English_Grammar_in_Use

U NIT

41 Passive (2) (present and past tenses)

These are the passive for!l1s of the present and past tenses:

Simple present am/is/are + done/cleaned, etc.

Active: Somebody cleans this room every day.

Passive: This room is cleaned every day.

Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.

I'm not often invited to parties.

How many people are injured in car accidents every day?

Simple past	was/were + done/cleaned, etc.
Active:	Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
Passive:	This room was cleaned yesterday.

During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion.

When was that castle built?

The house wasn't damaged in the storm, but a tree was blown down.

Present continuous	am/is/are being	+ done/cleaned, etc.
Active: Somebody is cleaning		the room right now.

Passive: The room is being cleaned right now.

Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down.

(shop assistant to customer) Are you being helped, ma'am?

Past continuous

Active:

Passive:

Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed.

Present perfect	have/has been + done/cleaned, etc.
Active:	The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.
Passive:	The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.

Have you heard the news? The President has been shot.

Have you ever been bitten by a dog?

I'm not going to. the party. I haven't been invited.

Past perfect had been + done/cleaned, etc.

Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it.

Passive: The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.

Jim didn't know about the change of plans. He hadn't been told.

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UNIT 41			Exercises
	Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning. Begin each
	sentence as shown.
Examples: SomebQdy stole my bag in the store.					My bag was.s.to/cn.in.th.e.st:.o.r.e•........
		The police have arrested three men.
		Three men h.a /I.e. i:J.e.IJJ1..arr.e,s.tea..b.y..the. pfJ./ic.e.					.
1.		The bill includes service. Service				in the bill.
2.		People don't use this road very often.		This road			..
3.		They canceled all flights because of fog.		All flights			..
4.		Somebody accused me of stealing the money.			I		.
5.		They are building a new shopping center downtown.
		A new shopping center					.
6.		I didn't realize that someone was recording our conversation.
		I didn't realize that our conversation					..
7.		They have changed the date of the meeting.			The date of the meeting		.
8.		Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
		Brian told me that he					.
		Make a passive sentence from the words in parentheses ( ...				).
Examples: That building looks very old. (when / it / build?)						.Whe.n..wa,s.it.J:u./,l/t.?.......
		A: Is Margaret popular?			She../$..Iil!e.a.b.y..e-.v.er:y.tJ.od.<j.A		..
		B: Yes, (she / like / by everybody)
	1. This is a very popular television program. (every week it / watch / by millions of
		people)	Every week it				.

2.What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of them / export?)

3.A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration?

	B:	Yes. (about 20 people / arrest)	.
4.	A: There is no longer military service in Britain.
	B:	Really? (when / it / abolish?)	.
5.	A:	Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?
	B:	Yes. (but nobody / injure / so it / not / need)	..
6.	A:	Last night someone broke into our house.
	B:	Oh no! (anything / take?)	.

7.Mr. Kelly can't use his office right now. (it / redecorate)

8.Linda didn't have her car yesterday. (it / tune-up / at the garage)

9. Where's my bicycle? It's gone! (it / steal!)

..

10.The people next door disappeared six months ago. (they / not / see / since then)

11.This room looks different. (it / paint / since I was last here?)

12.A tree was lying across the road. (it / blow / down in the storm)

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U NIT

42 Passive (3)

II Some verbs can h~ve two objects. For example, offer:

• They didn't offer Ann the job. (the two objects are Ann and the job) So it is possible to make two different passive sentences:

•Ann wasn't offered the job.

•The job wasn't offered to Ann.

lt is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person. Other verbs like offer that can have two objects are:

ask

tell

give

send

show

teach

pay

Here are some examples of passive sentences with these verbs:

•I was given two hours to make my decision. (= they gave me two hours)

•The men were paid $1500 to do the job. (= someone paid the men $1500)

•Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anyone shown you the new machine?)

IIBorn: Remember that be born is a passive verb and is usually past:

•	Where were you born? (not are you bOrn)}	. l
•	I was born in Chicago. (not I am born)	slmp e past

• How many babies are born in this hospital every day? -simple present

a The passive -ing form is being done / being cleaned, etc.: Active: I don't like people telling me what to do. Passive: I don't like being told what to do.

•I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. (= I remember someone giving me ... )

•Hurry up! You know Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)

•She climbed over the wall without being seen. ( = without anyone seeing her)

II Sometimes you can use get instead of be in the passive:

•There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)

•Did Ann get fired from her new job? ( = was Ann fired from her new job?)

You can use get in the passive to say that something happens to someone or something. Often the action is not planned; it happens by chance:

• The dog got run over by a car. ( = the dog was run over) In other types of situation get is not usually possible:

• George is liked by everyone. (not gets liked)

Get is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.

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UNIT 42 Exercises

Read the sentence and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Begin in the way shown each time.

Example: They didIl't offer Ann the job. Ann			/Ui1Sn.:t ..Q.ffe,r.e-a.the-.jflb. •...................
1.	They don't pay Jim very much.	Jim			,	..
2.	They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.			you		.
3.	Nobody told me that Liz was sick. I					.
4.	His colleagues gave him a present when he retired.			He		..
5.	We will send you your exam results as soon as they are ready. You					.
6.	They didn't ask me my name.	I				.
7.	I think they should have offered Tom the job.		I think Tom			.

When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person:

1889 1770 1452 ~ 1564

1. Lenin Wtl9..s..hflJ:.nlJ.1.1.8.7.0		..	4.	Charlie Chaplin	.
2.	Shakespeare	.	5.	Beethoven	.
3.	Leonardo da Vinci	..	6.	And you? I	.

	Complete the sentences. Each time use being with one ofthese verbs:
~ pay		attack	give	invite	use	ask
Example: Mr. Miller doesn't like .. be.ln!JJ:fept						waiting.
1.	He came to the party without					..
2.	She won't go out alone after dark. She is afraid of					..
3.	I don't like			stupid questions.
4.	Few people are prepared to work without					..
5.	Ms. Kelly doesn't like her phone					by either people.
6.	Most people like				presents.

Complete the sentences. Make a passive sentence with get and one ofthese verbs:

	break	sting	use	damage ~ steal
Example: There was a-fight at the party, but nobody gll.t..h.t.lr..t~						..
1.	Ted				by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
2.	How did that window				?
3.	Did any of these houses				in the storm last night?
4.	These tennis courts don't				often. Not many people want to play.
5.	I used to have a bicycle, but it				..

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U NIT

43 It is said that ... / He is said to ..., etc., and supposed to

II Study this example situation:

This is Mary. She is very old, and nobody knows exactly how old she is. But:

It is said that she is 108 years old.

She is said to be 108 years old.

Both these sentences mean: "People say that she is 108 years old."

You can also use these structures with:

thought	believed	reported	understood
known	expected	alleged	considered
It is said that Mary eats ten eggs a day.	or Mary is said to eat ten eggs a day:
It is believed that the wanted man is	or The wanted man is believed to be
living in New York.	living in New York.
It is expected that the strike will begin	or The strike is expected to begin
tomorrow.	tomorrow.
It is alleged that he stole $100.	or He is alleged to have stolen $100.
It was alleged that he stole $100.	or He was alleged to have stolen $100.
These structures are often used in news reports:
It is reported that two people were killed	or Two people are reported to have
in the explosion.	been killed in the explosion.

II Supposed to

Sometimes (be) supposed to means "said to":

•Let's go and see that movie. It's supposed to be very good. (= It is said to be very good; people say that it's very good.)

•He is supposed to have stolen $100. ( = He is said to have stolen $100.)

But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. You can use supposed to to say what is planned or arranged (and this is often different from what really happens):

•I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8:00. I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15. ( = I arranged to meet Ann; I said I would meet Ann.)

•The. train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but it was 40 minutes late.

( = The train should have arrived at 11:30, according to the schedule. )

•You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

We use not supposed to to say what is not allowed or not advisable:

•You're not supposed to park here. ( = You aren't allowed to park here.)

•Mr. Jenkins is much better after his illness, but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work.

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UNIT 43			Exercises
	Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning.
Examples: It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.
			The wanted man is. b~/ie. v.~d.t.o. be.livin9 .in..//ew. 10K!! t			, ......•.•••
			It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.
			The prisoner i~.th~(.(jht:t.o. haJle. .e.$.Cap.ed.hy. .climiJ.Ing. av.e.r..th.t:. .wall.
1.		It is said that many people are homeless because of the flood.
		Many people are said				.
2.		It is known that the Governor is in favor of the new law.
		The Governor				.
3.		It is expected that the President will lose the election.
		The President				.
4.		It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
		The thieves				.
5.		It is alleged that she drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
		She				.
6.		It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
		Two people				.
7.		It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
		Three men				.
		There are a lot ofstories about Arthur, but nobody knows whether they are true. Make
		sentences with supposed to.
Example: People say that Arthur eats spiders.					A.r.thwr.. i$. .$,1lfp"p'f!Se.a:t.a.eat. ,spla'.e.r...s.
1.		People say that Arthur is very rich.		Arthur		..
2.		People say that he has 22 children.		He		.
3.		People say that he sleeps on a bed of nails. He				.
4.		People say that he inherited a lot of money.			He	.
5.		People say that he writes poetry.		He		..

Now use supposed to with its other meaning. In each example what happens is not what is supposed to happen. Use supposed to or not supposed to with one of these verbs:

~ come be ~ call study have

Examples: Mary, you're smoking! But you know you ar..e..n.q.t.",tttPPIJS.e.tit.Q.,s.maAe,. in

this room.

Why are the windows still dirty? You w.e.r.e. .~U.pp.(),$tecl..t(} ..cle.an.... them.

1.	What are the children doing at home? They		at school.
2.	He	in the evenings, but he always goes out.
3.	Don't put sugar in your tea. You know you		sugar.
4.	Oh no! I		Ann, but I completely forgot.
5.	They arrived very early - at 2:00. They		until 3:30.

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U NIT

44 Have something done

II Study this example situation:

	~
		The roof of Bill's house was damaged in a storm, so
		he arranged for a worker to repair it. Yesterday the
		worker came and did the job.
		Bill had the roof repaired yesterday.
		This means: Bill didn't repair the roof himself. He
		arranged for someone else to do it for him.
		Bill repaired the roof. ( = he did it himself)
Compare:	_
	-	Bill had the roof repaired. (= he arranged for someone else to do it)

Now study these sentences:

-Did Ann design her business cards herself or did she have them designed?

-Are you going to repair the car yourself, or are you going to have it repaired?

To say that we arrange for someone else to do something for us, we use the structure have something done. The word order is important: the past participle (done/repaired, etc.) comes after the object (the roof):

II

II

	have +	object +	past participle
Bill	had	the roof	repaired	yesterday.
Where did you	have	your hair	done?
Weare	having	the house	painted	right now.
Tom has just	had	a telephone	installed	in his house.
How often do you	have	your car	serviced?
Why don't you	have	that coat	cleaned?
I want to	have	my picture	taken.

"Get something done" is possible instead of have something done (mainly in informal spoken English):

_ I thil!k you should get your hair cut. (= have your hair cut)

Have something done sometimes has a different meaning. For example: _ He had all his money stolen while he was on vacation.

This doesn't mean that he arranged for somebody to steal his money! "He had all his money stolen" means only: "All his money was stolen."

With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something (often something not nice) happened to someone: George had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken)

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UNIT 44 Exercises

~ ~	Answer the questions in the way shown.
	Example: "Did Liz make that dress herself?" "No, she.ha.d.i.C.m.afle-.,				"
	1.	-	"No, I		"
		"Did you cut your hair yourself?"
	2.	"Did they paint the house themselves?"		"No, they	"
	3.	"Did Jim cut down that tree himself?"		"No,	"
	4.	"Did Sue repair the car herself?"	"No,		"

This time complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses ( ... ).

Examples: We .a.r.:e...h.a.lI.t."ng.t.he.h(J./dse.pa.in.(e!t. (the house / paint) at the moment .

		.J;)lcl.rll.4l.h.8J1e.YOtlr..ha;J.':.~tlti	(you / your hair / cut) last week?
1.		Your hair is too long. I think you should	(it / cut).
2.		How often	(you / your car / tune up)?
3.		The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to		.
		(a new engine / put in).
4		(you / your newspaper / deliver) or do you buy it
		yourself at the store?
5.		A: What are those workers doing in your garden?
		B: Oh, I	(a swimming pool/build).
6.		A: Can I see the pictures you took on your vacation?
		B: I'm afraid not. I	(not / the film / develop) yet.
7.		Is it true that many years ago he	(his portrait /
		paint) by a famous artist?
~ ~		Now read each situation and then write a sentence with have something done.
Example: Jill's coat was dirty, so she took it to the cleaners. Now it is clean. What has Jill				.
		done? .~h.e..has.hjJ.dh.e.r..C-:Q8.t.clei!ln.ed
1. Tom thinks his eyesight is getting worse, so he's going to the eye doctor. What is Tom
		going to do there? He is		.
2. Sue is at the beauty parlor at the moment. A hairdresser is cutting her hair. What is Sue
		doing?		.
3. Ann's watch was broken, so she took it to a jeweler. Now it's working again. What has
		Ann done?		.
~ ~ ~		Now use have something done with its second meaning (see section c).

Example: George's nose was broken in a fight. What happened to George?

	.lie.n.;;.(/. hi.s.. nase..1:U':(J.ke.n..in. ..«. fig.ht.,	.
1.	John's wallet was stolen from his pocket. What happened to John? He	.
2.	Fred's hat was blown off by the wind. What happened to Fred?	.
3.	Carol's passport was taken from her at the police station. What happened to Carol?

89

U NIT

45 Reported speech (1)

II Study this example_situation:

You want to tell someone else what Tom said.

There are two ways of doing this:

You can repeat Tom's words (direct speech):

Tom said, "I'm feeling sick."

Or you can use reported speech:

Tom said (that) he was feeling sick.

Compare the two sentences:

....,.=-:-.,,-.

--.-.__----,

-----;

direct

Tom said, "~~J f~eling sick."

you use these to show

it is direct speech

~l

reported

Tom said (that)

was

feeling sick.

When we use reported speech, we ate usually talking about the past. So verbs usually

II change to the past in reported speech. For example:

am/is ---7 was

have/has ---7 had

can ---7 could

are ---7 were

will---7 would

do/want/know ---7 did/wanted/knew, etc.

Study these examples. You met Tom. Here are some things he said to you:

----=----------......

I'm going away for a

Ann has bought

1 want to go on vacation, but

few days. I'll call you

a new car.

1 don't know where to go.

when 1 get back.

I'm going to

1 can't come

quit my

to the party

job.

on Friday.

Now you tell someone else what Tom said (in reported speech):

• Tom said (that) his parents were very well.

• Tom said (that) he was going to quit his job.

• Tom said (that) Ann had bought a new car.

• Tom said (that) he couldn't come to the party on Friday.

• Tom said (that) he wanted to go on vacation, but he didn't know where to go.

• Tom said (that) he was going away for a few days and would call me when he got back.

The simple past (I did) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it
a to the past perfect (I had done): did ---7 did or had done
direct'	Tom said "I woke up feeling sick and so 1 stayed in bed."
reported	Tom said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling sick and so he stayed (or had
	stayed) in bed.

For reported speech see also Units 46 and 48b.

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UNIT 45 Exercises

Yesterday you ran into a friend ofyours, Helen. Helen told you a lot ofthings. Here are some ofthe things she said to you:

1.I'm thinking -of going to live in France.

2.My father is in the hospital.

3.Sue and Jim are getting married next month.

4.

5.

( 6. Barbara has had a baby. y

7. 1 don't know what Fred is doing.

1 hardly ever go out these days.)

1 work 14 hours a day.)

10.I'll tell Jim 1 saw you.

11.You can come and stay with me if you are ever in Toronto.

12.Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn't injured.

13.1 saw Jack at a party a few months ago, and he seemed fine.

Later that day you tell another friend what Helen said. Use reported speech.

1. flelen.said.that..she..was..thIKlking..olgoil1g.to.lill.e.IKJ.Fr.a.ne.e.•...............

2. Helen said that	.
3	..
4	.
5	.
6	.
7	.
8	.
9	.
10	.
11. .	.
12	.
13	.

In this exercise someone says something to you that is the opposite of what they said before.

You have to answer I thought you said ...

Example: "That restaurant is expensive." ''.lthaug.ht.yau.:Jaid.jt.wasJ1.~t.e.xpeJ1.s.iy.e.''

1.	"Ann is coming to the party."		"I thought you said she	"
2.	"Bill passed his exam."	"I thought you said		"
3.	"Ann likes Bill." "I thought			"
4.	"I've got many friends."	"I thought you said you		"
5.	"Jack and Karen are going to get married. " "			"
6.	"Tom works very hard."	"		"
7.	"I want to be rich and famous."		"	"
8.	"I'll be here next week."	"		"
9.	"I can afford a vacation this year." "			"

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