Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

663

.pdf
Скачиваний:
78
Добавлен:
24.03.2015
Размер:
1.57 Mб
Скачать

4>eAepanbHoe areHTCTBO no 06pa30BaH&t11O

MOCKOBCKaH rOCYAapCTBeHHaH aKaAeM&t1H TOHKOM X&t1MH"IeCKOM TeXH01l0r&t1&t1 &t1M.M.B.JlOMoHocOBa

Ka<peApa &t1HOCTPaHHbIX f13bIKOB

MBaHOBa n.A.

KOHTponbHble 3a.qaHMJI

no aHrnMMCKOMY Jl3blKY .QJ1J1 11 KYpca

KY'le6HMKY3.M.Cepe6peHHMKOBOM

Y"Ie6HO - MeTOAH"IecKoe noco6&t1e

MOCKBa, 2009 rOA

www.mitht.ru/e-library

66K 24.5 YAK 536.122

Pe4eH3eHT: P,04. COKOIlIOK 3.H.

(Kacpep,pa HHocTpaHHblx R3bIKOB)

~BaHOBa I1.A.

KOHTponbHble 3a.qaHMfi no aHrnMMcKoMY fi3blKY

.qnfi 11 Kypca,

KY'le6HMKY3.~.Cepe6peHHMKoBOM

Yl.le6HO-MeTOp,Hl.leCKOe noco6He - M.,Vlnu MVlTXT, 2009, 55 CTp.

www.mitht.ru/e-library

LESSON I.

Notes on the Text.

1.to deal with - ~MeTb AeIlo, paccMaTp~BaTb,

KacaTbCfl

2.to take place - ~MeTb AeIlO, npo~cxoA~Tb

3.to be concerned with - ~MeTb AeIlO c

4.to devote to - nOCBflLl.\aTb

5.to make a contribution - ,QeIlaTb BKIla,Q

T EXT. CHEMISTRY.

Chemistry is the science which deals with materials, their properties and transformations they undergo. So chemistry is the study of the composition and properties of matter, their changes, the conditions under which such changes take place, and the energy changes which accompany them.

Chemistry is concerned with the nature of fire and the structure of water, it deals with colours, catalysis and crystal structure, with physical properties and chemical reactivity.

Chemistry is one of the fundamental sciences. It plays an important part in the development of biochemistry, physics, geology, and many other fields of science. Chemistry'sorigin goes back to ancient times, with the manufacture of bronze, iron, ceramics, glass.

At the end of the sixteenth century sufficient facts, entirely free of magic which surrounded the work of the alchemists, a~peared.

In the 17t century modern chemistry began with the work of Robert Boyle. He was the first one who studied quantitatively the relationship between the volume of a gas

3

www.mitht.ru/e-library

and the external pressure upon it. Later A Lavoisier introduced the concept of the chemical elements.

In the 19th century AAvogadro introduced the concept of molecules. He stated that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

F.AKekule and AM.Butlerov introduced the structural theory of organic chemistry.

In 1869 D.I.Mendeleyev discovered regularities in the properties of the elements. D.I.Mendeleyev'sdiscovery was the greatest one in chemistry.

Many great scientists devoted their life to the development of chemistry, among them Bohr whose theory of the hydrogen atom was very important, the Curies who in 1934 announced the preparation of artificially radio-active elements, Marie Curie who discovered radium and the element polonium.

Many great Russian chemists made a great contribution to the world science. Among them, the outstanding Russian chemists MV.Lomonosov, D.I.Mendeleyev, AM.Butlerov, Academician N.N.Semenov, and many others.

Everyone now understands the importance of chemistry. The future of chemistry is practically unlimited. Rapid development of chemical industry will make it possible to create many new goods, machines, plastics, polymers, it will help to understand many new phenomena.

In your study of chemistry you will learn many things about substances, compounds, materials, chemical and physical changes, chemical properties, reactions and many other interesting and important things. It is to be remembered that:

4

www.mitht.ru/e-library

1.Chemistry is the study of substances, their structure, their properties, and their reactions.

2.Matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases.

3.Homogeneous material is material with the same properties throughout.

4.Heterogeneous material is material consisting of parts with different properties.

5.Compound is a sUbstance that can be decomposed into two or more substances.

6.Substance is a homogeneous species of matter with definite chemical composition.

7.Chemical reactions are the processes that convert substances into other substances.

8.Alloy is a metallic material containing two or more elements.

Remember the following words and word combinations:

to deal with

composition

to develop

property

to accompany

development

to undergo

to be concerned

origin

entirely

with

to learn

to surround

equal

substance

relationship

to discover

to exist

external

discovery

homogeneous

to introduce

practically

heterogeneous

 

phenomena

to consist of

Ex."1 Mind the note and translate the sentences into

Russian:

Note:

One - OA~H (I.IuCnUmenbHoe) noone>KaU{ee ( 6 HeonpeoeneHHO-nUI.IHOM npeOnO>KeHUU)

5

www.mitht.ru/e-library

One, ones - CnOe838MeCmUmenu cyw,ecmeumenbHoeo

No one - HliIKTO

Anyone - JlIo6ol1, KTO-HliI6YAb

One may - MO>KHO One must - Hy>t<HO

1. They study organic processes and inorganic ones.

2.Anyone can take part in this work. 3. This method is simpler than that one. 4. No one has ever observed this phenomenon. 5. One must know all the properties of this substance. 6. Sodium is the only one of the alkali metals which is used industrially in large quantities. 7. No one could state the definite properties of this substance. 8. One may expect that this substance dissolves easily in water. 9. Only one out of 100 million atoms of radium decomposes per second. 10. At one time the chemists took the weight of the hydrogen atom as the unit. 11. Hydrogen consists of particles, each one is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms.

Ex.2. Translate the text using a dictionary. Reproduce the text:

Analytical chemistry deals with the methods of separation. Synthetic chemistry deals with the methods by which complex bodies can be built from simpler substances. Physical chemistry deals with changes of state and with the motions of molecules. But at the present time the scientists don'tmaintain this definition.

The discovery of X-rays, an electron, and radioactivity marked a new era in all sciences and in chemistry. It was a very important discovery in science. It plays an important part in the development of geology and physiology, in

6

www.mitht.ru/e-library

technology and in chemical engineering.

Chemistry deals with medicine and agriculture as they are all concerned with the properties and changes of chemical substances.

Ex.3. Read the text and discuss it:

Some Facts about Chemistry.

The science of chemistry deals with substances.

Chemistry is the investigation and discussion of the properties of substances.

Common examples of substances are: water, sugar, salt, copper, iron and many others.

Chemists study substances in order to learn as much as they can about their properties and about the reactions that change them into other substances. This knowledge is very important as it can make the world a better place to live in, it can make people happier, it can raise their standard of living.

Chemists discovered many laws, investigated many important phenomena in life. They produced many artificial substances which have valuable properties.

Chemistry has two main aspects: descriptive chemistry, the discovery of chemical facts, and theoretical chemistry, the formulation of theories.

The broad field of chemistry may also be divided in other ways. An important division of chemistry is that into the branches of organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry.

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon that occur in plants and animals.

Inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds

7

www.mitht.ru/e-library

of elements other than carbon. Each of these branches of chemistry is in part descriptive and in part theoretical.

LESSON 11.

Notes on the text.

1.the radius is as much as O.1x10- 9 m - pa,qHyc paBeH 0, 1x1 0- 9 M.

2.a full stop - T04Ka

3.in the course of - B xo,qe, B npo14ecce

4.regular arrangement - ynopfl,q04eHHoe paCnOllO>KeHHe

T E X T . SOME FACTS ABOUT ATOMS.

An atom may be spoken of as the smallest particle of any substance.

If atoms cannot be seen it does not necessarily mean that they do not exist. It indicates that any particles, if present, must be extremely small. There are methods by means of which the sizes of atoms and their arrangement in molecules can be determined. One of these methods uses X-ray diffraction.

The results of a number of investigations show that when atoms are in contact with other atoms in molecules, their radius is as much as 0.1 x1 0 -9 m (0.1 nm).

Some idea of how small atoms are can be obtained by imagining one million copper atoms (radius=0.13x10-9 m (0.13 nm». If these copper atoms are stacked one on top of the other, the pile will be as high as the full stop at the end of this sentence.

In the course of many investigations, chemists came to a conclusion that the atoms of different elements are all

8

www.mitht.ru/e-library

made essentially of three simple types of units, which were referred to as protons, neutrons, and electrons.

The following diagram shows us the constituentes of the atom:

1. Atoms contain the following structural units:

Electrons

Protons

Neutrons

Charge -1,

Charge +1,

Zero charge,

Very small

Relative mass 1

Relative mass 1

relative mass

 

 

2.The position and numbers of these structural units in an atom is shown below:

Electrons fill the space around the nucleus.

Number of electrons = Atomic number.

Very small nucleus. Number of protons = Atomic number.

Number of protons + Number of neutrons =Relative atomic mass.

The numbers of electrons, protons, and neutrons in an atom of an element can be calculated if the atomic number and relative atomic mass of the element are known:

9

www.mitht.ru/e-library

Number of electrons = Number of

Protons = Atomic number of element.

Number of protons + Number of neutrons =

Relative atomic mass of element.

It was also found that many elements and compounds are composed of small numbers of atoms which are held together in a regular arrangement. These groups of atoms are referred to as molecules. The gas hydrogen, for example, is composed of pairs of hydrogen atoms and each pair is called a molecule and its formula is H2 •

Another example is the compound carbon dioxide which is composed of molecules, the formula is CO 2 •

The atomic Model.

The electron, the proton, and the neutron gather together into what can be called the atom.

Our concept of the atom derives from a series of observations. As a result of these observations, we now believe that an atom is composed of a cloud of electrons that revolve about a central core of protons or of protons plus neutrons. Repeated experiments, which were referred to above, show that every atom has the same number of electrons as well as protons. The positively charged protons form the nucleus of the atom, and balance the positive charges of the protons in the core of the atom. The neutrons are also found in the nucleus of the atom.

An atom has already been spoken of as the smallest unit of an element.

10

www.mitht.ru/e-library

Соседние файлы в предмете Английский язык