Орловская англ.яз. Unlock

Japan. It should be said that according to the estimates of Ameri­ can experts production of materials in space is to bring 60 billion dollars in the future.

Notes to the Text

1.supertransparent laser glass -- сверхпрозрачное лазерное стекло

2.to pave the way — проложить путь

3.on board (a spacecraft) — на борту (космического корабля)

4.to simulate — моделировать, имитировать

5.to cancel out — уничтожать, уравновешивать

6.stable-state — устойчивое состояние

7.in case of melts — в случае расплавов

8.gravitational convection — гравитационная конвекция (перенос тепла под действием силы тяжести)

9.gene engineering — генная инженерия

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 17. Просмотрите текст 6А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. Have you seen the label «Made in Space» anywhere? 3. Why can't certain materials be produced on Earth? 4. Can all the conditions on board a space vehicle be simu­ lated on Earth? 5. When will it be possible to start industrial pro­ duction of materials in space? What do you think about it? Can we start such production now? 6. Why can we obtain materials of better quality in space? 7. What equipment is needed for producing materials in space? 8. How will this equipment operate?

Упражнение 18. Составьте утверждения, выбрав правильный вариант со­ гласно тексту 6А.

1.Many well-known processes go on differently in space due to

a)different density.

b)the presence of weight.

c)the absence of weight.

2.The components of stable-state liquid mixtures would sepa­ rate on Earth because of

a)high temperature.

b)different density.

c)different conditions.

110

3. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because of

a)weightlessness.

b)solidification.

c)convection.

Упражвение 19. Найдите в тексте 6А модальные глаголы и их эквивален­ ты. Замените эквиваленты соответствующими модальными глаголами.

Упражнение 20. Выберите соответствующий модальный глагол.

1. Do you live far? (Can, must) we meet here at 7 o'clock? — We certainly (may, can). — Г11 see you later this evening, then. 2. Bill, would you help me? Sure, I'd be glad to help you. What (may, can) I do for you? 3. (Can, may) I take your pen? I've broken mine. 4. Do you know when Bob comes back from the University? I am afraid he (can, may) be very late. He has an examination to­ morrow. He (can, must) study for the examination. 5. Do you have a stamp (марка)? — No, I'm afraid I don't. You (may, must) go to the post office for this. 6. I'm very much interested in envi­ ronment problems. I think we (must, may) learn to live in har­ mony with nature.

Упражнение 21. Укажите предложения с модальными глаголами, выра­ жающими необходимость совершения действия. Переведите.

1. As telegraph wires couldn't be hung over the ocean, cables had to be laid on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. 2. In the next few years engineers are to develop computers of more than 2 billion operations a second. 3. A new kind of telephone may be called a video-phone. 4. One must know that we shall need a lot of special­ ists that will be able to work and live in space for a long time. 5. To see distant objects clearly, one should change the focus. 6. Within a few coming years a quantity production of various materials is to begin in space. 7. Some liquid mixture components would immedi­ ately separate on Earth because of different density. 8. It should be said that special space vehicles are necessary for industrial produc­ tion of space materials. 9. Our group will be allowed to use new lab­ oratory equipment next term. 10. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and copper as conductors.

Упражнение 22. Найдите предложения с эквивалентами модальных гла­ голов to have to, to be to,

A. 1. Television has a great number of uses nowadays. 2. Morse discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they

111

could be sent as a sound. 3. That part of this country has become a highly industrial one. 4. Why couldn't you do it yesterday? — Be­ cause I had to go home earlier than usual. 5. This important prob­ lem had been solved by the end of 1980. 6. In the past messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship. 7. Some materials with useful qualities will have to be produced in space. 8. A historian has to study a lot of various facts to be able to reconstruct the far past.

B. 1. Such metals as iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys are much more magnetic than any other substances. 2. In the next few years Russian engineers are to complete the work on supercom­ puters. 3. The main aim of this article is to explain methods and means of space industrialization. 4. We are living in an electronic world. 5. A number of TV stations are to be linked up into a net­ work. 6. Experiments for industrial production of materials in space are being carried out in many countries. 7. Weightlessness is created on Earth, but only for a few seconds. 8. The quality of these metal parts is to be very high. 9. It was found that the acceleration rate on board such vehicles was to be reduced to a minimum.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 23. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова, и пе­ реведите их.

requirement, constituent, scientific, distance, agronomist, an­ cient, density, differ, hardness, structural, various, magnificent, presence, property, culture, conductor, presentation, probably.

Упражнение 24. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие словам.

surprisingly, difference, equipment, mixture, coming, estima­ tion, weightlessness, production, separately, development, move­ ment, disappearance, functional.

Упражнение 25. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных.

magnet, industry, absence, speciality, weight, probability, orbit, dynamics, preparation, supertransparency, independence, gravita­ tion, 8ирефиг11у, difficulty, variety.

Упражнение 26. Переведите слова, учитывая значение префикса super-.

supercritical, superactive, supercooled, superalloy, superhard, superplastic.

112

Упражнение 27. Дайте для следующих слов:

а) синонимы

to Start, movement, nowadays, quality, research, various, a means, manufacture, possess, to occur, consequently, numerous, spacecraft, to use, to substitute, certain;

б) антонимы

distant, to stop, few, to reduce, invaluable, unusual, dependence, minimum.

Упражнение 28. Выберите английский эквивалент русского предложе­ ния из предлагаемых вариантов.

1.Он должен идти домой.

Не may go home. Не must go home. He had to go home.

2.OH должен идти домой в 5 часов.

Не must go home at 5 o'clock. He is to go home at 5 o'clock. He may go home at 5 o'clock.

3.OH может идти домой в 5 часов.

Не may go home at 5. Не can go home at 5. He must go home at 5.

4.OH должен будет идти домой раньше.

Не must go home earlier. He should go home earlier. He will have to go home earlier.

5.Ему следует идти домой.

Не should go home. He may go home. He had to go home.

6.OH может очень быстро ходить.

Не can walk very quickly. He will be able to walk very quickly. He could walk very quickly.

7.Ему разрешат идти домой после трех.

Не is permitted to go home after 3. He was permitted to go home after 3. He will be permitted to go home after 3.

8. Ему не нужно идти домой сразу.

Не is not allowed to go home at once. He could not go home at once. He needn't go home at once.

Упражнение 29. Заполните пропуски словами because или because of.

1. She must go by bus every morning ... she lives far from the institute. 2. The students cannot translate this text... it is difficult. 3. The planes could not leave the aiфort... the bad weather. 4. Our life has become easier ... the electricity. 5. Critics would say that the young people were too passive ... they watched TV so much.

Упражнение 30. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их. lost, risen, pay, leading, struck, sat.

113

Упражнение 31. Переведите без словаря.

The first step in any industrialization project, for example, on the Moon should be preparation for plant construction. It is eco­ nomically desirable to use local materials for this. It is well-known that metals form the most important group of engineering materi­ als. One must know that they possess necessary mechanical and physical properties. They can be easily fabricated into various forms by a variety of techniques. They are hard, tough (пластич­ ный), strong and temperature-resistant, a combination of proper­ ties not available in any other materials. The properties of metals can be changed by. heat treatment so that the fabrication is much easier since the work pieces can have properties quite different from those needed in the final product.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What condition on board a space vehicle can't be simulated on Earth? (prolonged weightlessness). 2. What eliminates gravity during a space flight? (inertia). 3. What can be the industrial use of weightlessness? (the production of new materials with unusual properties). 4. What industrial materials can be produced in space? (superconductors, new kinds of alloys, magnetic materials, laser glass, polymers, plastics, etc). 5. What is Russia's contribution to the development of methods and means of industrial material pro­ duction in space? (over 600 technological experiments carried out at the Russian orbital space stations). 6. What are the results of these experiments? (much better properties of the materials ob­ tained under the zero-gravity condition than those produced on Earth). 7. What is needed for industrial material production in space? (special space platforms).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts,

1.Experts estimate that within a few coming years

2.Numerous experiments on board

1. for industrial production of new-generation materials at a larger scale is being carried out in Russia, the USA, Europe and Ja­ pan.

2. very difficult on Earth,

114

3.They may include

4.In space there is no gravitational convection

5.Convection makes the production of some materials

6.But in zero-gravity conditions it is possible

7.It should be said that research and preparatory work

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

3. i.e. movement of gases or liq­ uids because of difference of tem­ peratures.

4.to grow large crystals and to study their structure.

5.super and semiconductors, metals, glasses, supeфure biologi­ cally active substances, etc.

6.the industrial production of various materials is to begin in

space.

7. the Russian manned and unmanned space vehicles and space stations proved the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the pro­ duction of some materials.

Tom: Are you going to attend the seminar tonight?

Bill: I should go. Unfortunately, I won't be able to do so. Т.: Why should you go there?

В.: The speaker will talk about composite ceramics. I must know all about this subject. As you know, I'll do some experimental work in this field next June. So I'll have to know about it.

Т.: In that case, you ought to cancel (отменить) your other plans and attend the seminar. You shouldn't miss (пропускать) it.

В.: You are right. But I can't go. Т.: Why can't you?

В.: Don't you remember (помнить)? We are to take an exam in French tomorrow. I have to study for the examination.

T.Do you have to study? Is it a necessity?

В.:	Well, I suppose the expression «have to study» is too strong. No
	one is forcing me. But I really ought to study tonight. Shouldn't
Т.:	you do it too?
	I don't have to study. I studied last night and I am sure I can
В.:	pass it. Besides that, I must attend the seminar.
	Why must you attend it?
Т.:	Have you forgotten? I must introduce the speaker to the audi­
В.:	ence.
	Yes, that's right.
Т.:	Well, I have to go now. I may be late. I'll see you later.

115

Exercise 4. Speak about:

L Space industrialization and its importance for mankind.

2. The latest achievements in industrial materials production in space.

Use exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic : carry out experiments; obtain useful and valuable data; on board a space ve­ hicle; zero-gravity condition; zero-gravity state advantages, materials of better quality; at a larger scale; in case; according to.

Exercise 5. Read and smile.

The teacher was trying to explain the fundamentals of Science to her class. «Sir Isaak Newton was sitting under a tree looking up into it when an apple fell on his head, and from that he could dis­ cover the law of gravity. Wasn't that wonderful?»

«Yes, it certainly was», a pupil said, «and if he had been at school at his books, he wouldn't have discovered anything».

A Trick on a President

W.H. Harrison was the ninth President of the United States. Like so many other early American presidents he was bom in a small town. As a boy, he was extremely quiet. In fact, he was so quiet that he had the reputation of being very stupid (глупый). The town people therefore often used to play tricks (шутка) on him. For example, they would put a nickel and a dime (монеты в 5 и 10 центов) in front of him and tell him to take whichever one he wanted. He would always choose the nickel and they would laugh at him.

One day, a woman took pity (пожалеть) on him. She said: «William, why do you always choose the nickel instead (вместо) of a dime? Don't you know that a dime, though smaller in size than a nickel, is worth (стоить) much more than a nickel?» «Cer­ tainly I know it», William answered. «But if I chose the dime, they wouldn't play the trick on me any more.»

Text 6B

Прочитайте текст и расскажите о новом способе повышения пластично­ сти и износостойкости режущего инструмента из композиционной керамики.

Composite Ceramics

Advanced ceramic materials have such interesting properties that mechanical engineers are becoming more and more interested in their use as structural parts (конструкционные детали).

116

Ceramic cutting tools have been in use for some time. How­ ever, it is only during the last twenty years that there has been rapid development in this field because of the development of new com­ posite ceramics.

Composite materials are materials in which two or more differ­ ent substances, such as metals, ceramics, glasses, or polymers are combined without chemical reaction. As a result one can produce a material with properties different from those of any of the individ­ ual constituents. The constituents of a composite would retain their individual characteristics.

Recently engineers have developed various kinds of composite ceramics which must combine an increased toughness (пластич­ ность) with the same hardness and strength of usual ceramics. A promising recent development is the addition of a tiny quantity of metal to increase toughness and tool life. Thus, at room and high temperatures (1000 °C) the composite ceramics for cutting tools should possess the following properties: high strength, high tough­ ness, high hardness, high thermal shock resistance and high chemi­ cal inertness.

Text 6C

Прочитайте текст, выделите интересные для вас факты и перескажите.

Ancient Steel-Making Secret

When two metallurgists at Stanford University were trying to produce a «superplastic» metal they became interested in the secret of Damascus steel, the legendary material used by numerous war­ riors (воины) of the past, including Crusaders (крестоносцы). Its formula had been lost for generations.

Analyses of a new steel revealed properties almost identical to those they found in Damascus steel, although their own plastic steel had been produced by present-day methods.

The remarkable characteristics of Damascus steel became known to Europe when the Crusaders reached the Middle East in the Uth century. They discovered that swords (меч) of the metal could split (рассечь) a feather (перо) in air and at the same time retain their edge sharp through many battles.

The secrets of Damascus steel were known in many parts of the ancient world, especially in Persia, where some of the finest speci­ mens were produced. For eight centuries the Arab sword makers kept the secret about their techniques and methods. And with the invention of firearms (огнестрельное оружие), the secret was lost and it was never fully rediscovered.

117

The two metallurgists carried out a lot of researches. When they realized that they might be close to the discovery of a new material, a sword fancier (знаток), at one of their demonstrations, pointed out that Damascus steel, like their own product, was very rich in carbon. This led them to conduct a comparative analysis of their steel and those of the ancient weapons. As a result, it was found that a basic requirement was a high carbon content. The two metal­ lurgists believed it had to be from 1 per cent to 2 per cent, compared to only a part of 1 per cent in ordinary steel. Their research showed how to make steel of even greater hardness than Damascus steel.

Text 6D

Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски, чем примечателен читаль­ ный зал Библиотеки Британского музея и какие отделы имеются в Британ­ ском музее.

The British Museum

The British Museum consisting of the National Museum of Ar­ cheology and Ethnography and the National Library is the largest and richest of its kind in the world. Built in the middle of the last century it is situated in central London which consists of quiet squares and streets.

The British Museum was founded by Act of Parliament in 1753 to bring together the collection of Sir Robert Cotton, some others and future addition to them.

Anthony Panizzi designed the famous circular Reading Room at the British Museum. The first thing that strikes a visitor on en­ tering the Reading Room is its unusual shape. It is a perfect circle. The superintendent (управляющий) and his assistant sit in the centre of the room and they issue (выдавать) and collect books. Long rows of reading desks radiate to the outer walls, like the spokes (спицы) of the wheel.

Many famous people have used the Reading Room at the Brit­ ish Museum. Of the many distinguished people who have used the Reading Room no one was perhaps more regular and more intent (целеустремленный) than the German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx. Soon after he arrived in England in 1849, Marx became a daily visitor of the Reading Room, where he used to remain from nine in the morning till closing time.

The British Museum has a department of ethnography. Ethnog­ raphy is concerned with primitive people and their cultures in vari­ ous stages of development as revealed by their tools, ritual objects and various crafts (ремесло). This collection is so vast that only a

118

tiny percentage is on show to the general public. Then there is a de­ partment of prints and drawings. There are also departments devoted to maps, coins and medals. Visitors interested in chronology can see a large collection of clocks and watches. Those who are interested in philately can find a magnificent collection of postage stamps.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. A. Прочитайте следующие выражения из текста 6А и по­ старайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов и словосочетаний.

1.this label «Made in Space»

2.in the not so distant future

3.with peculiar magnetic properties

4.prolonged weightlessness

5.The Archimedes principal is no longer valid

6.the theoretical basis for space industry

7.on board these vehicles; on board orbital station

8.preparatory work for industrial production in space

9.replace the specimens

B. Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову соответствующее ему по значению.

a.well based, correct, effective

b.needed for preparing; introductory с continuing for a long time

d.foundation

e.in a ship

f.not so far away in time

g.special, particular

h.piece of paper, metal or other material used to describe what smth. is, where it is to go, etc.

i.one as an example of a class

Упражнение 2. A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значе­

нии терминов shape memory alloy, suggest, remember, piston, contract, expand, engine.

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are in general usage today. What exactly is a SMA? As the name suggests, this alloy can remember its original shape or form. Essentially it is a metal which can be de­ formed when cold and will return to its first shape when hot.

The particular alloy we are speaking about is nickel titanium. We can see here one application in a conventional piston. When

119