English_Grammar_in_Use

U NIT

21 Past perfect (I had done)

II Study this example -situation:

at /1:00 ""~" I went to a party last week. Tom went to the party

\~3 too. Tom went home at 10:30. So, when I arrived at

~7' 11:00, Tom wasn't there.

When I arrived at the party, Tom wasn't there.

He had gone home.

This is the past perfect (simple) tense:

I/he/she (etc.) had ( = I'd / he'd / she'd, etc.) gone I/he/she (etc.) hadn't gone

had you/he/she (etc.) gone?

We form the past perfect with had + the past participle (gone/opened/written, etc.). For irregular past participles see Appendix 2.

Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:

• I arrived at the party.

We use the past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time:

• When 1 arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home. Here are some more examples:

•When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my apartment and had stolen my fur coat.

•George didn't want to come to the movies with us because he had already seen the film twice.

•It was my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I had never flown before.

IIThe past perfect (I had done) is the past of the present perfect (I have done). Compare these situations:

Present	Past
I'm not hungry. I've just had lunch.	I wasn't hungry. I'd just had lunch.
The house is dirty. We haven't	The house was dirty. We hadn't
cleaned it for weeks.	cleaned it for weeks .

•Compare the past perfect (I had done) and the simple past (I did):

•"Was Tom there when you arrived?" "No, he had already gone home.""Was Tom there when you arrived?" "Yes, but he went home soonbut:

afterward. "

• Ann wasn't home when I called her. She was at work.

but: Ann had just gotten home when I called her. She had been at work.

For the past perfect continuous see Unit 22.

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UNIT 21			Exercises
		Complete these sentences using the verbs in parentheses ( ... ) . You went back to your home
		town after many years, and you found that many things were different.
Example: Most of my friends were no longer there. They ..hatl.le.!¢,					(leave).
1.		My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He			(go) away.
2.		The local movie theater was no longer open. It			(close) down.
3.		Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He		(die).
4.		1 didn't recognize Mrs. Johnson. She		(change) a lot.
5.		Bill no longer had his car. He		(sell) it.

Complete these sentences as in the example. Use the verb in parentheses.

Example: Mr. and Mrs. Davis were in an airplane. They were very nervous as the plane

		took off because they (never / fly) 1.18d..J(l!?.II.~r.:.fl(),lt!o!').l?.ef(J.Y.'.e,	.
1.		The woman was a complete stranger to me. (never / see) I..............................	before.
2.		Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. (never / be / late) She	..
3.		Jane played tennis yesterday - at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn't very good at it
		because she (never / play)	..
4.		It was Carl's first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn't know what to do.
		(never / drive) He	..
		Make sentences using the words in parentheses.
Example: 1 wasn't hungry. (1/ just / have / lunch) 1.hadjt,l.o$.~.h.a(f.Iy.I.?c.b			.
1.		Tom wasn't home when 1 arrived. (he / just / go / out)	..
2.		We arrived at the theater late. (the movie / already / begin)	.

3.They weren't eating when 1 went to see them. (they / just / finish / their dinner)

4.1 invited Ann to dinner last night, but she couldn't come. (she / already / make plans / to

do something else)	.
5. 1 was very pleased to see Diane again after such a long time. (1/ not / see / her for five
years)	.

I Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect (I had done) or simple past (I did).

Examples: "Was Tom there when you arrived?"			"No, he ...had.g.Qne	(go) home."
	"Was Tom there when you arrived?"		"Yes, but he .w.t?:fJ.f	(go) home
	soon afterward."
1.	The house was very quiet when 1 got home. Everybody			(go) to bed.
2.	1 felt very tired when 1 got home, so 1		(go) straight to bed.
3.	Sorry I'm late. The car	(break) down on my way here.
4.	There was a car by the side of the road. It		(break) down and the driver
	was trying to repair it. So we		(stop) to see if we could help.

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U NIT

Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)

II Study this example -situation:

Yesterday morning I got up and looked out the window. The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.

It had been raining.

It wasn't raining when I looked out the window; the sun was shining. But it had been raining. That's why the ground was wet.

Had been raining is the past perfect continuous tense: I/he/she (etc.) had (= I'd/he'd/she'd, etc.) been doing

Here are some more examples:

• When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was a mess, and one had a black eye. They had been fighting.

• I was very tired when I arrived home. I'd been working hard all day.

	You can use the past perfect continuous to say how long something had been happening
II before something else happened:
	• The soccer game had to be stopped. They had been playing for half an hour
	when there was a terrible storm.
a	• Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.
	The past perfect continuous (I had been doing) is the past of the present perfect continuous
	(I have been doing). Compare:

Present

How long have you been waiting? (until now)

He's out of breath. He has been running.

Past

How long had you been waiting when the bus finally came?

He was out of breath. He had been running.

II doing):Compare the past perfect continuous (I had been doing) with the past continuous (I was

•When I looked out the window, it had been raining. (= It wasn't raining when'I looked out; it had stopped.)

•When I looked out the window, it was raining. (= Rain was falling at the time I looked out.)

IISome verbs (for example, know) cannot be used in the continuous form. See Unit 3b for a list of these verbs.

For the past perfect simple see Unit 21.

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UNIT 22 Exercises

Read the situation and then write a sentence.
Example: The two boys came into the house. One had a black eye and the other had a cut
lip. (they-/ fight)	They.had.b.e.en.fig.htinJ	.
1. Tom was watching TV. He was feeling very tired.
(he / study / hard all day)	He	.
2. When I walked into the room, it was empty. But it smelled of cigarettes.
(somebody / smoke / in the room) Somebody		.
3. When Mary came back from the beach, she looked very red from the sun.
(she / lie / in the sun too long)		.
4. The two boys came into the house. They had a football, and they were both very tired.
(they / play / football)		.
5. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened, and she didn't know where
she was. (she / dream)		.

Read the situation and then write a sentence.

Example: We began playing football. After half an hour there was a terrible storm.

We had.Il.e~J.1.p/ayil!1.9 mr..avJIiJl1.hflllr...when th.er..e. Wt!i.:$. p..tu:r.it?le..0$. Gt;o;n•. ...

1.The orchestra began playing at the concert. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting.

	The orchestra	for about ten minutes when	.
2.	I had arranged to meet Sue in a cafe. I arrived and began waiting. After 20 minutes I
	realized that I had come to the wrong cafe.
	I	when I	.
3.	Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins went to live in the south of France. Six months later Mr. Jenkins
	died. They	when	.

Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect continuous (I had been doing) or past continuous (I was doing).

Examples: Sue was leaning against the wall, out of breath. S.he.ha.dbe.t::17.t':(.!nn.ing. (run).

		I tried to catch Sue but I couldn't. She ..w.as..y.tl.nr.JlK?g......		(run) very fast.
1.	Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He			(look) for his
	contact lens.
2.	We	:	(walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car stopped
	and the driver offered us a lift.

3.When I arrived, everyone was sitting around the table with their mouths full. They

................................. (eat).

4.When I arrived, everyone was sitting around the table and talking. Their mouths were

empty but their stomachs were full. They		(eat).
5. When I arrived, Ann		(wait) for me. She was annoyed because I
was late, and she	(wait) for a very long time.

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U NIT

23 Have and have got

II Have / has / had =_ possess, but we also use have for other things (for example, family relationships) :

•We have a new car.

•I have a brother and two sisters.

•Tom has a headache / a cold / the flu / etc.

•When s~asa child, she had long blonde hair.

In questions use do / does / did:

•How many brothers and sisters do you have?

•Does Ann have a car?

•Did you have a car when you lived in California? (not had you a car)

In negative sentences use don't / doesn't / didn't:

•I don't have any money.

•Ann doesn't have any brothers or sisters.

•I wanted to call you, but I didn't have your number. (not I hadn't your number)

•He didn't have a watch, so he didn't know what time it was.

IIHave got / has got

You can use have got / has got rather than have / has alone:

•We've got a new car. (= We have a new car.)

•Tom has got a headache. (= Tom has a headache.)

The question and negative forms are:

•Have you got a headache? ( = do you have)

•Has she got any brothers or sisters? (= does she have)

•I haven't got any money. (= I don't have)

•Ann hasn't got a car. ( = Ann doesn't have)

But don't use got for the past:

•When she was a child, she had long blonde hair. (not she had got)

•Have for actions

We also use have for a number of actions (especially eating and drinking):

have breakfast / lunch / dinner / a meal / a cup of coffee / a cigarette / etc.

have a good time / a nice day / etc.	have a party (= give a party)
have a look (at something)	have a baby (= give birth to a baby)

(You cannot use have got in these expressions.)

•I always have a big breakfast in the morning. (not have got)

•Did you have a good time last night?

•We're having a party on Saturday. Would you like to come?

•What time does Ann usually have lunch?

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UNIT 23			Exercises
	Make negative sentences with have. Some sentences are present (can't) and some past
	(couldn't) .
	Examples: I can't make a phone call. (any change)				1.dQ.I!7.'.t./:lin!.~.~l1y.{;hf!n.g{;.<		.
			.f.1!4.~..l.h.iJ. v.t:n.J.t..gPo.~.an.}(..c;h8.Y./g.e.• )				.
			I couldn't read the notice. (my glasses)		1.diO:n.~t..h#.v.e,.m.y..9.1.8.$::;e.$.		.
1.		I can't climb up onto the roof. (a ladder) I					..
2.		We couldn't visit the museum. (enough time)		We			..
3.		He couldn't find his way to our house. (map)					..
4.		She can't pay her bills. (any money)					..
5.		I couldn't make an omelette. (any eggs)					..
6.		I can't get into the house. (my key)					.
7.		They couldn't take any photographs. (a camera)					..
8.		We couldn't go out in the rain. (an umbrella)					..
	Complete these questions with have. Some are present and some are past.
	Examples: Excuse me, ... tfo..y.ll.u.h.a.f!.e......... a light, please?
			.lJ.kt..yau..ha.v.e......... a lot offriends when you lived in Greece?
1.		Why are you holding your mouth like that?			a toothache?
2. ..			enough time to answer all the questions when you took your
		exam last week?
3.		I need a stamp for this letter.			any?
4.		"It started to rain when I was walking home."			"Did it?	an
		umbrella?"
5.		"	the time, please?"	"Yes, it's ten after seven."
6			your own room when you were a child?

Complete these sentences using the expressions below. Put the verb into the correct form where necessary.

have a baby	have a good time	have a party
have a look	have a good flight	have a nice day
have a cigarette	have a niee laneh	. have something to drink

1.	Tom has just come back from a restaurant. You say: Hi, Tom. . .1?t:ti.ytl.ltI..ha.V.~ ..
	.8. Y.J.if:.t?..I.It(IJ.C h.. X		;'	.
2.	We	last week. It was great - we invited lots of people.
3.	Thank you for shopping here, and		!
4.	Suzanne took six months off her job when she			.
5.	Excuse me, can I		at your newspaper, please?

6.You meet Ann at the airport. She has just arrived. You say: Hello, Ann.

............................................................ ?

7.	I don't usually smoke, but I was feeling nervous, so I	.
8.	If you're thirsty, why don't you	?
9.	I haven't seen you since you came back from vacation. ..	?

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U NIT

24 Used to (I used to do)

• Study this example situation:

This is Dennis. He gave up smoking two years ago.

He no longer smokes.

But he used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.

He used to smoke means that he smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he doesn't smoke now:

past -------------------

now

2 years ago

he used to smoke

We use used to with the base form (used to do / used to smoke, etc.) to say that something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens:

• 1 used to play tennis a lot, but now I'm too lazy.

•"Do you go to the movies very often?" "Not now, but 1 used to."

•Sue used to travel a lot. These days she doesn't go away very often.

We also use used to for past situations (that no longer exist):

•We used to live in a small village, but now we live in Milan.

•This building is now a furniture store. It used to be a movie theater.

•Do you see that hill over there? There used to be a castle on that hill.

	• I've started drinking tea lately. 1 never used to like it before.
g Used to	• Ann used to have long hair, but she cut it some time ago.
	+ base form is always past. There is no present. You cannot say "I use to do."
For the present, use the SImple present (I do). Compare the present and past:
past	he used to smoke	we used to live	there used to be
present	he smokes	we live	there is

•The normal question form is did . .. use to ... ?:

•Did you use to eat a lot of candy when you were a child?

The negative form is didn't use to ... (or never used to)

•Jim ~idn't use to go out very often until he met Jill. (or never used to go out)

IIBe careful not to confuse 1 used to do and 1 am used to doing (see Unit 59). The structures and meanings are different:

• I used to live alone. (= 1 lived alone but 1 no longer live alone.)

•1 am used to living alone. ( = 1 live alone and don't find it strange or new because I've been living alone for some time.)

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UNIT 24 Exercises

•Complete each sentence with used to ..•

Example: Dennis doesn't smoke anymore, but he tI~e(/t..I)..smalfe				40 cigarettes a day.
1.	The baby doesn't cry so much now, but she			every night.
2.	She	my best friend, but we aren't friends anymore.
3.	We live in Barcelona now, but we		in Madrid.
4.	Now there's only one cafe in the village, but there			three.
5.	When I was a child I		ice cream, but I don't like it now.
6.	Now Tom has a car. He		a motorcycle.

Write some sentences about a man who changed his lifestyle. Ron stopped doing some things and started doing other things:

	studying hard		smoking
He stopped	going to bed early	He started	staying out late
{	running three miles every morning	{	spending a lot of money

Make sentences like these:

Examples: .f1e.tI..$.~«(:t.(J..s.t.tl.dy.haY.:a'.•.............................. .............................................

.l:I.e.k1e.v.e.Y.'.M.$.ed.:t.(J...smQIr.e.,.. .u:..H.e..((/tin!:c..u.~e.....	t.Q...s.moke.•......
1	.
2.

3.

4.

	Write sentences about the present. Remember there is no present tense of used to.
Examples: Ron used to study hard, but now .h.e..d(J.e~n.':t. ..s.c.«tiy..v.er.:y.!1.ar.:d.		.
	Ron didn't use to smoke, but now ne.:JJm.a)(e.$.	..
1. Mark used to play tennis a lot, but now		.
2.	Mary never used to drink coffee, but now	.
3.	Jill didn't use to be fat, but now	.
4.	Jack didn't use to go out much, but now	..

~~ Ask some questions. Mr. Park is an old man now. You are asking someone what he used to

do when he was younger.

Example: I know he doesn't smoke now, but .4itf.he..u,.:J.e..-c.O'.$.mQI:rf!?-.		?
1.	I know he doesn't play the piano now, but	?
2.	I know he isn't very rich now, but	?
3. I know he doesn't go out very often these days, but		?
4.	I know he doesn't dance these days, but	?
5.	I know he doesn't have many friends now, but	?

49

U NIT

25 Can, could, and be able to

II We use can (do) to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something. The negative is can't (cannot).

•You can see the ocean from our bedroom window.

•Can you speak any foreign languages?

•I'm afraid I can't come to your party next Friday.

Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual:

• Are you able to speak any foreign languages?

But can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). So sometimes you have to use be able to:

•I haven't been able to sleep recently. (can has no present perfect)

•Sue might not be able to come tomorrow. (can has no infinitive)

•I'm very busy today, but I should be able to meet with you tomorrow.

IICould and was able to

Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with these verbs:

see

hear

smell

taste

feel

remember

understand

•When we went into the house, we could smell something burning.

•She spoke in a low voice, but I could understand what she was saying.

We also use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something:

•My grandfather could speak five languages.

•When Joe was 16, he could run 100 meters in 11 seconds.

But if you mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use was/were able to (not could):

•The fire spread through the building very quickly, but everyone was able ( = managed) to escape. (not could escape)

•They didn't want to come with us at first, but finally we were able ( = managed) to persuade them. (not could persuade)

Compare could and was able to in this example:

•Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. (= He had the ability to beat anybody.)

•But once he had a difficult game against Bob. Bob played very well, but in the end Jack was able to beat him. (= He managed to beat him in this particular game.)

The negative couldn't is possible in all situations:

•My grandfather couldn't swim.

•We tried hard but we couldn't persuade them to come with us.

For can see also Unit 30. For could see also Units 26 and 30.

50

UNIT 25 Exercises

Use can or be able to. Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only be able to is possible.

Examples: George has traveled a lot. He &8I(1.(.ru::.I.'.s..aole..t.t?l. speak four languages.
		I haven't ..b.e~n..a/)Jf:,.:c.t;.	sleep very well lately.
1.	Tom	drive, but he doesn't have a car.
2.	I can't understand Martin. I've never		understand him.
3.	I used to	stand on my head, but I can't do it now.
4.	Ask Ann about your problem. She should		help you.

•	Complete the sentence with could .
Example: I can't sing now, but I GtlMld.3.l.ng		very well when I was a child.
1.	He can't play tennis very well now, but he		fairly well when he
	was younger.
2.	She can't run very fast now, but when she was in school she		.faster
	than anyone else.
3.	I can't swim very far these days, but ten years ago I		from one
	side of the lake to the other.

Answer the questions with was/were able to.
Example: Did you persuade them?
	Yes. It was difficult, but we .w.e.r.e.. aJ:!Ie..t.o..per.:.$.(Aad~..th~m			.
1. Did they find your house?
	Yes. It took them a long time, but they			.
2. Did you win the match?
	Yes. It wasn't easy, but I			.
3. Did the thief escape?
	Yes. The police officer chased the thief, but he			.
	Complete each sentence with could, was/were able to, or couldn't.
Examples: My grandfather was very clever. He Cl!uld.(Br.w.a.s.al?/e..ta) speak five
	languages.
	I looked everywhere for the book, but I	t!f)k(ldn~t.	find it.
	The fire spread quickly, but everyone	wa~.a.b.le..to	escape.
1.	He had hurt his leg, so he	walk very well.
2.	She wasn't at home when I called, but I	contact her at her office.
3.	I looked very carefully, and I	see a figure in the distance.
4.	They didn't have any tomatoes in the first store I went to, but I		get
	some in the next store.
5.	My grandmother loved music. She	play the piano very well.
6.	The boy fell into the river, but fortunately we		rescue him.

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