2.15. Change these sentences, replacing it by an –ing form of the verb and the rest of the phrase, if there is one. Start each sentence with the words in brackets:

1)Most children watch television a lot. They begin it when they are very young, and continue it all their lives. (Most children begin…)

2)My friend works on his notebook during the classes at University. He likes it. (My friend likes…)

3)Most computer manufacturers don’t use the term “laptop” anymore. They stopped it completely. (Most computer manufacturers stopped …)

4)More and more people buy a mobile computer today. They prefer it to a desktop computer. (More and more people prefer …)

5)A lot of alternative free computer software could be found today. Some users practise to install it on their computers. (Some users practise…)

6)A lot of people search the Internet. They look for necessary information through it. (A lot of people prefer…)

7)WiFi has become more wide-spread. Students recommend to use it in free zones in cafes. (Students recommend…)

8)Computers penetrate in almost all spheres of humans’ life. Some experts consider it too dangerous. (Some experts consider…)

Now give your own examples.

2.16. Think of any piece of hardware you would like to know more about.

•Find information about its history and inventor(s).

•Share this information with your group.

Unit 3

Computer Software

Vocabulary	['æntɪ'vaɪrəs]
anti-virus software		антивирусная программа
data (sing. – datum)	['deɪtə]	данные
application (program)	[̗æplɪ'keɪʃn]	прикладная (программа)

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package	['pækɪdž]	пакет
(suite)	[swi:t]	набор, комплект
		(Internet protocol suite набор
		протоколов Internet)
word processor	['prəυsesə]	текстовый редактор
source program	[sɔ:s]	входная программа
supervisor program	['su:pəvaɪzə]	управляющая программа
linkage editor	['lɪŋkɪdž] ['edɪtə]	компоновщик
routine	[̗ru:'ti:n]	подпрограмма
object module	['ɒbdžɪkt] ['mɒdju:l]		объект
spreadsheet	['spredʃi:t]	программа обработки
		электронных таблиц
compile	[kəm'paɪl]	составлять, компилировать
		(прогамму)
compiler	[kəm'paɪlə]	компилятор
CPU (central		ЦП (центральный процессор)
processing unit)
load module	[ləυd]	загрузочный модуль
mainframe computer	['meɪnfreɪm]	1. универсальный компьютер
		2. компьютер обычных
		размеров
compatible (with)	[kəm'pætəbl]	совместимый
capability	[̗ɪkepə'bɪlətɪ]	cпособность
		мн. (потенциальные)
		возможности
fetch	[fetʃ]	выборка
desktop publishing		настольное издательство
developer’s tools		инструментарий разработчика
execute	['eksɪkju:t]	выполнять
convert	['kɒnvɜ:t]	превращать; переделывать

3.1. How would you describe what computer software is to someone who knows nothing about computers? Work in pairs or small groups.

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Now read the description below. Do you like it? Why/Why not?

Software is like a recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a list of directions (called statements) that tell the computer what to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric data, text, or graphical images.

recipe ['resəpɪ] (n)	рецепт (тж. кулинарный)
ingredient [ɪn'ɡri:dɪənt] (n)	составная часть, ингредиент
variable ['veərɪəbl] (n)	переменная (величина)
statement ['steɪtmənt] (n)	формулировка

3.2. Read the text and try to describe computer software using the key vocabulary in bold type.

Computer software is a general term that describes computer programs. Such terms as software programs, applications, scripts, and instruction sets all fall under the category of computer software. Therefore, installing new programs or applications on your computer is synonymous with installing new software on your computer.

Software can be difficult to describe because it is "virtual." It consists of lines of code written by computer programmers that have been compiled into a computer program. Software programs are stored as binary data that is copied to a computer's hard drive, when it is installed. Since software is virtual and does not take up any physical space, it is much easier (and often cheaper) to upgrade than computer hardware.

While at its most basic level, software consists of binary data, CDROMs, DVDs, and other types of media that are used to distribute software can also be called software. Therefore, when you buy a software program, it often comes on a disc, which is a physical means of storing the software.

(http://www.sharpened.net)

3.3. Fill in the gaps with the terms from the box

data	applications programs	package (suite)	software (2)
	office program	office suites

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______ is the word used to refer to ______ (sets of computer instructions written in a computer language) and _____ that is input, processed and output by a computer system.

_______ are programs that allow the user to do various types of work on a computer e.g. word processors, databases. A set of related applications programs is referred to as a_____. Some applications programs, such as word processors, spreadsheets and databases, are commonly referred to as _______ because they are commonly used in a typical office.

_______such as Microsoft office are sets of interrelated office programs.

3.4. Match each applications program with its function.

word processors	storing data so that it can be easily
	searched and sorted
spreadsheets	drawing
databases	creating multimedia slide shows
graphics	creating and editing texts
games	sending electronic mail messages
accounts	performing various business tasks
payroll	creating and editing web pages
presentation program	editing graphic images
e-mail	writing programs to add features
	to existing applications and creat-
	ing integrated program systems
P I M (personal information program)	creating publications to be printed
	by a professional printer
D T P (desktop publishing program)	keeping track of appointments,
	address book
small business tools	playing fast action game
website editor	performing calculations using
	formulas
image editor	calculating salaries
developer tools	keeping business accounts

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3.5. Study the vocabulary you may need to understand Text A.

scattered ['skætəd] (p. p. от scatter)

scatter ['skætə] (v) distinct [dɪ'stɪŋkt] (adj)

maintain [meɪn'teɪn] (v)

acronym ['ækrənɪm] (n)

formulae ['fɔ:mjυli:] (pl от formula) introduce [̗ntrɪə'dju:s] (v)

portable ['pɔ:təbl] (adj)

payroll ['peɪrəυl] (n)

purchase ['pɜ:tʃəs] (v) executable

vendor ['vendɔ:] (n) conform [kən'fɔ:m] (v)

разбросанный (о домах, предметах), разрозненный разбрасывать (on, over), рассеивать

особый, индивидуальный; отличный (от других)

обслуживать; содержать в исправности

акроним

формулы

вводить в употребление; применять

машинонезависимый; мобильный; переносной

платёжная ведомость

покупать, закупать; приобретать выполнимый, осуществимый

(юр.) продавец

соответствовать (to илиwith – чему-л.)

3.6. Before reading Text A, try to fill in the gaps in the sentences. Use vocabulary given at the beginning of Unit 3.

1.A ______ is a program written in one of the high-level languages.

2.A program written in a high-level language must be interpreted into

______ before the computer reads and processes it.

3.A program designed to perform a specific task is called an _______.

4.The ______ is the program produced when the original program has been converted into machine code.

5.A _____ is a program that converts a high-level language into machine code.

6.The systems program which fetches required systems routines and links them to the object is known as the _______.

7.The _______ is the program directly executable by the computer.

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3.7. Now read Text A and check your answers.

TEXT A

Programs and Programming Languages

Computers are known to provide capability to make rapid calculations, compare and make decisions, and send messages through communication links to geographically scattered places, etc.

The organization of these capabilities into a system which is capable of solving problems and realizing aims depends on computer programs. The process of telling a computer what to do and how to do is called programming. The set of instructions is known as the program.

Programs are considered to be an integral part of computer systems: they have been given the name “software” to indicate that they are distinct from but parallel to the “hardware”.

More exactly, software includes not only the computer programs but also their documentation and the training required for people to use total system and operate and maintain the programs.

Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level language, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PL/I, PASCAL, or C, depending on the type of program, and it cannot be processed by the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code .Usually a single instruction written in a high-level language, when transformed into a machine code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief description of some of the many high–level languages:

FORTRAN – acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists of algebraic formulae and English phrases. It was introduced in the United States in 1954.

COBOL – acronym for Common Business-Oriented Language. This language is used for commercial purposes. COBOL, which is written using English statements, deals with problems that do not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first introduced in 1959.

ALGOL – acronym for ALGOrithmic Language .Originally called IAL, which means International Algebraic Language. It is used for mathematical and scientific purposes. ALGOL was first introduced in Europe in 1960.

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PL/I – Programming Language I. It was developed in 1964 to combine features of COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for data processing as well as scientific applications.

BASIC – acronym for Beginner’s All–purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United States for use by students who require a simple language to begin programming.

C – developed in the 1970s to support the UNIX operating system. C is a highly portable general–purpose language.

Other such languages are APL (developed in 1962), PASCAL (named after Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971), LISP and PROLOG, both of which are used for work in artificial intelligence. LOGO is a development of LISP which has been used to develop computer–based training (CBT) packages.

When a program written in one of these high–level languages is designed to do a specific type of work such as to calculate a company’s payroll or calculate the stress factor on a roof, it is called an applications program. Institutions either purchase these programs as packages or commission their own programmers to write them to meet the specifications of the users.

The program produced after the source program has been converted into machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. This is done by a computer program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer.

The compiler is a systems program which may be written in any language, but the computer’s operating system is a true systems program which controls the central processing unit (C P U), the input, the output, and the secondary memory devices. Another systems program is the linkage editor, which fetches required systems routines and links them to the object module (the source program in machine code). The resulting program is then called the load module, which is the program directly executable by the computer. Although systems programs are part of the software, they are usually provided by the manufacturer of the machine.

Unlike systems programs, software packages are sold by various vendors and not necessarily by the computer manufacturer. They are a set of programs designed to perform certain applications which conform to the particular specifications of the user.

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3.8. Summarize the information on different high-level computer languages by completing the table below.

Language	Date of development		Purpose	Characteristics
	1959
		Mathematical
		and scientific
				Combines features
				of COBOL and ALGOL
BASIC
		To	support Unix
		operating system
	1962

3.9. Choose the proper word to fill in the gap. Change its form if necessary.

instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor

a)Our math’s _____ explained to us the principles of binary arithmetic.

b)We were _____ to document our programs very carefully.

c)Both ____ and data have to be changed to machine code before the computer can operate on them.

compilation, compiler, compile, compiled

a)Our university computer does not have a PASCAL________.

b)Usually, a programmer _____ his program before he puts in the data.

c)A source program cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been ____.

result, results, resulting

a)The linkage editor links systems routines to object module. The

_______ program, referred to as the load module, is directly executed by the computer.

b)The _________ of these mathematical operations were obtained from the university mainframe and not from my micro.

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3.10. Look at the words in bold type in Text A. Can you give your comments from the grammar perspective?

Do you know that…?

The –ing form (present participle) can be used to form adjective from

verbs; it then describes the person or thing ‘who/that does the action of the verb’ (active): e.g. ‘This story excites people’ can become ‘This is an exciting story’.

The –ed form* (past participle) can also be used as an adjective; it

then describes the person or thing ‘to whom/which the action of the verb is done’ (passive): e.g. we can say, ‘The play in this theatre is exciting the children’ and ‘there are a lot of excited children in this theatre’.

*Do not forget that irregular verbs have specific forms of Past Participle.

Write these sentences, changing the verbs in brackets into the present or past participle.

1.My sister is (interest) in exotic flowers, and she has some (interest) ones in her garden.

2.Her friend felt (relax) because he had a (relax) weekend.

3.Her computer skills were quite (astonish). (Astonish) students used to watch her easily writing complicated programs.

4.One very windy night Sarah heard the sound of (break)glass upstairs, and when she went to look , she found a (break) window.

5.John was very (tire) because it was (tire) having so many lessons yesterday.

6.The tourist agency made a (surprise) suggestion. Mary was quite (surprise) to hear it.

7.The movie was quite (depress) so she felt (depress).

8.He was (bore). He listened to very (bore) lecture.

Now give your own examples.

3.11. Read the text. Find sentences with Past Participle and translate them.

Your future life is strictly dependent on the profession you choose. There are various jobs to take up and many ways how to lead the future life.

In my opinion, the best choice is to take up the profession connected with computers. Today computers are considered to be the symbol of modern era. Everything connected with Internet, computers, multimedia and interactive television seems to be the techniques of the future. This advanced

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techniques is present in every part of our life. Everyone should be familiar with it, because it is essential.

If I would have to choose my future profession right now, I would probably decide to work as a programmer, computer scientists or net administrator. I am fond of the new techniques and software and hardware novelties. Computers are my passion.

Now finish the idea: If I would have to choose my future profession right now, I would probably decide to work as …

3.12. Translate into English and reproduce the dialogue.

–Have you seen an interesting advertisement in the last issue of “The Economist”?

–Я ещё не читал его.

–The School of Engineering offers a new program in information system. Applicants are invited for jobs in this field.

–Профессор Смит говорил мне об этом. Эта программа очень интересна. Она создана, чтобы помочь людям со знанием компьютера найти работу.

–Don’t you think that our son can lecture on this new program?

–А почему бы и нет? Он ведь выпускник отделения информационных технологий и несколько лет принимал участие в исследо-

вательском проекте, связанном с проблемами суперкомпьютеров

и их производством.

–As far as I remember his research interests cover software and application.

–И что они говорят о контракте?

–It is a three years contract and it may be extended for further two years. I’ll write Mike a letter.

Это слишком долго. Я лучше позвоню ему.

3.13. Before reading Text B match the key software terms with their definitions.

software operating system malware virus search engine

1.The most important program that runs on a computer. Every generalpurpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs.

2.Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically.

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