- •1. Problems of stylistic research.
- •2. Stylistics of Language and speech.
- •3. Types of stylistic research and branches of stylistics
- •4. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
- •5. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic colouring
- •6. Stylistic function notion
- •1. General considerations.
- •2. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •4 Large groups:
- •I. R. Galperln’s classification of expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •2. Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices:
- •2. Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •II. The principle for distinguishing is based on the interaction between two lexical meanings simultaneously materialised in the context.
- •III. The subdivision comprises stable word combinations in their interaction with the context:
- •3. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •I am exactly the man to be placed in a superior position in such a case as that. I am above the rest of mankind, in such a case as that. I can act with philosophy in such a case as that. (Dickens)
- •It was a clear starry night, and not a cloud was to be seen.
- •Inversion of sentence members:
- •1. Stylistics of the author and of the reader. The notions of encoding and decoding.
- •2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis and types of foregrounding.
- •1. Stylistics of the author and of the reader. The notions of encoding and decoding
- •2. Essential concepts of decoding stylistic analysis and types of foregrounding
- •1. The theory of grammatical gradation. Marked, semi-marked and unmarked structures.
- •2. Grammatical metaphor and types of grammatical transposition
- •3. Morphological stylistics. Stylistic potential of the parts of speech
- •4. Stylistic syntax
- •IV. Interaction of adjacent sentences is a compositional syntactical technique.
- •Glossary for the Course of Stylistics
4. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
Semasiology: a branch of linguistics whose area of study is meaning. All stylistic effects are based on the interplay between different kinds of meaning on different levels (grammatical, lexical, logical, denotative, connotative, emotive, evaluative, expressive and stylistic).
Onomasiology (or onomatology) is the theory of naming dealing with the choice of words when naming or assessing some object or phenomenon. In stylistic analysis we often have to do with a transfer of nominal meaning in a text (antonomasia, metaphor, metonymy, etc.)
Literary Stylistics will inevitably overlap with areas of literary studies such as the theory of imagery, literary genres, the art of composition, etc.
Decoding Stylistics in many ways borders culture studies in the broad sense of that word including the history of art, aesthetic trends and even information theory.
5. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic colouring
Most scholars abroad and in this country giving definitions of style come to the conclusion that style may be defined as deviation from the lingual norm or a departure from the norm of a given national language. (G. Leech, M. Riffaterre, M. Halliday, R. Jacobson and others).
What we often call “the norm” in terms of stylistics would be more appropriate to call “neutrality”. Thus we observe an opposition of stylistically coloured specific elements to stylistically neutral non-specific elements.
Within the stylistically coloured words there is another opposition between formal vocabulary and informal vocabulary.
Stylistically coloured words are limited to specific conditions of communication: you’re sure to recognise words like decease, attire, decline (a proposal) as bookish and distinguish die, clothes, refuse as neutral while such units as snuff it, rags (togs), turn down - as colloquial or informal.
Stylistic connotations may be inherent or adherent. Stylistically coloured words possess inherent stylistic connotations. Stylistically neutral words will have only adherent (occasional) stylistic connotations acquired in a certain context:
Eg.: A luxury hotel for dogs is to be opened at Lima, Peru a city of 30.000 dogs. The furry guests will have separate hygienic kennels, top medical care and high standard cuisine, including the best bones. (Mailer)
6. Stylistic function notion
The semantic structure (or the meaning) of a word consists of its grammatical meaning (noun, verb, adjective) and its lexical meaning. Lexical meaning can further on be subdivided into denotative (linked to the logical or nominative meaning) and connotative meanings. Connotative meaning is only connected with extra-linguistic circumstances such as the situation of communication and the participants of communication. Connotative meaning consists of four components:
1) emotive: express various feelings or emotions; the emotive component of meaning may be occasional or usual (i.e. inherent and adherent); inherent: interjections: adherent: He is a BIG boy already!
2) evaluative: charges the word with negative, positive, ironic or other types of connotation conveying the speaker’s attitude in relation to the object of speech; eg: to sneak - “to move silently and secretly, usu. for a bad purpose”;
3) expressive: either increases or decreases the expressiveness of the message; eg.: “She was a small thin delicate thing with spectacles”; “intensifiers”, words like “absolutely, frightfully, really, quite”;
4) stylistic: a word possesses stylistic connotation if it belongs to a certain functional style or a specific layer of vocabulary (such as archaisms, barbarisms, slang, jargon, etc). Stylistic connotation is usually immediately recognizable; eg.: yonder, slumber, thence immediately connote poetic or elevated writing; price index or negotiate assets are indicative of business language.
Литература:
Арнольд И.В. Стилистика декодирования. Курс лекций. Л., 1974.
Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка. Основы курса. М., 2004.
Мороховский А.Н. Cтилистика английского языка. Киев, 1989.
Galperin I.R. Stylistics. M., 1977.
Kucharenko V.A. A Book of Practice in Stylistics. M., 1986.
Skrebnev Y.M. Fundamentals of English. М., 1994.
Lecture 2
STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
1. General Considerations.
2. Neutral, Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary.
3. Special Literary Vocabulary:
a) Terms
b) Poetic and Highly Literary Words.
c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words.
d) Barbarisms and Foreignisms.
e) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words).
4. Special Colloquial Vocabulary:
a) Slang.
b) Jargonisms.
c) Professionalisms.
d) Dialectal Words.
e) Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms.
f) Colloquial Coinages (Words and Meanings).
Basic notions: common literary vocabulary; terms and learned words; poetic words; archaic words; barbarisms; foreign words; literary coinages; literary nonce-words; common colloquial words; slang; jargonisms; professional words; dialectal words; vulgar words; colloquial coinages.