Imperative sentences

§ 17. Imperative sentences express commands which convey the desire of the speaker to make someone, generally the listener, perform an action. Besides commands proper, imperative sentences may express prohibition, a request, an invitation, a warning, persuasion, etc., depending on the situation, context, wording, or intonation.

Stand up! Sit down. Open your textbooks.

Be quick!

Formally commands are marked by the predicate verb in the imperative mood (positive or negative), the reference to the second person, lack of subject, and the use of the auxiliary do in negative in emphatic sentences with the verb to be.

Commands are generally characterized by the falling tone, although the rising tone may be used to make a command less abrupt. In writing commands are marked by a full stop or an exclamation mark.

A negative command usually expresses prohibition, warning persuasion.

Don't cross the street before the light turns to green.

Don't allow children to play with matches.

Don't worry.

Commands can be softened and made into requests with the help of the word please, the rising tone, a tag question or a "yes-no" question beginning with will or would.

Speak louder, please.

Repeat the last word, will you?

Would you do me a favour?

The falling tone and an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence opening with will express irritation and impatience, as in:

Will you stop arguing!

Will you be quiet!

§ 18. Though in the vast majority of commands the subject is only implied, the subject expressed by the pronoun you occurs when it is necessary (a) to specify the subject, sometimes for the sake of contrast; (b) to convey the speaker's personal attitude to the event presented in the sentence (for example, irritation, anger, threat, impatience; (c) to soothe somebody. The subject in these cases is heavily stressed.

a) You come first, and I'll wait a little.

You come first, and he will have to wait.

b) You say it again, and I'll turn you out of here!

Just you wait, Mr. Higgins.

c) You be a good girl, and don 'f worry.

Note the initial position of the operator in negative commands with a subject.

Don't you interrupt me.

§ 19 In the case of first person plural and third person singular and plural subjects, the imperative let is followed by a personal pronoun in the objective case.

Let him try again.

Let them come in.

Let us have some tea.

A first-person command often implies invitation or suggestion and lay be followed by tlie tag shall we.

Lets do it together, shall we?

There are two negative constructions with let for the first person.

Let's not quarrel about trifles.

Don't lets quarrel about trifles.

A third-person command admits of only one negative construction:

Don't let him interfere in our affairs.

A third-person command may begin with a noun or a pronoun denoting the person addressed.

Somebody switch off the light.

Mary and John fetch dictionaries.

Here the corresponding negative is:

Don't anybody switch off the light!

§ 20. The imperative of some verbs may acquire interjectional force. Thus the forms listen, look (here), see (here) (Am.) - are used to attract attention.

Look here, let's pull ourselves together, shall we?

Come (often doubled) may express encouragement or blame.

Come, come, don't be so foolish. There's nothing to worry about. (Ну, что ты, ну, полно.)

Come, come, you can't expect me to believe you; (Ну нет уж.)

Hear! hear! expresses approval of somebody's words at a meeting, etc (Правильно, правильно.)

Verbless Commands

§ 21. Commands are sometimes expressed without an imperative verb as in:

Silence! Gently, darling.

Water, please. Careful, please.

To the right! No smoking!

Off with you! Hush!

Exclamatory sentences

§ 22. The main distinctive feature of this communicative type of sentence is a specific intonation; structurally it is variable.

You do look a picture of health! (statement)

Hurry up! (command)

The most common pattern of an exclamatory sentence opens witli| one of the pronominal words what and how. What refers to a noun, how to | an adjective or an adverb. An exclamatory sentence has a subject-predicate | structure; the order of the subject and the predicate verb (or the operator)!

is not inverted. An exclamation has a falling tone in speaking and ailJ exclamation mark in writing.

What a funny story she told us!

What valuable advice you've given us!

How beautiful her voice is!

How beautifully she sings!

Exclamatory sentences can be reduced to the word or phrase immediately following the exclamatory signals what or how.

What a situation!

What a terrible noise!

How kind of you to let me in!

Besides these patterns an exclamation as a communicative sentence type often follows the pattern of other sentence types. Thus it may be formed on the pattern of the following structures:

1. Statements:

You do look a picture of health!

2. Commands:

Hurry up!

3. Questions. These are "yes-no" questions functioning as exclamations owning to the falling tone in speaking and an exclamation mark in writing. The most common pattern has a negative question form with the operator heavily stressed.

Isn't it funny! (How funny it is!)

Wasn't it a funny story! (What a funny story it was!)

Doesn't she sing beautifully! (How beautifully she sings!)

A positive "yes-no" question has not only the falling tone but also stress on both the operator and the subject.

He said he had to talk. Did he surprise me! (How he surprised me!)

Am I tired! (I am very tired)

4. Pseudo-subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunctions if and that.

If only I were young again!

That this should be the result!

5. One-member sentences conveying signals of alarm such as Fire! Bandits! and highly emotional infinitive or nominal one-member sentences followed by a clause.

To think that she should have said so!

The idea that they should have behaved like this!