandom( ) function,	binary, input/output
$ (dollar signs), 15	1001-1002	(getting), 926-927
* (asterisks), 15	sscanf function, 1013-1015	block buffered, 1016
- (hyphens), 15	st, 1096-1100	buffering operations,
? (question marks), 15	ioctl( ) calls, 1097-1100	1016-1017
@ (at signs), 15	return values, 1100	checking/resetting status,
_ (underscores), 15	stack, saving context, 1018	919-920
0, 15	standard colormap utility (X),	closing, 919
spell-checking, 274, 280	699-700	directory
buildhash, 279	standard error output,	current location (return-
findaffix, 280	redirecting, 22	ing), 1048
icombine, 281	standard output, redirecting,	resetting, 1011
ijoin, 281	22	flushing, 920-921
ispell, 274-279	start-cursor-extend( ) action	line buffered, 1016
ispell dictionaries,	(xterm), 714	opening, 924-925
1084-1090	start-extend( ) action (xterm),	repositioning, 927-928
affix file, 1084-1085	714	unbuffered, 1016
alternate string characters,	startup time	strerror( ) function, 1032
1087	adjusting to GMT, 1424-	strfry( ), 1032
character-set section, 1086	1425	strftime( ) function,
flags, 1088	converting, 1430	1032-1034
headers, 1085	startx, 496-497	conversion specifiers, 1033
options statements,	stat, 863-864	tm structure members, 1034
1085-1086	statements, awk, 167-168	string constants, awk,
prefix/suffix tables, 1088	states (system), updating,	169-170
root words, 1084-1085	1414-1415	string functions, awk, 169
munchlist, 279-280	statfs, 865-866	string variables, configura-
tryaffix, 281	status	tion-dependent, 906-907
split, 494-495	cvs, 102	string( ) action (xterm), 714
splitting files, 85-86, 119-120	ftp, 152	strings, 498
spool queue	telnet command, 512	byte
examining, 298-299	stdarg, 1023-1024	copying, 900
removing jobs from,	stdio library, 1025-1027	operations, 901
301-302	bugs, 1026	writing zeros to, 902
SPOT satellite images,	functions, 1026-1027	comparing, 1029-1030
converting to portable	stime, 866	byte, 899-900
graymaps, 495	stpcpy( ) function, 1027-1028	ignoring case, 1028
spottopgm, 495	strcasecmp( ), 1028	using current locale, 1030
sprintf function, 992-996	strcat( ) function, 1028-1029	concatenating, 1028-1029
sprintf( ) function, awk,	strchr( ) function, 1029	converting
167-168	strcmp( ) function, 1029-1030	to doubles, 898,
sputoppm, 495-496	strcoll( ) function, 1030	1039-1040
	strcpy( ) function, 1030-1031	to integers, 898-899

		syslogd ■
				1483
to long integers, 899,	strstr( ) function, 1039	swapon, 866-867, 1401
1041	strtod( ) function, 1039-1040	errors, 867
to multibyte character	strtok( ) function, 1040	files, 1401
(from wide character),	strtol( ) function, 1041	priority, 867
1061	strtoul( ) function, 1041-1042	swapping
to tm structure,	struct (ftp command), 152	enabling/disabling, 1401
1036-1037	strxfrm( ) function,	starting/stopping, 866-867
to unsigned long integers,	1042-1043	priority, 867
1041-1042	subdirectories, MS-DOS	swapping bytes, 1043
to wide character (from	creating, 326	symbolic links, 867-869
multibyte), 977-978	moving, 327	reading values, 823-824
copying, 498, 1030-1031	removing, 329	symlink, 867-869
stpcpy( ) function,	renaming, 329-330	sync, 869, 1401-1402
1027-1028	subroutines	synchronizing files with
describing signals with, 1038	endnetent, 936-937	memory maps, 811
duplicating, 1031	getnetbyaddr, 936-937	synchronous I/O,
extracting tokens from,	getnetbyname, 936-937	multiplexing, 835-837
1037-1040	getnetent, 936-937	syscall macros, 738
length (calculating), 1035	subst, 500-501	syscall( ) macros, 738
locating characters in, 953,	substrings	sysconf( ) function,
1029	locating, 1039	1043-1045
options, 498	locating in memory areas,	sysctl, 869-871
outputting, 997-999	981	sysfs, 871
randomizing, 1032	see also strings	sysinfo, 871-872
searching, for character sets,	suffixes, 1249-1252	sysklogd, 1402-1404
1035-1039	sum, 501	configuration file, 1402-
string operation functions,	Sun icons, converting to	1403
1034-1035	portable bitmaps, 262	FIFOs, 1403
transformation, 1042-1043	Sun raster files, converting to	files, 1404
see also substrings	portable anymaps, 438	installing, 1403
strip, 499	SuperProbe, 501-503	remote logging, 1403
strlen( ) function, 1035	bugs, 503	security, 1403-1404
strncasecmp( ), 1028	options, 502	syslog, 872-874
strncat( ) function, 1028-1029	running, 502-503	syslog( ) function, 1045-1046
strncmp( ) function,	suspend (shell command),	syslog.conf, 1186-1188
1029-1030	42-43	action field, 1186-1187
strncpy( ) function,	suspending execution, 1061	examples, 1187-1188
1030-1031	swab( ) function, 1043	facility keyword, 1187
strpbrk( ) function,	swap area, setting up,	level keyword, 1187
1035-1036	1327-1328	selector field, 1186-1187
strptime( ) function,	swap device parameter, values,	syslogd, 1404-1405
1036-1037	1374	configuration file, 1186-
bugs, 1037	swapoff, 866-867, 1401	1188
field descriptors, 1036-1037	errors, 867	action field, 1186-1187
strrchr( ) function, 1029	files, 1401	examples, 1187-1188
strsep( ) function, 1037-1038	priority, 867	facility keyword, 1187
strsignal( ) function, 1038		level keyword, 1187
strspn( ) function, 1038-1039		selector field, 1186-1187

		■ syslogd
	1484

files, 1405	System V IPC keys, convert-			tcdrain( ), 876, 1052
options, 1405		ing pathnames/project		tcflow( ), 876, 1052
system		identifiers to, 929-930		tcflush( ), 876, 1052
configuration, getting	system( ) function, 1047			tcgetattr( ), 876, 1051
information at runtime,	sysv filesystem, 1125			tcgetpgrp( ), 877, 1053
1043-1045	T			tcsendbreak( ), 876, 1052
displaying information				tcsetattr( ), 876, 1052
about, 562				tcsetpgrp( ), 877, 1053
load average, graphing, 533	Tab Window Manager, see			tdelete, 1056-1058
page size, getting, 765		twm		tek-copy( ) action (xterm),
parameters, reading/writing,	tables			716
869-871		descriptor, size (getting),		tek-page( ) action (xterm),
printing activity summary,	760-761			715
573		file		tek-reset( ) action (xterm),
shutting down, 1396-1397		adding entries,		716
state, updating, 1414-1415	1428-1429			telinit, 1307-1309
status server, 1386-1387		description, 1425-1426		diagnostics, 1309
message format,		initializing, 1427		files, 1308
1386-1387		moving files to end, 1431		run levels, 1308
system (ftp command), 152		removing files, 1431-1432		telldir( ) function, 1048
system calls, 738-739		structure, 1426		telnet, 507-512
calling directly, 738		table entries, 1426		commands, 508-512
interrupting with signals,		unreferenced entries		!, 512
1019		(fetching), 1428		?, 512
IPC, 789		hash		close, 508
obsolete, 814		creating, 951		display argument, 508
prototypes, 738		freeing memory, 951		environ, 511
socket, 862		searching, 951		mode, 508
syscall macros, 738		IP routing (manipulating),		open host, 508
undocumented, 881	1379-1380			quit, 508
unimplemented, 881-882		local descriptor, reading/		send arguments, 508-509
system logging, 1402-1404		writing, 800		set, 509-510
configuration file,		RARP, manipulating, 1373		slc, 510
1402-1403		troff, formatting, 236-237		status, 512
FIFOs, 1403	tabs, converting to spaces, 137			toggle, 511-512
making log entries, 295-296	tac, 503-504			unset, 509-510
messages, 1404-1405	tag (cvs command), 102-103			z, 512
remote, 1403	tag files			environment, 512
sending messages to,		emacs, 135-137		files, 512
1045-1046		generating, 87-88		options, 507
System V interprocess		vi, 135-137		Telnet protocol
communication, 1144-1146	tail, 504			DARPA server, 1406-1407
message queues, 1145	talk, 505			interface, see telnet
resource access permissions,	talkd, 1405-1406			telnetd, 1406-1407
1144-1145	tan( ) function, 1047-1048			tempnam( ) function, 1049
semaphore sets, 1145-1146	tanh( ) function, 1048			temporary filenames, creating,
shared memory segments,	tcal, 506			983-984
1146

		tin ■
			1485
temporary files	terminating programs
		returning current, 928-929
creating, 983, 1053-1054	abort( ) function, 892	setting, 866
naming, 1049, 1054	assert( ) function, 895-896	startup
tenex (ftp command), 152	termios functions, 874	adjusting to GMT,
termcap, 1188-1197	flag constants, 874-876	1424-1425
Boolean capabilities, 1189	termios structure	converting, 1430
numeric capabilities,	c_cflag flag constants, 1051	time functions, 878
1189-1190	c_iflag flag constants, 1050	awk, 169
string capabilities,	c_lflag flag constants, 1051	time server daemon,
1190-1197	c_oflag flag constants,	1407-1408
control codes, 1195-1196	1050-1051	time zones
terminals	test expr (shell command), 43	compiling, 1419-1422
attributes, 1049-1053	text	printing, 1419
getting, 876	compressed, viewing,	time-sharing scheduling, 834
setting, 482-483, 876	733-734	timed, 1407-1409
baud rate, 1049-1053	filters, more, 327-328	control program, 1408-1409
capability database,	formatting line lengths, 143	files, 1408
1188-1197	rendering to bitmaps,	timedc, 1408-1409
Boolean capabilities, 1189	355-356	timers (event), managing,
numeric capabilities,	sorting, 492-493	1424
1189-1190	editors, elvis, 126-128	times
string capabilities,	files	binary, converting to ASCII,
1190-1197	converting for printing,	909-911
controlling terminal,	429-430	converting
1100-1101	creating gcal resource files	to ASCII, 984-986
creating typescript of	from, 558	initializing conversion
sessions, 474-475	tfind, 1056-1058	information, 986-988,
displaying last login,	tfmtodit, 513	1058-1060
285-286	TFTP (Trivial File Transfer	strings to numbers,
foreground processes, group	Protocol), 1407	989-990
ID, 1049-1053	DARPA server, 1407	to tm structure,
initializing, 539-542	tftp, 514-515	1036-1037
line control, 1049-1053	TFTP (Trivial File Transfer	formatting, strftime( )
name and device list, 1197	Protocol), 514	function, 1032-1034
names (returning), 1058	tftpd, 1407	process, getting, 878-879
resetting, 456	tgatoppm, 515	time zone information files,
serial lines, 1101	TI_ACTIVEFILE environ-	1197-1198
termios functions, 874-878	ment variable, 529	user/system, printing, 43
type mapping, 540-541	TI_NOVROOTDIR environ-	times (shell command), 43
type, setting in shell	ment variable, 529	times function, 878-879
environment, 540	TIFF files, converting to	timestamps, changing, 536
virtual hangups, 885	portable anymaps, 515-516	tin, 516-533
window size, setting,	tifftopnm, 515-516	articles
456-457	tilde expansion (bash), 19	automatic mailing, 528
terminating processes,	time	autoselect/autokill,
283-284	calculating differences, 911	526-527
	getting/setting, 772-773	crossposting, 527

in seconds, 878

		■ tin
	1486

customizing quote string,	signatures, 528	squeezing/deleting, 538-539
527	starting, 518	translating, 538
mailing, 527	tinrc configurable variables,	warning messages, 539
piping, 527	525-526	tr2tex, 1252-1253
posting, 527	xterm buttons, 530-531	trace (ftp command), 152
printing, 527	TIN_HOMEDIR	traceroute, 1409-1412
saving, 527-528	environment variable, 528	examples, 1411
tagging/untagging, 528	TIN_INDEXDIR	options, 1410
bugs, 531	environment variable, 529	transforming strings,
commands	TIN_LIBDIR environment	1042-1043
article viewer, 522-524	variable, 529	translating/deleting charac-
editing, 519	TIN_SPOOLDIR	ters, 536-539
global options menu, 524-	environment variable, 529	trap (shell command), 43-44
525	tinrc configurable variables,	Trivial File Transfer Protocol,
group index, 521-522	525-526	see TFTP
newsgroup selection,	see also tin	troff
519-520	TINRC environment variable,	compiling pictures for,
spool directory selection,	528	211-215
520	tload, 533	converting to LaTeX,
thread listing, 522	TMOUT variable (bash), 17	1252-1253
environment variables,	/tmp directory, 1237	formatting tables, 236-237
528-530	tmpfile( ) function,	output format, 1129-1131
ADD_ADDRESS, 529	1053-1054	TrueVision Targa files,
AUTOSUBSCRIBE, 529	tmpnam( ) function, 1054	converting to portable
AUTOUNSUBSCRIBE,	toascii( ) function, 1055	pixmaps, 515
530	toggle command (telnet),	truncate, 879-880
BUG_ADDRESS, 529	511-512	tryaffix, 274, 281
DISTRIBUTION, 529	tokens, extracting from	files, 281
MAILER, 529	strings, 1037-1040	see also ispell
NNTPSERVER, 529	tolower( ) function,	tsearch, 1056-1058
ORGANIZATION, 529	1055-1056	tset, 539-542
REPLYTO, 529	top, 533-535	compatibility, 542
TI_ACTIVEFILE, 529	bugs, 535	environment, 541
TI_NOVROOTDIR, 529	commands, 534-535	files, 541
TIN_HOMEDIR, 528	field descriptions, 534	options, 540
TIN_INDEXDIR, 529	options, 534	setting environment, 540
TIN_LIBDIR, 529	topological sorting (graphs),	terminal type mapping,
TIN_SPOOLDIR, 529	542	540-541
TINRC, 528	touch, 536	tsort, 542
VISUAL, 529	toupper( ) function,	tty, 1100-1101
files, 531	1055-1056	ttyname, 1058
group attributes, 526	tr, 536-539	ttys, 1101
index files, 517-518	character classes, 537-538	ttytype, 1197
moving between levels, 519	escape characters, 537	tune2fs, 1412-1413
news administration, 518	ranges, 537	tunelp, 1413-1414
options, 516-517	repeated characters, 537	twalk, 1056-1058
screen format, 518-519	specifying character sets, 537

		twm ■
				1487
twm, 542-557	f.restart, 555	ForceIcons, 547
bindings, 552-553	f.righticonmgr, 555	FramePadding, 547
bugs, 557	f.rightzoom, 556	Grayscale, 547
customizing, 543-544	f.saveyourself, 556	IconBackground, 547
environment, 557	f.showiconmgr, 556	IconBorderColor, 547
files, 557	f.sorticonmgr, 556	IconBorderWidth, 547
functions, 554-556	f.title, 556	IconDirectory, 547
!, 554	f.topzoom, 556	IconFont, 547
f.autoraise, 554	f.unfocus, 556	IconForeground, 547
f.backiconmgr, 554	f.upiconmgr, 556	IconifyByUnmapping,
f.beep, 554	f.vlzoom, 556	547
f.bottomzoom, 554	f.vrzoom, 556	IconManagerBackground,
f.circledown, 554	f.warpring, 556	547
f.circleup, 554	f.warpto, 556	IconManagerDontShow,
f.colormap, 554	f.warptoiconmgr, 556	547
f.deiconify, 554	f.warptoscreen, 556	IconManagerFont, 548
f.delete, 554	f.winrefresh, 556	IconManagerForeground,
f.deltastop, 554	f.zoom, 556	548
f.destroy, 554	icons, 557	IconManagerGeometry,
f.downiconmgr, 554	menus, 556-557	548
f.exec, 554	options, 543	IconManagerHighlight,
f.focus, 554	starting, 543	548
f.forcemove, 555	startup files, 543-544	IconManagers, 548
f.forwiconmgr, 555	variables, 544-552	IconManagerShow, 548
f.fullzoom, 555	AutoRaise, 544	IconRegion, 548
f.function, 555	AutoRelativeResize,	Icons, 548-549
f.hbzoom, 555	544-545	InterpolateMenuColors,
f.hideiconmgr, 555	BorderColor, 545	549
f.horizoom, 555	BorderTileBackground,	MakeTitle, 549
f.htzoom, 555	545	MaxWindowSize, 549
f.hzoom, 555	BorderTileForeground,	MenuBackground, 549
f.iconify, 555	545	MenuFont, 549
f.identify, 555	BorderWidth, 545	MenuForeground, 549
f.lefticonmgr, 555	ButtonIndent, 545	MenuShadowColor, 549
f.leftzoom, 555	ClientBorderWidth, 545	MenuTitleBackground,
f.lower, 555	Color, 545-546	549
f.menu, 555	ConstrainedMoveTime,	MenuTitleForeground,
f.move, 555	546	549
f.nexticonmgr, 555	Cursors, 546	Monochrome, 549
f.nop, 555	DecorateTransients, 546	MoveDelta, 549
f.previconmgr, 555	DefaultBackground, 546	NoBackingStore, 549
f.priority, 555	DefaultForeground, 547	NoCaseSensitive, 549
f.quit, 555	DefaultFunction, 552	NoDefaults, 549
f.raise, 555	DontIconifyByUnmapping,	NoGrabServer, 549
f.raiselower, 555	547	NoHighlight, 550
f.refresh, 555	DontMoveOff, 547	NoIconManagers, 550
f.resize, 555	DontSqueezeTitle, 547	NoMenuShadows, 550

		■ twm
	1488

NoRaiseOnDeiconify, 550 NoRaiseOnMove, 550 NoRaiseOnResize, 550 NoRaiseOnWarp, 550 NoSaveUnders, 550 NoStackMode, 550 NoTitle, 550 NoTitleFocus, 550 NoTitleHighlight, 550 OpaqueMove, 550 Pixmaps, 550

Priority, 550 RandomPlacement, 550 ResizeFont, 551 RestartPreviousState, 551 SaveColor, 551 ShowIconManager, 551 SortIconManager, 551 SqueezeTitle, 551 StartIconified, 551 TitleBackground, 551 TitleButtonBorderWidth,

551 TitleFont, 552

TitleForeground, 552 TitlePadding, 552 UnknownIcon, 552 UsePPosition, 552 WarpCursor, 552 WarpUnmapped, 552 WindowFunction, 552 WindowRing, 552 XorValue, 552

Zoom, 552 windows, 543

creating, 543 resizing, 543

txt2gcal, 558 type

ftp command, 152 shell command, 44

TZ environment variable, 987 tzfile, 1197-1198

tzset, 986-988 files, 988

TZ environment variable, 987

tzset( ) function, 1058-1060

U

UID variable (bash), 15 ul, 558-559

ulimit (shell command), 44-45

umask, 880

ftp command, 152 shell command, 45 umsdos filesystem, 1125

unalias (shell command), 45 uname, 880-881 unbuffered streams, 1016 underlining, 558-559 underscores (_), bash special

parameters, 15 undocumented system calls,

881 unexpand, 559

ungetc( ) function, 945 Unicode, 1065, 1253-1255

ASCII-compatible encoding, 1255-1256

combining characters, 1254 implementation levels, 1254 Web site, 1065

unimplemented system calls, 881-882

uniq, 560

Universal Product Code bitmaps, creating, 368

UNIX

copying MS-DOS files to/ from, 317-318

filenames, restoring, 324-325

files, copying

between systems, 563-565 to MS-DOS, 335

unlink, 882 unlocking memory

munlock, 811-812 munlockall, 812-813 unmapping files to memory,

799-800

unmount, 802-804, 1328-1332

bugs, 1332 errors, 803 files, 1332 options, 1331

return value, 803 unset

shell command, 45

telnet command, 509-510 unshar, 560-561

unsq, 496

update (cvs command), 103-104

update_state, 1414-1415 updatedb, 561-562 uppercase, converting letters

to, 1055-1056 uptime, 562 uselib, 883 Usenet

administration, 1344-1346 archiver, 1262-1263 articles

expiring, 1121-1123 libinn routines, 962-966 purging, 1292-1293 record of, 1131-1132 retrieving fro NNTP

server, 340-341 sending to remote NNTP

server, 1312-1313 sending to remote site,

1349-1350 specifying distribution,

1158-1163

batch files, converting to INN, 1281-1282

control messages, handling, 1115-1116

databases, recovering, 1342-1344

history file

displaying filenames from, 226-227

removing filenames, 1370-1371

		variables ■
					1489
innwatch supervision,	talking to online, 505	uux, 569-571
1142-1144	writing messages to, 574,	bugs, 571
log files, 1163-1165	1383	examples, 571
list of, 1164	usleep( ) function, 1061	files, 571
maintenance, 1346-1347	/usr directory, 1237	options, 570-571
message/action fields,	/usr/X11R6 directory, 1237	restrictions, 571
1163-1164	/usr/X11R6/bin directory,	uuxqt, 572
moderated newsgroups, mail	1237	V
addresses, 1151-1152	/usr/X11R6/lib directory,
newsgroups, listing active,	1237
1104-1105	/usr/X11R6/lib/X11 directory,	variable argument lists
sending articles to servers,	1237	(declaring), 1023-1024
267-269	/usrX11R6/include/X11	variables
Usenix FaceSaver files,	directory, 1237	awk, 163-165
converting to portable	ustat, 883-884	arrays, 164
graymaps, 147	UTF-8, 1255-1256	built-in, 163-164
user (ftp command), 152	examples, 1256	typing and conversion,
user group file, 1131	properties, 1255-1256	164-165
user IDs (processes), setting,	utime, 884-885	bash, 15-18
848-849	utimes, 884-885	allow-null_glob
real and effective, 847-848	utmp, 1198-1200	_expansion, 17
userlist, 563	utmp file entries, accessing,	auto_resume, 18
usernames	947-948	BASH, 15
getting, 934-935	utmp/wtmp entries, manag-	BASH_VERSION, 15
remote lookup, 1134-1135	ing, 480-481	cdable_vars, 18
users	utmpname( ) function, 947	CDPATH, 16
adding to system,	uucico, 1415-1417	command_oriented_history,
1258-1259	files, 1416-1417	17
displaying last login,	options, 1415-1416	ENV, 16
285-286	uucp, 563-565	EUID, 15
file permissions, checking,	bugs, 565	FCEDIT, 17
741-742	execution daemon, 572	FIGNORE, 17
IDs, getting, 773	files, 564-565	glob_dot_filenames, 17
listing, 563	options, 564	histchars, 17-18
logins, preventing, 1168	remote command execution,	HISTCMD, 16
outputting logged in	569-571	HISTFILE, 17
on local machines, 474	status inquiry, 566-569	HISTFILESIZE, 17
on networks, 472-473	UUCP	HISTSIZE, 17
preference utility (X),	connections, receiving news,	HOME, 16
690-693	463-464	hostname_completion_file,
printing activity summary	file transfer requests,	18
(w), 573	processing, 1415-1417	HOSTTYPE, 16
quotas, editing, 1291-1292	uudecode, 565-566	IFS, 16
sending messages to, 473,	uuencode, 565-566, 1200	IGNOREEOF, 17
576-577	uustat, 566-569	INPUTRC, 17
shells, getting, 946-947	examples, 568-569	LINENO, 15
switching between, 296	files, 569	MAIL, 16
	options, 567-568

		■ variables
	1490

MAIL_WARNING, 16	vcs, 1101-1102
MAILCHECK, 16	vcsa, 1101-1102
MAILPATH, 16	vectors, reading/writing,
no_exit_on_failed_exec,	824-825
18	verbose (ftp command), 152
noclobber, 18	vfat filesystem, 1125
nolinks, 18	case sensitivity (mtools and),
notify, 17	332
OLDPWD, 15	vfork, 758
OPTARG, 16	vfprintf function, 992-996
OPTERR, 17	vfscanf function, 1013-1015
OPTIND, 16	vhangup, 885
OSTYPE, 16	vi, see elvis
PATH, 16	video hardware, identifying,
PPID, 15-17	501-503
PROMPT_COMMAND,	video mode tuner (XFree86),
17	719-720
PS1, 16	buttons, 719
PS2, 16	moving display, 719
PS3, 17	options, 720
PS4, 17	vidr, 303-304
PWD, 15	view, see elvis
RANDOM, 15	vipw, 1418-1419
REPLY, 15	virtual 8086 mode, entering,
SECONDS, 15	885-886
SHLVL, 15	virtual consoles, 1066
TMOUT, 17	memory, 1101-1102
UID, 15	virtual framebuffer X server,
declaring, 36	717-718
local, creating, 39	virtual memory
readline, 28	addresses, remapping,
bell-style, 28	805-806
comment-begin, 28	reports, 1417-1418
completion-query-items,	VISUAL environment
28	variable, 529
convert-meta, 28	visual-bell( ) action (xterm),
editing-mode, 28	716
expand-tilde, 28	vm86, 885-886
horizontal-scroll-mode, 28	vmstat, 1417-1418
keymap, 28	volume labels (MS-DOS),
mark-modified-lines, 28	creating, 325-326
meta-flag, 28	vprintf function, 992-996
output-meta, 28	vscanf function, 1013-1015
show-all-if-ambiguous, 28	vsnprintf function, 992-996
string, configuration-	vsprintf function, 992-996
dependent, 906-907	vsscanf function, 1013-1015

W

w, 573

wait, 886-888 errors, 887

shell command, 45 status macros, 887

wait3, 888-889 wait4, 888-889 waitpid, 886-888 wall, 574

wc, 574

wcstomb( ) function, 1061-1062

wcstombs( ) function, 1061 Web sites, Unicode, 1065 whereis, 575-576

while (bash command), 13 wide character strings,

converting to multibyte character strings, 1061

wide characters, converting to multibyte characters, 1061-1062

widgets

bitmap application, 54-57 editres, 125-126 xclipboard, 596

xclock, 595 xconsole, 598 xcutsel, 599

xdm authentication widget, 609-610

actions supported, 610 resources, 609-610

xfd, 634-635 xlogo, 668 xmag, 671

windows, X

dumping utility, 721-722 information utility, 722-724

word splitting (bash), 21 words

bash, 12

finding first bit set, 921 input/output, 948

		X11 bitmaps, converting to portable ■
					1491
wrapping input lines, 143-144		setup program, 608-609	tions, 695
write, 576-577, 889-890		startup program, 610-611	options, 695-698
errors, 889-890		XDMCP service access	proxy, 698
writev, 824-825, 1003-1004		control, 606-607	remote applications, 698
bugs, 1004		emacs, 131-132	Session menu, 695-696
errors, 825, 1004		fonts	SM_SAVE_DIR
wtmp, 1198-1200		displaying all characters	environment variable,
X		in, 633-636	695
		listing, 670-671	starting sessions, 695
		image displayer, 725-726	tester, 698-699
X Color Management System,
		environment, 726	.xsession file, 695
Device Color Characteriza-		options, 725-726	standard colormap utility,
tion utility, 592-593		imake, 266	699-700
X commands, grops, 232-233		initializer, 664-666	Tab Window Manager,
X font servers		keymaps, modifying,	542-557
displaying information		672-676	bindings, 552-553
about, 145		LBX proxy server, 286-287	bugs, 557
generating BDF fonts,		logo, 667-668	customizing, 543-544
146-147		magnifying screen, 671-672	functions, 554-556
listing fonts, 145-146		monitoring system console	icons, 557
X sessions, initializing,		messages, 597-598	menus, 556-557
496-497		property displayer, 677-681	options, 543
X Window System		constructing formats, 679	starting, 543
clients		examples, 680	startup files, 543-544
clipboard client, 595-597		format characters, 679	variables, 544-552
listing applications,		selecting windows, 678	windows, 543
669-670		remote program starts, 676	terminal emulator, 700-717
clock, 593-595		resource database utility,	actions, 713-716
Display Manager, 599-614		681-684	character classes, 712-713
authentication widget,		file symbols, 681-682	emulations, 700
609-610		options, 682-684	environment, 717
chooser, 607		root window parameters	features, 700-701
configuration file, 606		(setting), 693-694	menus, 711-712
controlling, 613		screen, refreshing, 684-685	options, 701-705
environment variables,		server information utility,	pointer usage, 710-711
608		614	resources, 705-710
files, 613		servers	security, 712
limitations, 613		access control program,	user preference utility,
local server specification,		643-645	690-693
607-608		display server, 685-690	window dumping utility,
options, 600-601		font server, 641-643	721-722
reset program, 612		killing clients, 666-667	window information utility,
resources, 601-606		virtual framebuffer,	722-724
resources file, 608		717-718	X10 bitmaps, converting to
server control, 612-613		XFree86, 636-641	portable, 592
session program, 611-612		Session Manager, 694-698	X11 bitmaps, converting to
sessions, 600		default startup applica-	portable, 592

		■ X11 pixmaps, converting to portable
	1492

X11 pixmaps, converting to	files, 595	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
portable, 677	options, 594	cpp, 603
X11 server	widgets, 595	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
performance comparison	xcmsdb, 592-593	failsafeClient, 605
program, 585-586	xconsole, 597-598	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
performance test program,	xcutsel, 598-599	grabServer, 605
577-585	Xdf disks, 332	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
X11/X10 window dump files,	xdm, 599-614	grabTimeout, 605
converting to portable	authentication widget,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
anymaps, 722	609-610	openDelay, 604
x11perf, 577-585	actions supported, 610	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
options, 578-585	resources, 609-610	openRepeat, 604
x11perfcomp, 585-586	chooser, 607	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
xargs, 586-587	configuration file, 606	openTimeout, 604
xauth, 587-592	controlling, 613	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
bugs, 592	environment variables, 608	pingInterval, 604
commands, 588, 591	files, 613	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
?, 591	limitations, 613	pingTimeout, 604
exit, 591	local server specification,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
help, 591	607-608	reset, 604
info, 591	options, 600-601	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
list, 591	reset program, 612	resetForAuth, 606
merge, 591	resources, 601-606	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
quit, 591	DisplayManager., 604	resetSignal, 605
remove, 591	DisplayManager.accessFile,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
source, 591	603	resources, 603
display names, 591	DisplayManager.authDir,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
environment, 589	602	session, 603
environment variables, 592	DisplayManager.autoRescan,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
example, 591	602	setup, 603
files, 589, 592	DisplayManager.choiceTimeout,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
generating magic cookies	603	startup, 603
for, 317	DisplayManager.daemonMode,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
options, 587-588	602	systemPath, 604-605
xbmtopbm, 592	DisplayManager.debugLevel,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
xclipboard, 595-597	602	systemShell, 605
buttons, 596	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
environment, 597	authComplain, 605	terminateServer, 604
files, 597	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
options, 596	authFile, 605	termSignal, 605
sending/retrieving contents,	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
596-597	authName, 605	userAuthDir, 606
widgets, 596	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
xclock, 593-595	authorize, 605	userPath, 604
bugs, 595	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.	DisplayManager.DISPLAY.
defaults, 594-595	chooser, 603	xrdb, 603
environment, 595

		xlogo ■
				1493
DisplayManager.errorLogFile,	XF86_P9000 server, 615	network connections,
602	XF86_S3 server, 615	636-637
DisplayManager.exportList,	XF86_SVGA, 627-631	options, 637-638
603	configuration, 627-628	setup, 638
DisplayManager.greeterLib,	files, 630-631	video mode tuner, 719-720
603	options, 628	buttons, 719
DisplayManager.keyFile,	setup, 628-630	moving display, 719
602	XF86_VGA16, 631-633	options, 720
DisplayManager.lockPidFile,	configuration, 631	xfs, 641-643
602	files, 633	bugs, 643
DisplayManager.pidFile,	options, 632	configuration, 642
602	setup, 632	naming, 643
DisplayManager.randomFile,	XF86_W32 server, 615	options, 641
603	XF86Config, 1201-1208	signals, 641
DisplayManager.remove	Device sections, 1204-1206	xhost, 643-645
Domainname, 602	Files section, 1201	bugs, 644
DisplayManager.requestPort,	Keyboard section, 1202	diagnostics, 644
601	Monitor sections,	environment, 644
DisplayManager.servers,	1203-1204	files, 644
601	Pointer section, 1202-1203	names, 644
resources file, 608	Screen sections, 1206-1208	options, 643-644
server control, 612-613	ServerFlags section, 1201	xiafs filesystem, 1125
session program, 611-612	xf86config, 633	XIE protocol, testing,
sessions, 600	xfd, 633-636	645-654
setup program, 608-609	application-specific	xieperf, 645-654
startup program, 610-611	resources, 635	bugs, 654
XDMCP service access	bugs, 636	options, 646-654
control, 606-607	fontgrid resources, 635	XIM files, converting to
XDMCP service, access	options, 634	portable pixmaps, 654
control, 606-607	widgets, 634-635	ximtoppm, 654
xdpyinfo, 614	XFree86, 636-641	xinetd, 655-664
XF86_8514 server, 615	configuration, 636	bugs, 664
XF86_Accel, 614-623	configuration file,	configuration file, 656-660
bugs, 623	1201-1208	editing signal responses,
configuration, 615-616	Device sections, 1204-	660-661
files, 622	1206	files, 663
options, 616	Files section, 1201	internal services, 660
setup, 616-622	Keyboard section, 1202	log format, 661-663
XF86_AGX server, 615	Monitor sections,	options, 655-656
XF86_Mach32 server, 615	1203-1204	xinit, 664-666
XF86_Mach64 server, 615	Pointer section,	environment variables, 666
XF86_Mach8 server, 615	1202-1203	examples, 665-666
XF86_Mono, 624-627	Screen sections,	files, 666
configuration, 624	1206-1208	xkill, 666-667
files, 626	ServerFlags section, 1201	xlogo, 667-668
options, 624	environment variables, 637	environment variables, 668
setup, 624-626	key combinations, 638	resources, 668
		widgets, 668

		■ xlsatoms
	1494

xlsatoms, 668-669	xset, 690-693	set-autolinefeed( ), 715
xlsclients, 669-670	xsetroot, 693-694	set-autowrap( ), 715
xlsfonts, 670-671	xsm, 694-698	set-cursesemul( ), 715
xmag, 671-672	default startup applications,	set-jumpscroll( ), 715
xmkmf, 672	695	set-marginbell( ), 715
xmodmap, 672-676	options, 695-698	set-reverse-video( ), 715
bugs, 675	proxy, 698	set-reversewrap( ), 715
environment, 675	remote applications, 698	set-scroll-on-key( ), 715
examples, 674-675	Session menu, 695-696	set-scroll-on-tty-output( ),
expression grammar,	SM_SAVE_DIR environ-	715
673-674	ment variable, 695	set-scrollbar( ), 715
options, 673	starting sessions, 695	set-tek-text( ), 715
xon, 676	tester, 698-699	set-terminal-type( ), 715
xpmtoppm, 677	.xsession file, 695	set-visibility( ), 715
xprop, 677-681	xsmclient, 698-699	set-visual-bell( ), 715
constructing formats, 679	xstdcmap, 699-700	set-vt-font( ), 714
environment, 680	xterm, 700-717	soft-reset( ), 715
examples, 680	actions, 713-716	start-cursor-extend( ), 714
format characters, 679	allow-send-events( ), 714	start-extend( ), 714
options, 677-678	bell( ), 713	string( ), 714
selecting windows, 678	clear-saved-lines( ), 715	tek-copy( ), 716
xrdb, 681-684	hard-reset( ), 715	tek-page( ), 715
bugs, 684	ignore( ), 713	tek-reset( ), 716
environment, 684	insert( ), 713	visual-bell( ), 716
file symbols, 681-682	insert-eight-bit( ), 713	bugs, 717
options, 682-684	insert-selection( ), 713	character classes, 712-713
xrefresh, 684-685	insert-seven-bit( ), 713	emulations, 700
arguments, 684-685	keymap( ), 713	environment, 717
bugs, 685	popup-menu( ), 713	features, 700-701
defaults, 685	quit( ), 714	menus, 711-712
environment, 685	redraw( ), 714	options, 701-705
Xresources file, 608	scroll-back( ), 714	pointer usage, 710-711
Xserver, 685-690	scroll-forw( ), 714	resources, 705-710
file utility, 587-592	secure( ), 713	fontMenu entries, 710
files, 690	select-cursor-end, 714	mainMenu entries, 709
fonts, 689	select-cursor-start( ), 714	tekMenu entries, 710
options, 686-687	select-end( ), 714	vtMenu entries, 709-710
network connections, 688	select-extend( ), 714	security, 712
server-dependent,	select-start( ), 714	XV thumbnail pictures,
687-688	send-signal( ), 714	converting to portable
XDMCP, 688	set-allow132( ), 715	pixmaps, 720
XKEYBOARD, 688	set-altscreen( ), 715	Xvfb, 717-718
security, 688-689	set-appcursor( ), 715	xvidtune, 719-720
signals, 689	set-appkeypad( ), 715	xvminitoppm, 720
starting, 685

xwd, 721-722 xwdtopnm, 722 xwininfo, 722-724 xwud, 725-726

Y

y0( ) function, 959 y1( ) function, 959 ybmtopbm, 726 yn( ) function, 959 ytalk, 727-730

Boolean options, 729 daemons, 727 escape menu, 728 files, 730 readdressing, 729

runtime options, 728-729 startup file, 729 username field, 727

X11 interface, 730

YUV bytes, converting to portable pixmaps, 731 YUV files, converting to

portable pixmaps, 730-731 yuvplittoppm, 730-731 yuvtoppm, 731

Z

z command (telnet), 512

Z files, recompressing to GZ, 734-735

zcat, 248-249 see also gzip

zcatgzip, 248-249 see also gzip

zcmp, 731-732 zdiff, 731-732 zdump, 1419

Zeiss confocal files, converting to portable anymaps, 732

zeisstopnm, 732 zero, 1094 zforce, 732-733 zgrep, 733

znew ■	1495

zic, 1419-1422 files, 1422

link lines, 1421-1422 options, 1419-1420 rule lines, 1420-1421 zone lines, 1421

zmore, 733-734 znew, 734-735