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UNIT 1 WHY DO WE NEED OIL AND GAS?

1.1. Remember the meaning of the following words and word-combinations:

1. to provide - снабжать, обеспечивать, предоставлять 2. plastics – изделия из пластмассы, полимеры 3. fuel – топливо 4. manufacturer – изготовитель, производитель 5. hydrogen – водород 6. ethanol – этанол 7. to charge – заряжать 8. fuel cell – топливная батарея, топливный элемент 9. by-product – побочный продукт 10.to recognize – признавать 11. reserves –запасы 12. pipeline – трубопровод 13. consuming market – потребительский рынок 14. to chill – охлаждать 15. to transport – перевозить, транспортировать 16. to convert - превращать 17. to enable – давать возможность 18. alternative energy sources – альтернативные источники энергии 19. to acknowledge – признавать 20. oil consumption- потребление жидкого топлива, конечное использование нефти ( на НПЗ или/и непосредственно в качестве топлива ) и нефтепродуктов (в качестве готовых продуктов и/или нефтехимического сырья) 21. competitive – конкурентоспособный, конкурентный 22. gas-to-liquids (GTL) – технология сжижения газа ( производства синтетического жидкого топлива – дизельного топлива и бензина – из природного газа) 23. liquified natural gas (LNG) - сжиженный природный газ.

1.2. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Why do we Need Oil and Gas?

Oil and natural gas are an important part of your everyday life. Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.

In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector (cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.) comes from fuels made from oil. Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternate fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol. However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas. The hydrogen needed for fuel cells may be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products. Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future. Barring any increase in the penetration of new technologies, alternative fuels are not expected to become competitive with oil for transportation before 2025.

In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products. In China, for example, the number of cars has been growing by 20% per year. Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand. Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of total world oil consumption by 2020.

World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020. That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.

Natural-gas use is growing across all economic sectors. Natural gas burns cleaner than oil or coal, and this environmental benefit has encouraged its use. While decades ago, natural gas was seen as an unwanted by-product of oil and may have been wasted, its value has been recognized. Developing nations with gas reserves are finding this resource invaluable to building their economies. Most natural gas is distributed by pipelines, which is a limiting factor for remote resources that are not near the major consuming markets. Some natural gas is chilled to a liquid state (LNG) whereby it can be transported across oceans by tanker. Similarly, there is considerable development of technology to convert natural gas to liquids (GTL) to enable transportation.

The world economy runs on oil and natural gas. These fuels improve your quality of life by providing you with transportation, warmth, light, and many everyday products. They enable you to get where you need to go, they supply products you need, and they create jobs. Without oil and natural gas, quality of life would decline and people in developing nations would not be able to improve their standard of living. Does that mean that alternative energy sources are not necessary? Of course not. But it is important to acknowledge the value of oil and gas to the world economy and recognize that it will be decades before the alternatives can replace all of things that oil and natural gas contribute to our lives.

1.3. Answer the questions on the text:

1. Why are oil and gas an important part of our everyday life? 2. What can you say about the use of oil and natural gas in developing countries? 3. What alternative fuels do you know? Are they expected to become competitive with oil for transportation? Why? 4. What will account for a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas? 5. Why is natural-gas use growing across all economic sectors? 6. How is natural gas transported? 7. What do oil and gas provide us with?

1.4. Translate the following words and phrases into English:

Исключая, за исключением, кроме; спрос на транспортное топливо; важнейший, главный источник транспортного топлива; продукты на нефтяной основе; работать на альтернативных видах топлива; в ближайшем будущем; внедрение новых технологий; стать конкурентоспособным; конкурировать; технология сжижения газа; главные, крупные потребительские рынки; бесценный, неоценимый; уровень жизни; нежелательный побочный продукт.

1.5. Match a word in column A with its opposite in column B:

A B

1. unwanted 1.quantity

2. considerable 2. unimportant

3. quality 3. unnecessary

4. remote 4. developed

5. heat 5. supply

6. currently 6.decrease

7. benefit 7. harm

8. increase 8.now

9. demand 9. cool

10. developing 10. near

1.6. Match a word in A with a word in B to make a word combination:

A. 1. life-saving B. 1. the value of oil and gas

2. to run 2. nations

3. become 3. natural gas to liquids

4. fuel 4. resources

5. to generate 5. benefit

6. to expand 6. products

7. consumer 7. jet fuel demand

8. environmental 8. the electricity

9. remote 9. cells

10. to convert 10. competitive

11. developing 11. on alternate fuels

12. to acknowledge 12. medications

1.7. Say whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1. In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector comes from fuels made from natural gas.

2. Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on electricity, hydrogen and ethanol.

3. Alternative fuels are expected to become competitive with oil for transportation before 2025.

4. Airports are being built in developing countries, expanding jet fuel demand.

5. World population is expected to grow to about 7.6 billion by 2020.

6. The value of natural gas was recognized decades ago.

7. Natural gas can’t be transported across oceans by tanker.

8. The world economy depends on oil and natural gas.

1.8. Retell the text, using the following phrases:

An important part of your everyday life; comes from fuels made from oil; to run on alternate fuels; penetration of new technologies; to become competitive with; to remain the primary fuel source for transportation; world oil consumption; the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas; natural-gas use; environmental benefit; an unwanted by-product of oil; to recognize; the world economy; replace.

UNIT 2 OIL AND GAS RESERVES

2.1. Remember the meaning of the following words:

1. pore – пора 2. rock – горная порода 3. subsurface - недра 4. property - свойство 5. reservoir - коллектор ( нефти, газа, воды ), продуктивный пласт 6. costs – затраты, издержки 7. oil-in-place - нефть, предположительно находящаяся в коллекторе 8. gas-in-place - запасы газа в коллекторе 9. trap - ловушка 10. exploration - разведка ( месторождения ) 11. resources - запасы 12. technique- техника, методика, метод, способ, технология, (технологический) приём 13. to enhance – усиливать, увеличивать, повышать 14. recovery - добыча, отбор ( нефти, газа из коллектора), отдача ( коллектора ) 15. marginal reservoir - истощённый пласт; малорентабельный коллектор нефти 16. deposit – месторождение, (промышленная) залежь ( полезных ископаемых ); отлагаться, осаждаться 17. explore – разведывать 18. drilling – бурение 19. extraction - добывание, извлечение 20. field – месторождение 21. production – добыча 22. to develop – разрабатывать 23. well - скважина

2.2. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Oil and Gas Reserves

Oil and gas exist in the pore spaces of rock in the subsurface of the earth. How much oil or gas can be recovered from the rock is a function of rock properties, technology, and economics. Even when it is technically feasible to remove oil or gas from a specific reservoir, the costs involved in doing so may exceed the value of the oil or gas recovered at projected prices. In this case, the oil or gas is uneconomic and will not be developed.

The total amount of oil or gas in the reservoir is called original oil- or gas-in-place. For a specific reservoir, engineers estimate this amount with information about the size of the reservoir trap and properties of the rock (which can be sampled and tested). Some of the original oil and gas deposited millions of years ago has been discovered, while some remains undiscovered (the target of future exploration).

Discovered (or known) resources can be divided into proved reserves and prospective or unproved (probable and possible) resources. "Proved reserves" are the quantities of oil or gas from known reservoirs and expected to be recoverable with current technology and at current economic conditions. Prospective resources are those that may be recoverable in the future with advanced technologies or under different economic conditions.

As noted above, three factors affect the amount of oil or gas that can be recovered from a known reservoir — rock properties, technology, and economics. While the industry cannot change the properties of the rock, it can develop new techniques to remove more oil from the rock. The industry has made significant advances to enhance recovery from known reservoirs, adding to the reserves base. When prices rise, marginal reservoirs can be developed economically, adding to the reserve base.

Reserves will also grow as more oil and gas deposits are found around the world. Continental North America and much of continental Europe have already been explored heavily, and any new discoveries are likely to be small. But many areas of the globe are largely unexplored and many large new deposits are waiting to be found. Companies have experienced major success in discovering significant new oil and gas reservoirs offshore Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, Alaska, off the western coast of Africa, Russia, and many areas of Asia and the Pacific. These are just a few of the current areas of growth. Most observers agree that significant deposits of oil and gas remain undiscovered in the Middle East.

The oil and gas industry uses advanced technology to aid in the search for the resources that will meet growing world energy needs. Technology advances enable more accurate drilling and extraction of a higher percentage of oil and gas from each field, extending the life of each well. Advanced technology also allows development of resources that were not previously economically viable, such as deep-sea fields, unconventional natural gas, and oil and gas in very deep reservoirs. Together, these new sources of oil and gas will replace production from existing wells as they decline, and help to assure adequate oil and gas supplies to meet world energy needs for the foreseeable future.

2.3. Answer the questions on the text:

1. Where do oil and gas exist? 2. What is called original oil- or gas-in-place? 3. How do engineers estimate the amount of the original oil- or gas-in-place? 4. What types are discovered (or known) resources divided into? 5. How many factors affect the amount of oil or gas that can be recovered from a known reservoir? What are they? 6. Where have companies discovered significant oil and gas reserves? 7. What aids in the search for new oil and gas sources and development of resources that were not previously economically viable?

2.4. Translate the following words and phrases into English:

недра земли; технически осуществимо; превышать; размер ловушки; свойства породы; современная технология; в сегодняшних экономических условиях; нефть и газ, образованные миллионы лет назад; обнаруженные запасы; достоверные, доказанные запасы; возможные, вероятные запасы; улучшенная технология; технические достижения; стоимость; экономически выгодный; цель.

2.5. Match a word in column A with its synonym in column B:

A B

1. reserves 1. deposits

2. to aid 2. recovery

3. known 3. amount

4. unproved 4. probable

5. quantity 5. proved

6. to discover 6. resources

7. production 7.the earth

8. possible 8. to find

9. discoveries 9. to help

10. the globe 10. prospective

2.6. Make sentences using a line in A, a line in B and a line in C:

A	B	C
1. Some of the original oil and gas deposited millions of years ago 2. "Proved reserves" 3. The oil and gas industry 4. Prospective resources 5. Discovered resources 6.The industry 7. How much oil or gas 8. Many areas of the globe 9.Continental North America and much of continental Europe 10.Three factors	have been are remains uses affect can	undiscovered the quantities of oil or gas from known reservoirs and expected to be recoverable with current technology and at current economic conditions the amount of oil or gas the quantities of oil or gas that may be recoverable in the future with advanced technologies or under different economic conditions. develop new techniques to remove more oil from the rock. explored heavily. divided into proved reserves and unproved resources. be recovered from the rock is a function of rock properties, technology, and economics. advanced technology to aid in the search for the resources. largely unexplored.

2.7. Choose the suitable word(s) in brackets. Both answers may be correct.

1. The total amount of oil or gas in the (a. reservoir, b. reserves) is called original oil- or gas-in-place.

2. Most observers agree that significant (a. deposits, b. wells) of oil and gas remain undiscovered in the Middle East.

3. Even when it is technically feasible to remove oil or gas from a specific reservoir, the (a. costs, b. prices) involved in doing so may exceed the value of the oil or gas recovered at projected (c. costs, d. prices).

4. When prices rise, marginal (a. reservoirs, b. fields) can be developed economically.

5. New sources of oil and gas will replace (a. production, b.recovery) from existing wells as they decline, and help to assure adequate oil and gas supplies to meet world energy needs for the foreseeable future.

6. Reserves will also grow as more oil and gas (a. deposits, b.wells) are found around the world.

7. Oil and gas exist in the pore spaces of (a. rock, b. traps) in the subsurface of the earth.

8. Advanced technology also allows development of deep-sea (a. properties, b. fields)

2.8. Retell the text, using the questions from exercise 3 as a plan.

UNIT 3 HOW DOES THE INDUSTRY FIND OIL AND

NATURAL GAS