grammar_past

1

PAST TENSES

Past Simple

Образование временной формы:

В утвердительных предложенияx используется глагол с окончанием –ed (regular verbs) или глагол во второй форме

(irregular verbs (have-had, go-went, see-saw).

I played football yesterday. He went to Italy last summer.

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях используется вспомогательный глагол did/didn’t.

When did Churchill live? We didn’t learn astronomy at school.

Использование

Past Simple используется при описании:

действий, которые начались и закончились в определенный момент в прошлом – I finished school in 1998.

постоянно повторяющихся действий и привычек в прошлом- Leonardo painted in his studio every day.

последовательных событий при повествовании - Oliver heard the sound of a bell. Soon afterwards, the door softly opened.

Past Continuous

Образование временной формы:

В утвердительных предложениях используется вспомогательный глагол was/were и форма причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle (verb+ing))

I was doing my homework at 8pm yesterday. We were cooking when Dad came home.

В вопросительной форме глагол was/were ставиться перед подлежащим

Werе you working last night?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после was/were.

I was not (wasn’t) working.

Использование

Past Continuous употребляется:

для выражения временного действия, которое длилось в определенный момент прошлом - I was playing in the garden at ten o’clock.

для описания 2 длительных действий происходящих одновременно в прошлом- While Cortes was talking to the emperor, his army was taking over the palace.

Для описания длительного действия в прошлом, которое было прервано другим действием – While we were doing the maths test, the fire alarm went off.

Слова и выражения в Past Simple

2

Yesterday, on Tuesday, in 1754, last night, at	Слова и выражения в Past Continuous
6.30, in January, last week, an hour ago, last
year, after that	While, at that moment, the whole evening, all
	day long, at five o’clock yesterday evening, as,
	when.

Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
Образование временной формы:	Образование временной формы:
В утвердительных предложениях	В утвердительных предложениях
используется вспомогательный глагол had и	используется вспомогательный глагол had
глагол в форме Past Participle	been и глагол в форме Past Participle.
I had finished/ He had left.	I had been working/ He had been living.
В вопросительной форме глагол had	В вопросительной форме глагол had
ставиться перед подлежащим	ставиться перед подлежащим
Had he left? Had you finished?	Had he been living? Had you been working?
Отрицательная форма образуется при	Отрицательная форма образуется при
помощи частицы not, которая ставится после	помощи частицы not, которая ставится после
вспомогательного глагола had (had	вспомогательного глагола had (had
not/hadn’t).	not/hadn’t).
We hadn’t found anything	We hadn’t been using that car.
Использование	Использование
Past Perfect употребляется	Past Perfect Continuous употребляется
Для выражения прошедшего действия,		Для выражения длительного
которое уже совершилось до		прошедшего действия, начавшегося
определенного момента в прошлом –		ранее другого прошедшего действия и
He had finished his work by six o’clock		еще происходившего в момент его
yesterday.		наступления- It had been raining for 2
Для выражения действия, которое		hours when I left home.
произошло в прошлом и результат		Для выражения длительного
этого действия также в прошлом – he		прошедшего действия, которое

3

hаd broken his leg, so he couldn’t walk.

Слова и выражения в Past Perfect

For, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time, etc.

закончилось непосредственно перед моментом наступления другого прошедшего действия - He felt very tired when he came home as he had been playing football.

Примечание: С глаголами, не употребляющимися во временах группы

Continuous (to be, to have, to know, to love, etc.) вместо Past Perfect Continuous употребляется Past PerfectHe had been ill for several days when I called on him.

Слова и выражения в Past Perfect Continuous

For, since.

Конструкция used to используется для выражения повторявшихся действии, привычек и состояний в прошлом, которая переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем несовершенного вида, часто с наречием обычно.

We used to go to Italy every summer. Раньше мы каждое лето ездили в Италию. She used to have short hair. Раньше она обычно носила короткие

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы обычно образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола did.

I didn’t use to like cheese but I do now. Раньше я не любил сыр, а теперь люблю.

Did you use to call your parents every day? Вы обычно звонили своим родителям каждый день?

В предложениях, в которых отсутствуют повторявшиеся действие, а действие единоразование, вместо конструкции used to используется Past Simple.

Last summer I went to Paris. Прошлым летом я съездил в Париж.

PAST SIMPLE/PAST CONTINUOUS

1.Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets.

1)Aztec civilization (develop) …………. in the Valley of Mexico, 7,500 feet above sea level.

2)The Aztecs (leave) ……………. their own land of Aztlan at some time during the 12th or 13th century.

3)They (believe)…………….. that Huitzilopochtli their war god (want)………….. them to search for a new land.

4)They (arrive)………….. in the Valley of Mexico during the 12th or 13th century AD.

5)They (build)………… their capital city, Tenochtitlan, on an island in Lake Texcoco.

6)They (plant)………….. trees on the island to make the land better, (work)…………. hard and (improve)……………. the land.

4

7)When the Spanish (arrive)……………HH in 1519, Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, (think)

……………..that Cortez was a returning god.

8)When the Spanish (see)………….. the Aztecs' gold, they (decide)…………. to conquer the city.

9)Later they (kill)…………….. Montezuma, (defeat)………….. the Aztecs and (destroy)…………..Aztec religion and culture.

2. Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. Then decide if each sentence is True or False. Check the factual answers after the exercise.

1)Greek actors (wear) wore masks and special boots. True

2)Spartan children (take)………………. baths only two or three times a year.

3)The philosopher Socrates (drink)……………. poison and died.

4)Alexander the Great's army (go)…………….. as far as China.

5)Heron of Alexandria (make)………………. a kind of jet engine.

6)The Roman Emperor Caligula's name (mean)……………… 'Happy Soldier'.

7)Roman mathematics (have)……………….. no zero.

8)Most Roman girls (get)………………. married at the age of 18.

9)Roman soldiers (pay)………………. for their own equipment and food.

10)The Romans (know)…………….. how to make soap and cement.

All true except: d the army went as far as India; f Caligula meant “Little Boot”; h girls married at 14.

3. Seven of the sentences (including the example) contain historical errors. Guess which ones are wrong and rewrite them with a negative past simple form.

1) Alexander the Great married Cleopatra .

…………… Alexander the Great didn’t marry Cleopatra…………………..

2)Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa in 1994.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3)Leonardo da Vinci invented the Internet.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4)Confucius the Chinese philosopher died in 1900.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

5)Marco Polo stayed in China for five years.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

6)The ancient Romans used steam engines in their battles.

……………………………………………………………………………………

7)Genghis Khan invaded Italy and captured Rome.

……………………………………………………………………………………

8)Christopher Columbus reached America by accident.

……………………………………………………………………………………

9)William Shakespeare wrote Don Quixote.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Complete the question for each answer.

The Industrial Revolution in Britain

5

1) When did the Industrial Revolution happen in Britain ?

The Industrial Revolution happened during the second half of the 18th century in Britain.

2) How ………………………………………………………….. ... ?

Work changed with the building of large factories.
3) What....................................................................................	?
The first factories produced iron, steel, and textiles.
4) What……………………………………………………….?

New technology encouraged the production of more ships, and railway equipment.

5) What power ....................................................................?

Factories used steam power.

6) What ………………………………………………………?

These factories required lots of coal for the steam engines.

7) Where……………………………………………………

Manufactures constructed their factories close to coal mines.

8) Why ...................................................................................?

They decided to do this because it was expensive to transport coal.

9) What …………………………………………………………………?

Factories also needed limestone and iron ore, for the manufacture of steel. 10) Where .................................................................................................?

Industry in the UK developed near the coal fields of South Wales, the Midlands, north-east England and central Scotland.

5.Complete the text with the past simple affirmative, negative or question forms of the verbs in brackets.

Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

As a young man, Pasteur 1) studied at the Ecole Normale in Paris. Then at the age of just 32, he 2)

(become)………………… a professor at the University of Lille. In 1856, Pasteur 3) (receive)……………..a visit from a man called Bigo who 4) (own)

…………………..a factory that 5) (make)…………… alcohol from sugar beet. He 6) (have)……………… a question for Pasteur: why 7) (the alcohol / turn / to acid?)………………. ? When this 8)(happen) ……………., they 9) (not can)………. use it and 10) (throw)………….it

away. Bigo11) (ask)…………. Pasteur to find out the reason for this.

At first, Pasteur 12)(not know) ………. . ……, but when he 13) (examine)………….

the alcohol under a microscope, he 14) (find)…………………thousands of tiny micro-organisms. He 15) (believe)……………… that they16) (cause) …………… the problem. 17) (milk, wine and vinegar / behave /in the same way?) .. ...............................................................

Other scientists 18) (disagree)………………….. with him, and newspapers 19) (make)…………..

fun of him. However, Pasteur 20) (continue)………………………

with his work, he 21 (invent) ………………….. methods of testing his theory and 22) (prove)

…………..that he was right. Later he 23)(work) ………………..together with two doctors and 24) (develop)…………….. vaccines for diseases such as anthrax and rabies.

6.Complete the sentences with the correct auxiliary (was/wasn’t or were/weren’t)

1)I …………… living in the USA for most of the 1990s.

2)As John and Jo ………………. coming in, Pete gave them the bad news.

6

3)The sun ……….. shining all the time we …………. revising together outside.

4)We (not)………….. working on Friday, it was a public holiday.

5)………… you driving by the river when you saw the red cat?

6)The elephant (not) …………….. eating when I ……….. feeding the other animals.

7)The whole class…………. revising for the exam all through June.

7.Underline the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sentence.

1)Whilе I wаshed/was washing my hair, thе phonе rang/ringed.

2)How did you felt/did уou feel yеstеrday aftеrnoon?

3)Whеn I got/wаs getting homе I reсeived/wаs reсeiving a phonе сall.

4)Last summеr I wаs going swimming/went swimming evеry wееkеnd.

5)Whеn thе dog bit/wаs biting Laura’s lеg, shе sсreаmed/wаs sсreаming.

6)Wе sаng/sung somе songs and thеn аte/eаt somе sandwiсhes.

7)Whеn уou fell/felt ovеr thе сliff, what hаppened/wаs happening nехt?

8)Whilе Мarу wаshed-up/wаs wаshing-up, she broke/wаs breаking a сup.

9)While he took / was taking a bath, Archimedes discovered / was discovering the principles of density and buoyancy.

10)When Edouard Benedictus, a French scientist, worked / was working in his laboratory, he dropped / was dropping a glass bottle which had some plastic inside - and invented / was inventing safety glass.

11)Columbus arrived / was arriving in America while he tried / was trying to reach the Far East.

12)Alexander Fleming discovered / was discovering penicillin by accident while he looked / was looking at some old experiments.

13)While Hiram Bingham climbed / was climbing in the mountains of Peru in 1911, he discovered/ was discovering the lost city of Macchu Picchu.

14)While Isaac Newton sat / was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell / was falling on his head, and he understood / was understanding gravity.

15)While Dr Harry Coover tried/ was trying to invent a new kind of plastic, he made

/ was making a very soft substance which stuck / was sticking things together. It was Super glue.

16)While he observed / was observing the Moon through his telescope, Galileo realized/ was realizing that it had mountains and craters.

17)I didn't sеe/sаw whеrе thе bus stop was, so I wаs missing/missed thе bus.

18)What did уou do/werе уou doing whеn I phonеd/wаs phoning you last night? Thеrе was no rеply.

8.Rewrite eaсh sentenсe aссording to the instruсtions given.

1) I еnjoyеd thе сonсеrt. (negative) I didn’t enjoy the соncert. 2) You atе all thе brеad. (quеstion)

3) Did John spеnd a lot? (affirmative) 4) I fеlt wеll yеstеrday. (nеgativе)

5) Anna didn’t buy a сar. (affirmative)

6) They won thе prize. (quеstion)

7) Paul didn’t speak Grееk. (affirmative) 8) I paid all thе bills. (nеgativе)

9.Complеte еaсh sеntenсе with a suitable timе expression from the box. You сan usе an expression more than onсe.

7

AGO IN LAST WEEK AT WHEN WHILE

1) A burglar brokе into the housе .......		…. wе werе watсhing tеlеvision.
2) ................	I mе t an old friend of minе in thе сity сеntrе.

3)What wеrе you doing ……….. thе poliсе offiсеr knoсkеd on thе door?

4)Jan mеt Sarah ………… half-past еight outsidе thе сinеma.

5)	.................Diсk was preparing lunсh, hе сut his fingеr badly.
6) I first сamе to this town more than twеnty yеars .........
7)	Jеff was studying to bе a doсtor ……….. hе mеt Sally.
8)	Tony bоught his first motorbikе ………..1999.
9)	……….. did you start playing baskеtball?

10) Мost of thе young pеoplе lеft this villagе a long timе ..............

10. Put еaсh vеrb in braсkets into either the past simple or past сontinuous.

1) Whеn Harry( wakе up) ..................

, we( tell)…………… him thе nеws.

2)Еvеryonе (wait)……………… for thе сonсеrt to bеgin whеn a mеssagе (arrivе)…………………

3)Сharlottе (want)…………………. a rеlaxing holiday, so shе (сhoosе)…………… to stay on a small island.

4)Whеn Robеrto (study)……………… in Amеriсa, his parеnts (phonе)……………. him еvеry wееk.

5)I (find)………….. my pеn whilе I (look for)…………………..my bag.

6)Ann (watсh)………………. a film on tеlеvision when Juliе (arrivе)……………….

7)Whеn thе lights (go out)……………… , I (liе)……………………..in bеd rеading.

8)Whеn you (go)…………….. to thе nеw Сhinеsе rеstaulant, what you (еat).............?

9)They (watch)……… a film in the cinema so they (not realise)…………. it (snow)

…………………. outside.

10)I (work) ……………. in a school in Prague when I (meet)………….. my boyfriend.

11)When I (be)……….. a child , I (like)…………. swimming.

12)My sister (arrive)………….. just as I (cook)……………. some lunch.

13)I (know)……………. I wanted to marry him the first time I (meet)……….. him.

14)He (not break)…………… his arm while he (play)…………… rugby. He (fall)

………….. down the stairs.

15)I (check)…………. On the children and both of them (sleep)…………………

16)The phone rang while I (listen)………………… to my mp3 player and I (not hear)……………….it.

17)I think I (see)……….. you yesterday in the station. ……………………… (wear) a blue shirt?

11. Complete the sentence with the past simple or past continuous form of the verb in brackets.

Alexander the Great

1)While he (grow up)….. was growing up……, the philosopher Aristotle was his teacher. Alexander

(become)…………....interested in science, medicine, philosophy and literature.

2)While his father Philip (attend)…………..his daughter's wedding, a young nobleman

(murder)……………..him. Alexander was king of Macedonia at the age of 20. 3) While he (fight)…………… his enemies in the north, the Greeks in the south (start)………….....a rebellion. He (destroy)…………………… all their cities.

8

4)He (lead)……………his army against the Persian Empire through what is now Turkey. While he(stay)………………… in the ancient city of Gordium,he (undo) …………….. the Gordian knot.

A legend said that only a future king of Asia could do this.

5)While his army (march)………………… through Persia, it (defeat)…………. Darius, the king of Persia.

6)He (found)……………….. the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile while he (visit) ..

…………….. Egypt.

7)While he (travel)………………… with his army, he (give)………………..his name to many other towns.

8)He (kill)………………..his friend Clitus in a quarrel, while they (have)………….. dinner.

9)While he (attack) …………………. . the city of Mali in lndia, he (receive)………... a serious wound from an arrow.

10)While he (attend) .. …………..a banquet in Babylon in 323 BC, he (fall) ………

ill and (die) ……………..

12. Translate the sentences.

1. Когда я выходил из дому, шел дождь. 2.Что ты писал, когда я вошел? 3.Дети громко разговаривали в коридоре. 4. Дети играли, пока я убирала. 5. Вчера Том принимал душ, когда зазвонил телефон. 6.Я медленно вел машину, когда увидел ее. 7. Вчера я разбил тарелку, когда мыл посуду. 8. Вы навестили ее в воскресенье? 9. Я играла на пианино, а он пел. 10.. Куда вы шли, когда я вас остановил? 11. Кто уехал в Лондон на прошлой неделе? 12. Преподаватель задал нам вопросы, а мы на них ответили.13. Я все еще мыл окна, когда пришли гости. 14.Я не пользовался словарем, когда читал легкие книги. 15. Он поздно вернулся вчера вечером. 16.Ты постоянно смотрел телевизор, когда был маленьким. 17. Мы увидели его машину, когда ждали автобус. 18. Мы пересекли Атлантику за 8 часов.19. Он сидел в кресле и читал. 20. Когда мы вошли в дом, снег прекратился.

PAST PERFECT/PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1.Combine thе two sentenсes to make one sentenсе. Use when and the past perfeсt.

1)I washеd and got rеady. I wеnt out to mееt my friеnds.

When I had washed and got ready, I went out to meet my friends.

2)I knеw muсh morе about thе job. I visitеd thеir offiсеs.

3)I lookеd at thе nеw drеss for agеs. I asked how muсh it сost.

4)I fеlt muсh morе indеpеndеnt. I passеd my driving tеst.

5)Annе Wеnt on holiday. Shе savеd еnough monеy.

6)Thе tеam finally won thе matсh. Thеy ran round thе pitсh to сеlеbratе.

2. Complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect simple form of the verb in brackets.

1)When I (try)...tried.... to use my laptop, I realized the battery (run) …….. .....down.

2)I (turn) …………..the computer off, but forgot that I (not save)………… my work.

3)I only remembered I (not pay)…………. the bill when my Internet connection (stop)………………working.

4)When I (receive)…………. the e-mail, I couldn't understand who (send)……….. it.

5)When I (check)................. the instructions, I understood what I (do) ……………...

6)I knew I (receive) ………….. a virus when I (run) ……….. the anti-virus program.

9

7)As soon as I (download)…………….. the document, I knew I (make) ………….. a mistake.

8)I could see what (go)……………. wrong as soon as I (look)……….. inside the printer.

9)I knew I (press)……………… the wrong key when nothing (happen) ………………

10)When the screen (go)…………...blank, I couldn't understand how it (happen)…………..

3.Underline the correct form.

1)Gottfried Liebnitz and Isaac Newton developed the mathematics we call calculus at about the same time in the 17th century, although their versions a) were / had been slightly different. However, Newton was sure that he was first and that Leibnitz b) copied/ had copied him.

2)The Wright brothers made the first powered flight in 1903, but only four men and a boy c) saw/ had seen their plane fly. Until Wilbur Wright flew in front of a large crowd in France in 1908, most people refused to believe that their earlier flight d) succeeded/ had succeeded.

3)Shakespeare e) used/had used familiar stories and events from history in a lot of his plays, so the audience f) heard /had heard the plots before. However, that didn't stop him being very successful.

4)Aristotle g) was/ had been a philosopher and teacher in ancient Greece. By the time he died in 322 BC, he h) had written /wrote some of the most famous philosophical texts of all time, and had tutored Alexander the Great.

4.Read these sentences about Julius Caesar. Then complete the sentences with the past simple or past perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

1)Julius Caesar (come) ……..came……. from an aristocratic Roman family, though his family was not rich by Roman standards.

2)When he was 15 his father (die)……………., and to avoid political problems in Rome, Caesar (serve) ……………….. as a soldier in the east.

3)By the time he (return)…………… to Rome, he (win)…………… awards for bravery.

4)He (become)................. a member of the Senate, and governor of what is now Spain.

5)By the age of 40 he (rise) ………………... to the top of the political world, and

(form)……………..a political alliance with a powerful general, Pompey, and a rich man,

Crassus.

6)Between 58 BC and 49 BC he (fight) ……………….a war against the people of what are now France, Belgium, Switzerland and parts of Germany.

7)By the end of this war, according to the historian Plutarch, three million men (die)

…………

8)In 50 BC the Senate (order)……………….. Caesar to return to Rome. By that time, Crassus was dead and Pompey (become) …………………. Caesar's enemy.

9)In the civil war that followed, Caesar (defeat) ……………..all his enemies.

10)By the time a group of Roman senators (murder)……………....him in 44 BC, he (be)

……………………the most powerful man in Rome for only a year.

5.Read the situations. Use the past perfect continuous form of the correct verb to draw conclusions. Choose between affirmative and negative forms.

	Cry	listen do	play	drink rain eat tell
	Interview	wash	laugh	watch

10

1)When I got home, Mara wasn’t in the living room, but the TV was on.

………….She had been watching TV………………

2)The lights were off, and none of her schoolbooks were around.

She………………………………………………….homework.

3)“The Tonight Show” was on. The audience was laughing.

Jay Leno………………………………………….jokes.

4)The window was open, and the floor was a little wet.

It………………………………………………………….

5)There was half a sandwich on the coffee table.

Mara………………………………..the sandwich.

6)There was an unopened bottle of soda next of the sandwich.

She…………………………………… the soda.

7)Mara entered the room. There were tears on her face.

At first I thought she……………………………..

8)I was wrong. Mara wasn’t upset. She…………………….. hard at Leno’s jokes.

9)There was a stack of clean plates in the kitchen sink.

She ………………………………….. dishes.

10)Mara could hear the TV from the kitchen.

She…………………………… to Leno’s jokes from the kitchen.

11)The show was almost over. Leno was thanking one of the guests.

He ……………………………………….comedian Margaret Cho.

12)I was surprised that the show was almost over.

I ……………………………………attention to the time.

6. Read the sentences about two mountain climbers. Then complete the sentence with the past perfect simple or past perfect continuous form of the verb in brackets.

1)The two climbers stopped to rest. They (climb) …..had been climbing…. for hours and were exhausted. Things were not looking good.

2)They were very cold, because it (snow)……………………heavily since mid-morning, and one of them (hurt)…………………...his ankle.

3)They (look) ………………….for shelter for the past two hours, because they realized that the weather was going to get worse.

4)They (already phone)………………….. the rescue centre for help.

5)They (also leave)…………………………. details of their planned route at the village where they stayed the night.

6)They were experienced climbers and they (prepare)………………… carefully for

their trip. They knew there was a cave halfway up the mountain.

7)They spent a long time searching for the cave before they realized that they (head)……………….

in the wrong direction. Then the snow stopped, and they could see the dark entrance of the cave nearby.

8)Luckily they (bring) …………….warm clothes and plenty of food with them,

and they waited safely in the cave.