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68 I CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpo<!>bl ~ )f(~BY"leCTb ...
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rlIaBa 2. Kllacc~<!>~Kal..l~~ KaTacTpo<!>... |
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I 71 |
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IloBpe)l()l,eHHe H 06pYllIeHHe MOHOJIHTHOrO )l(eJIe306eToHHoro ne peKpbITHH B O)],HOM H3 npOJIeTOB BbIBO)],HT H3 CTpOH TOJIbKO O)],HH 3Ta)l( (MO)l(eT 6bITb, )],Ba), a He BeCb KapKac. 3)],eCb Mepa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH no cpaBHeHHIO C )],pyrHMH THnaMH KaTacTpo<p 3aHH)I(eHa. Me)l,JleHHOe n pOBHcaHHe TIJIHT nepeKpbITHH BCJIe)],CTBHe TIJIaCTHqeCKHX )],e<popMaU:HH npO)],OJIbHOH apMarypbI MO)l(eT 6bITb 3aMeqeHO )],~e3KcTIJIYaTaU:HoHHH KaMH HJIH cMoTpHTeJIeM 3)],aHHH, n03ToMY 3Ta O)l(H)l,aeMaH Ha)l,BHraIO maHcH KaTaCTpO<pa MO)l(eT 6bITb OTHeceHa K THny «TpeH)l,».
CTeneHb npe)],cKa3yeMocTH H 3HaqHMOCTb oT)],eJIbHOrO KOHCTPYK THBHoro 3JIeMeHTa COOpy)l(eHHH npe)l,JlaraeTCH yqecTb npH COCTaBJIeHHH nepeqHH MeponpHHTHH no npe)],oTBpameHHIO KaTaCTpO<p cTpOHTeJIb HbIMH cnoc06aMH.
ECTeCTBeHHO, onaCHaH KOpp03HH apMaTypbI JIOKaJIH3HpyeTcH B TpeIll,HHax 6eTOHa, HaJIHqHe KOTOpbIX KpaHHe He)l(eJIaTeJIbHO. QT06bI npe)],oTBpaTHTb onacHyJO KOPP03HIO apMarypbI, Tpe6yeTcH C06JIIO)],aTb onpe)],eJIeHHbIe TeXHOJIOmqeCKHe npaBHJIa )l,JIH nOJIyqeHHH TIJIOTHOrO 6eToHa B 3amHTHOM CJIoe [2.31].
Bce TpH THna KaTacTpo<p - «TpeH)],», «3KCTpeMyM» H «CPbIB» MO)l(HO yCJIOBHO npe)],CTaBHTb Ha MOHOJIHTHOM )l(eJIe306eToHHoM KapKaca BbICOKoro 3)],aHHH (pHC. 2.1), eCJIH OT)l,eJIbHbIe ero 3JIeMeHTbI npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb C TOqKH 3peHHH B03MO)l(HOH npe)],CKa3yeMocTH H CTeneHH yH3BHMOCTH, T. e. BeJIHqHHbI npoeKTHoH HJIH 3KCnJIyaTa U:HOHHOH yrp03bI.
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72 I |
CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpo<j>bl VI >KVlBy'leCTb ... |
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Ha rrpHMepe 3JIeMeHTOB )f(eJIe306eTOHHoro KapKaca
rIlasa 2. KllaccVI<j>VlKa4V1V1 KaTaCTpo<j> ... |
1 73 |
IIJIHThI rro)J, KapKacoM TaK )f(e, KaK KOJIOHHa rrpe)J,orrpe)J,eJI5IeT 6JIarococ T05IHHe Bcero 3)J,aHH5I. O)J,HaKo OCa)J.Ka H rrOBpe)f()J,eHHe IIJIHThI rrpOHC XO)J,5IT Me)J,JIeHHO. CJIa6a5I rrpe)J,cKa3yeMOCTh Me)J,JIeHHoro rrOBpe)f()J,eHM5I H )J,e<popMaIIHH rrJIHThI 06Hap~HBaeTC5ICrreIIHaJIhHO Ha3HaqeHHhIM BH3YaJIhHhIM H HHcTp)'MeHTaJIhHhIM (ceHcMOMeTpHqeCKMM) 06cJIe)J,0 BaHl1eM.
TIPH aHaJIH3e rrpHqHH aBapl1H l1-KaTaCTPo<p rrpoIlle Bcero CChwaTh CH Ha qeJIOBeqeCKHH <paKTop H He060cHoBaHHo HM orrpaB)J,hIBaThcH. O)J,HaKo qeJIOBeqeCKHH <paKTop TaK)f(e MO)f(HO rro)J,BeprHYTh aHaJIH3Y H KJlaCCl1<pHKaIIHH. KaK 6y)J,eT Blf,[(HO rrpH )J,eTaJIhHOM paccMoTpeHHH (CM. Ta6JI. 2.1), qeJIOBeqeCKMH <paKTop MO)I(HO xapaKTepH30BaTh CJIe )J,YIOIIIHMH rpyrrrraMH rrpHqHH KaK POJIh B rrpOflBJIeHHH KaTacTpo<phI:
1.llp06JIeMhI 3KCrrJIyaTaIIHOHHHKOB. Hec06JIIO)J,eHHe H rrpeHe6pe )f(eHHe rrpaBMJIaMH 3KCIIJIYaTaIIHH coop~eHHH(KaTaCTPo<pa «TPeH,U'»;
2.HayqHo-TeXHl1qeCKHe rrp06JIeMhI. He3HaHHe CBOHCTB H rrOBe)J,e
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3. OpraHH3aIIHoHHhIe rrp06JIeMhI CTPOHTeJIeH Ha pa3JIHqHhIX CTPOH TeJIhHhlX rrepe)J,eJIax (3Tarrax). HeHBHhIe H 5IBHhIe rpy6hIe 0llIM60qHhIe pellIeHH5I, B03HHKllIHe BO BpeMH rrpoeKTHpOBaHH5I, H3rOTOBJIeHH5I H 3KCIIJIYaTaIIHH H Be)J.yIIIHe K 6hICTPOH Herrpe)J,cKa3yeMoH KaTaCTP0<phI THrra «CPhIB».
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74/ CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpo<j>bllo1 >KIo1BYl.JeCTb ...
BhlCOTHhIX 3):(aHl.fit 3apy6e)I(HhIH (I.fHOr):(a rreqaJIhHhIH) orrhIT B rrpoeK THpOBaHHH BhlCOTHhIX 3):(aHHH BhIH)')K.lIeHHO yqHThIBaeTCH rrOKa TOJIh KO B peruoHaJIhHhlX HOpMax MOCKBhI H CaHKT-IIeTep6ypra [2.11-2.14]. HaH60JIee 3HaqHTeJIhHhIe peKOMeH):(aQHH rro rrpoeKTHpOBaHHlO KapKa COB BhICOTHhIX3):(aHHH rrOMeIUeHhI B HOpMax TCH 31-332-2006 CaHKT IIeTep6ypra [2.11]. HaKOHeQ-To BhICOTHhIe 3):(aHl.fH (XOTh TOJIhKO B pe ruOHaJIhHhIX HopMax) OTHOCHT K rrepBoMy YPOBHlO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. ComaCHO 3THM HopMaM, K03<pqmQHeHT Ha):(e)I(HOCTH rro OTBeTCTBeH HOCTH CJIe):(yeT rrpHHHMaTh ):(JIH Ha):(3eMHhIX qaCTeH 3):(aHHH paBHhlM 1,1 (rrpH BhICOTe OT 75):(0 100M); 1,15 (OT 100):(0 125M); 1,2 (OT 125):(0 150M). OqeHh Ba)I(HO, qTO rrpH rro):(CqeTe BpeMeHHhIx Harpy30K He BBO ):(HTCH rrOHlf)[(alOIUHH K03<P<PHQHeHT COqeTaHHH rro 3T(l)[(aM. PaCqeThI KapKaCOB CJIe):(yeT BhIIIOJIHHTh He MeHee qeM rro ):(BYM cepTH<pHQHPO BaHHhIM He3aBHCHMhIM rrporpaMMaM C HCrrOJIh30BaHHeM pa3HhIX pac qeTHhIX Mo):(eJIeH. ,lLJIH 06eCrreqeHHH Tpe6yeMoH OrHeCTOHKOCTH rrepe KPhlTHH CJIe):(yeT rrpHMeHHTh KOHCTpYKTHBHoe apMHpOBaHHe B BepXHeH 30He rrJIHT. IIpH orrpe):(eJIeHHH BeTpOBhIX Harpy30K )[(eJIaTeJIhHO HC rrOJIh30BaTh <pH3l.fqeCKOe Mo):(eJIHpOBaHHe B a3po):(HHaMHqeCKOH Tpy6e.
K HopMaM TCH 31-332-2006 [2.11] rrpHJIaralOTCH peKOMeH):(aQHH rro 3aIUHTe OT rrporpeCCHpYlOIUerO 06pyrneHHH, rro OrHe3aIUHTe H orr pe):(eJIeHHlO CeHCMHqeCKHX H BeTpOBhIX Harpy30K.
B KaqeCTBe OC06hIX Harpy30K rrpe):(ycMaTpHBaeTCH B03):(eHcTBHe ropH30HTaJIhHOH Harpy3KH Ha BepTHKaJIhHhIe HeCYUlHe KOHCTpYKQHH: 35 KH - ):(JIH KOJIOHH H 10 KIIa - Ha rrOBepXHOCTH CTeH B rrpe):(eJIax O):(Horo 3T(l)[(a.
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2. PacllIHpeHHe c<pephI ):(eHTeJIhHOCTH TPa):(HQHOHHhIX 06JIaCTHhIx H ropO):(CKHX CTpOHTeJIhHhIX 3KcrrepTH3 B CTOpOHy aHaJIH3a paCqeTHhIX cxeM YHHKaJIhHhIX coopy)[(eHHH C rrOMOIUhlO MeTO):(OB cTpOHTeJIhHOH MexaHHKH CTep)[(HeBhIX CHCTeM H cTpoHTeJIhHOH MexaHHKH rrpOCTpaH CTBeHHhIX KOHCTPYKUHH (060JIOqeK). Tpa):(HQHoHHaH CTpOHTeJIhHaH 3KcrrepTH3a HarrpaBJIeHa, B OCHOBHOM, Ha rrpoBepKy COOTBeTCTBHH
rflaBa 2. Kflacclo1<j>Io1Ka41011o1 KaTaCTpo<j> ... |
1 75 |
apxHTeKTypHO-rrJIaHHpOBOqHOro pellIeHHH HpoeKTa HopMaTHBHhIM ):(oKYMeHTaM, HO rrpH 3TOM He 3aTparHBalOTCH BorrpOChl COOTBeTCTBHH rrpHHHTOH paCqeTHOH cxeMhI ):(eHCTBHTeJIhHOH pa60Te coopy)[(eHHH [2.32]. 3a):(aqa CTpOHTeJIhHhlX 3KCrrepTH3 3aKJIlOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO ~O rrOCTaBHTh 3aCJIOH rrOTeHQHaJIhHhIM aBapHHM H KaTaCTpO<paM, BhI3BaH HhlM 01lIH6KaMH rrpH rrpoeKTHpOBaHHH H B CTpOHTeJIhCTBe;
3.KOHTpOJIh KaqeCTBa H Ha):(30p 3a TeXHOJIorueH CTpOHTeJIhHoro rrpo H3BO):(CTBa Ha OT):(eJIhHhlX 3Tarrax B03Be):(eHHH, BKJIIOqaH KOHTpOJIh 3a OCa):( KOH rpYHTOBoro OCHOBaHHH. IIpH 3TOM MOryT 6hlTh 06HapY)[(eHhl 01lIH6 KH rrpOeKTHpOBIUHKOB B apMHpOBaHHH )[(eJIe306eT<;lHHhlX KOHCTpYKUHH;
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pHHra MO)[(eT rrpe):(OTBpaTHTh KaTaCTpo<phI «TpeH):(» H «3KCTpeMyM»;
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6.PaCqeT HecynreH crroc06HOCTH KapKaca Ha 3anpOeKTHhIe, 3arrpe ):(eJIhHhIe, CBepXHopMaTHBHhle HarpY3KH rrpH BHe3anHOM rrOBpe)[():(eHHH OT):(eJIhHhIX 3JIeMeHTOB (pHreJIeH, KOJIOHH, rrepeKphlTHH) [2.37-2.38]. OrpaHHqeHHe B03MO)I(HOCTeH Bcex THrrOB KaTaCTpo<p JIOKaJIhHhIM, a He JIaBHHHhIM 06pyrneHHeM rrpe):(CTaBJIHeTCH HaH60JIee 060cHoBaHHhIM;
7.Orrpe):(eJIeHHe B3aHMHoro BJIHHHHH ru6KOH <PYHLlaMeHTHOH IIJIHThl H MHOr03T(l)[(HOrO )[(eJIe306eToHHoro KapKaca rrpH rrpoeKTHpoBaHHH 3):(aHHH [2.39]. IIpH 3TOM rrpOH3BO):(HTCH rrpOBepKa Ha OTCYTCTBHe JIa BHHHoro 06pyrneHHH rrpH KaTaCTpo<pax THrra «3KcTpeMYM»;
8.PaCqeT KapKaca BhICOKOro 3):(aHHH HJIH coopy)[(eHHH Ha y):(ap OT CaMOJIeTa [2.40-2.41]. IIoBpe)[():(eHHe OT 3Toro B03):(eHcTBHH ):(OJI)l(HO OrpaHHqHBaThCH JIOKaJIhHhIM xapaKTepOM (pHC. 2.2);
9.IIpoeKTHpoBaHHe )[(HByqHX rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHhIX KOHCTpyKQHH B yCJIOBHHX Heorrpe):(eJIeHHOCTH BHellIHHX B03):(eHcTBHH (rroHBJIeHHe 60JIhllIHXOTBepCTHH B rrOKphITHH HJIH OCa):(oK3):(aHHH) [2.42-2.43]. IIpH HaJIHqHH JIOKaJIhHOro 06pyrneHHH OT BHellIHHX B03):(eHcTBHH )[(HByqHe Coopy)[(eHHH ):(OJDKHhI H36eraTh JIaBHHHOro 06pyrneHHH;
10.IIpHMeHeHHe crreQHaJIhHhIX aHTHaBapHHHhIX KOHCTpyKQHH B MHoro3Ta)I(HOM KapKace He60cKpe60B rro):(06Ho 6allIHHM «IIeTpoHac» (KYaJIa-JIYMIIyp, MaJIaH3HH) B BH):(e rrpoMe)[(yTOqHhIX aHTHaBapHHHhIX
76 I |
CM. CKopo6oraTOS IKaTaCTpoepbl H>f<HsY4eCTb ... |
rrepeKpbITHH, KOJIOHH (MeraKOHCTpYKUHH) H rrpOTHBope30HaHCHbIX rrpOTHBOBeCOB [2.44-2.45], (pHC. 2.3). Co6mo;:r:eHHe YKa3aHHbIX rrpHH UHrrOB rrpOTHBOCTOHT BceM TpeM THrraM KaTaCTpo<p;
Puc. 2.2. Y;:r:ap CaMOJIeTa CBeJIC5I K JIOKaJIbHOMY XpyrrKOMy pa3pyrneHHIO (pHCYHOK H3 ra3eTbI «Moscow News», Reuters)
Puc. 2.3. EaIIIHH «neTpoHac» B CTOJIHue MaJIaH3HH KyaJIa-JIyMrryp (rro MaTepHaJIaM I1HTepHeTa)
I-Ilasa 2. KllaccHepHKallHH KaTaCTpoep ... |
177 |
11.Orrpe;:r:eJIeHHe )lG{ByqecTH H ;:r:OJIroBeqHOCTH H3m6aeMblx Mac CHBHbIX rrpOT5IxeHHbIX YHHKaJIbHbIX KOHCTpyKI.J;HH Ha OCHOBe o6ecrre qeHH5I rrpo;:r:OJIbHOH Tpe:W:HHocTOHKOCTH, oco6eHHo B YCJIOBH5IX arpec CHBHOH cpe;:r:bI. HOBa5I CTa;:r:H5I paCqeTa BO BTOpOM rpyrrrre rrpe;:r:eJIbHbIX COCT05IHHM rrpoTHBo;:r:eMcTByeT rr05IBJIeHHIO KaTaCTpo<p THrrOB «TpeH;:r:» H «3KCTpeMYM» [2.26-2.30];
12.npHMeHeHHe M5I rrpOT5IXeHHbIX H MaCCHBHbIX KOHCTpyKUHM CKB03Horo rrpo3ByqHBaHH5I ceHcMOMeTpHqeCKHM crroco6oM. nOJIyqe
HHe UBeTHoH KapTHHbI TOMorpa<pHH COCT05IHH5IM H CTpYKTYpbI6eToHa
[2.46];
13. C06JIIO;:r:eHHe TeXHOJIOmqeCKHX Mep rrpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H BbI ;:r:epXHBaHHH 6eToHa ;:r:JI5I o6eCrreqeHH5I Heo6xo;:r:HMOM rrpOqHOCTH J1 ;:r:onrOBeqHOCTJ1. Heco6JIIO;:r:eHHe TeXHOJIOmqeCKHX Mep (B HaCT05I:w:eM MOHorpa<pHH He paCCMaTpHBaIOTC5I) MoxeT rrpHBeCTH K rr05IBneHHIO oqara KaTaCTpO<pbI THrra «CPbIB» [2.47].
,l],a;:r:J1M 60nee rro;:r:po6Hble KOMMeHTapHH rro rrOBO;:r:y BblIIIerrepeqJ1C neHHblX MepOrrpH5ITHM.
qTO KaCaeTC5I rrpJ1BJIeqeHH5I CrreUHaJIHCTOB rro aHaJIH3Y Y5I3BJ1MOCTH Hecyrnwx KOHCTpyKI.J;HM (KapKaCOB, o60nOQeK rrOKpbITIUI, MOCTOB J1 T. rr.) H orrpe;:r:eneHHIO B03MOXHOM rrpOeKTHOM H 3KCIIJIYaTaUHOHHoM yrp03bI, T. e. rro TeopHH KaTaCTpO<p, TO HX cTaryc H c<pepa ;:r:e5ITenbHOCTJ1 He YC TaHOBneHbI. He rrpHBneKaIOTC5I HnH rrOQTH He rrpHBneKaIOTC5I K 3KC rrepTH3e rrpOeKTOB YHHKaJIbHbIX coopyxeHHH KpyrrHble CrreUHaJIHCTbI, ;:r:OKTopa HaYK rro CTpOHTenbHOM MexaHHKe, TeOpJ1J1 060nOQeK, TeopHH xene306eToHa. E05I3Hb B03MOXHOM rrpHocTaHoBKH B MHTenbHoM rrpo uecce rrpOeKTHpOBaHH5I J1 cTpoHTenbcTBa rrpe;:r:orrpe;:r:en5IeT 06paII.(eHHe K 60nee y;:r:06HOMY cocTaBy 3KcrrepToB. Pa60Ta 3KcrrepToB rro TeopHH KaTaCTpo<p MoxeT 6bITb pernaMeHTHpoBaHa rrpaKTJ1QeCKHM rroco6HeM cTpOHTenbHoro 3KCrrepTa [2.32]. O;:r:HaKo ;:r:e5ITenbHOCTb 3KcrrepTa orr pe;:r:eJI5IeTC5I He pOCTOM ero KBaJIH<pJ1KaUJ1H, a Qepe3 rrOBblIIIeHHe ero OT BeTCTBeHHOCTJ1 B BH;:r:e rrepeQHCneHJ1H ero rrpaB H 065I3aHHOCTeH [2.32]. nOCo6He HOCHT, CKopee Bcero, IOpH;:r:HQeCKHH xapaKTep H C rrOMOII.(bIO 06II.(eH3BeCTHbIX rronoxeHHH CBO;:r:HT co;:r:epxaHHe 065I3aHHOCTeH CTpOH TenbHoro 3KcrrepTa K rpa;:r:OCTpOHTenbcTBy. OCHoBHoe BHHMaHHe B HeM y;:r:eJI5IeTC5I rrpOBepKe COOTBeTCTBH5I CTpOHTenbHoro o6heKTa ero rrpoeKry K cyII.(eCTByIOII.(HM 06II.(HM HopMaM rro CTpOHTenbcTBy.
TaKJ1M 06pa30M, 3a;:r:aQa 3KcrrepTa;:r:o CHX rrop CBO;:r:HTC5I K 06bIQ HOH apXJ1TeKTypHOH H HHxeHepHOM rrpOBepKe Ha ypoBHe orrbITHoro
78 I CM. CKopo6oraTOB IKaTaCTpoepbl11 >KI1ByLJeCTb ...
apXHTeKTopa, rrpoeKTHpOBmHKa HJIH HHlKeHepa-CTpOHTeJIH. Me)l()J,y TeM, 3aL\aqa CTpOHTeJIhHOrO 3KcrrepTa rro 06CJIeL\OBaHHIO OTL\eJIhHO ro YHHKaJIhHOrO coopYlKeHHH L\OJIlKHa 3aKJIIOqaThCSI B orrpeL\eJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBHSI rrpHHSlToH rrpHHUHrrHaJIhHOH cxeMhI CoopYlKeHHSI ero L\eHCTBHTeJIhHOH pa6OTe. Heo6xoL\HMO rrpOBepHTh, 3<!;><!;>eKTHBeH JIH HCrrOJIh30BaHHhIH BhIqHCJIHTeJIhHhIH arrrrapaT, oco6eHHO rrpH CKyL\OCTH cymecTBYIOmHX HOpM rro pacqeTY YHHKaJIhHhIX COOPYlKeHHH.
I1crrOJIh30BaHHe nOCTOHHHhIX BeL\OMCTBeHHhIX 3aBHCHMhIX 3Kcrrep TOB B 60ph6e C MeMeHHhIMH H 6hICTPhIMH KaTaCTpo<!;>aMH He TOJIhKO Heo6beKTHBHOe, HO H rrpOCTO 6eCrrOJIe3HOe 3aHHTHe.
LVIH 3<!;><!;>eKTHBHOH pa60ThI rro npeL\OTBpameHHIO oc06eHHO 6hICTphIX KaTaCTpO<!;> Heo6xoL\HMO peryAApHo rrpHBJIeKaThMH rrpeL\BapIlTeJIhHOH HJIH 3aKJIIOqHTeJIhHOH 3KcrrepTH3hI He3aBHCHMhIX yqeHhIx OL\HOH 6a30 BOll. CrreUHaJIhHOCTH, HO pa3HhIX Y3KHX HarrpaBJIeHHH HJIH CrreUHaJIH 3aUHH: cTpoHTeJIhHoH MexaHHKH, TeopHH o60JIOqeK, TeopHH rrJIaCTHq HOCTH, ceHcMHqecKoH yCTOHqHBOCTH, MeTaJIJIOBeL\OB, 6eTOHOBeL\OB, CrreUHaJIHCTOB no yCTaJIOCTH H BhIHOCJIHBOCTH, XHMHKOB rro arpeccHB HhIM CpeL\aM. IIpH 3TOM HYlKHO HCrrOJIh30BaTh oueHKH 3arrpOeKTHhIX cTa):(HH pa60ThI coopYlKeHHSI, oco6eHHo B yCJIOBHSIX arpeccHBHhIX cpeL\.
KaK MhI YlKe roBOpHJIH, MSI rrOBhIIlleHHH Ha):(elKHoCTH H 6e30rracHo CTH CTpOHIUHXCSI H 3KCIIJIyaTHpyeMhIx 3L\aHHH H cooPYlKeHHH B MOCK Be opraHH3yeTcSI H rrpOBOL\HTCSI MOHHTopHHr HX TeXHHqeCKoro COCTOSl HHH [2.34]. MOHHTOPHHr HarrpSllKeHHo-L\e<!;>0pMHpoBaHHoro COCTOSlHHH o6eCrreqHBaeT CBoeBpeMeHHOCTh L\HarHOCTHKH KaK rro 3TarraM B03Be L\eHHSI, TaK H B rrpouecce 3KCIIJIyaTaUHH 3L\aHHSI. ECTecTBeHHo, MOHH TopHHr rrpeL\ycMaTpHBaeT rrpOBepKy Ha COOTBeTCTBHe rrpOeKTHhIX pe IlleHHH Tpe60BaHHSlM HopMaTHBHhIX L\OKyMeHTOB. MOHHTopHHr KaK CHCTeMa Ha6JIIOL\eHHH MOlKeT CBoeBpeMeHHO BhISlBHTh HeL\OrrYCTHMhIe OTKJIOHeHHSI OT rrpoeKTHhIX BeJIHqHH (rrpoBHcaHHe, paCKphITHe Tpe IUHH). 3TO rrOMOlKeT rrpeL\CKa3an H yCTpaHHTh B03MOlKHhIe HeraTHB HhIe SlBJIeHHH H MHTeJIhHhIe He6JIarOrrpHHTHhIe rrpoueCChI L\eCTpYKUHH B MaTepHaJIax. TaKHM o6pa30M, MOHHTOpHHroM 3aKJIa):(hIBaIOTCSI OCHO BhI rro 06HapYlKeHHIO rrpeL\BeCTHHKOB L\BYX THrrOB MeMeHHhIX KaTaCT po<!;> «<TpeH):(» H «3KcTpeMYM»). COL\eplKaHHe MOHHTopHHra H3JIOlKeHO B 06CTOSlTeJIhHhIX HopMax TCH 31-332-2006 [2.11].
CaMH CrreUHaJIHCThI-CTpOHTeJIH He cyMelOT peIIIHTh L\OCTaTOqHO CJIOlKHYIO rrpo6JIeMY rrOHCKa rrpeL\BeCTHHKa 6hICTpOH KaTaCTpo<!;>hI THrra «CPhIB»; 3TO rrpeporaTHBa yqeHhIX CMelKHhIX H rrapaJIeJIJIhHhIX crreUH
rIlasa 2. KllaCCl1epl1Kal.\l111 KaTaCTpoep". |
179 |
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aJIhHOCTeH (KoTophIe cYMelOT HaHTH HeOpL\HHapHOe ee peIlleHHe) HJIH |
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opraHH3aTopoB KOHTpOAA 3a aBTOpcKHM 3aMhICJIOM BO BpeMSI rr03Tarr |
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HOro B03BeL\eHHSI YHHKaJIhHOrO CoopYlKeHHSI. 113-3a OTCYTCTBHH rrpeL\ |
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BeCTHHKa 6hICTpOH KaTaCTpo<!;>hI THrra «CPhIB» H ee HerrpeL\CKa3yeMocTH |
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MOHHTopHHra HeL\OCTaTOqHO (XOTSI 3TO H He06xoL\HMaH cHcTeMa). |
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On:HaKo YlKe Ha CTa):(HH MOHHTopHHra MOryr 6hITh BhmeJIeHhI OT |
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n:eJIhHhIe 3JIeMeHThI cooPYlKeHHSI H rpYHToBoro oCHoBaHHSI, MSI KO |
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TOphIX BHOBh HYlKHO rrpoBepHTh H 060cHoBaTh BeJIHqHHhI paCqeTHhIX |
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B03n:eHcTBHH HJIH paCqeTHOrO cOrrpOTHBJIeHHH comaCHO HOBhIM CBOL\aM |
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npaBHJI rro npoeKTHpOBaHHIO H CTpOHTeJIhCTBy. IIoBTopHoe conOCTaB |
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JIeHHe rrpHHHToH pacqeTHOH cxeMhI H peaJIhHOH pa60ThI coopYlKeHHH |
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MOlKeT He TOJIhKO n:aTh Ha):(elKll:Y Ha rrpen:OTBpameHHe KaTaCTpO<!;>hI THrra |
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«CPhIB». KaK YlKe yrrOMHHaJIOCh, B KaqeCTBe 06H3aTeJIhHOrO (a MOlKeT |
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6hITh, H n:OCTaTOqHOro) yCJIOBHH B 60ph6e C 6hICTpOH KaTaCTpo<!;>oH Tpe |
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6yeTcSI paCqeT Ha B03MOlKHhIe 3arrpOeKTHhIe, 3arrpen:eJIhHhIe Harpy3KH |
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B CJIyqae BHe3arrHoro OTKa3a OTn:eJIhHOrO 3JIeMeHTa KOHCTPYKUHH HJIH |
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COopYlKeHHSI. |
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HarrOMHHM, qTO On:HH H3 crroc060B 60Ph6hI C KaTaCTpo<!;>aMH pa3 |
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JIHqHhIX THrrOB - 3TO CTpOHTeJIhCTBO lKHByqHX rrpOCTpaHCTBeHHhIX |
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cooPYlKeHHH [2.42-2.43]. C03n:aHHe rrpH 3TOM yCJIOBHH Heorrpen:eJIeH |
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HOCTH BHeIIIHHX B03n:eHcTBHH B HaH60JIhilleH CTerreHH cooTBeTcTByeT |
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rrpen:oTBpameHHIO KaTacTpo<!;> THrra «CPhIB». |
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YTOqHHM, qTO aBTophI YKa3aHHhIX pa60T rrOHHMalOT rron: lKHByqe |
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CThlO crroco6HoCTh 3n:aHHSI (coOPYlKeHHSI) cOrrpOTHBJIHThCSI rJI06aJIh |
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HOMy pa3pyIIIeHHIO BCJIen:CTBHe JIOKaJIhHhIX rroBpe)l()J,eHHH, BhI3BaH |
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HhIX OC06hIMH Harpy3KaMH (B3phIBHhIMH, ceHcMHqecKHMH, OT OCa):(OK |
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rpYHTOBOro OCHOBaHHH, OT CTOJIKHOBeHHH C TpaHcrropTHhIMH cpen:cTBa |
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MH). IIpHHUHrrhI <!;>opMo06pa30BaHHH, OTBeqalOIUHe Tpe60BaHHHM rro |
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BhIIlleHHoH lKHByqecTH, H3-3a CJIOlKHOCTH rrp06JIeMhI rrOKa He C<!;>OPMY |
-' |
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JIHpOBaHhI. IIoHCK rrOBhIIlleHHH lKHByqecTH OTHOCHTCSI K TBOpqeCKHM |
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HHlKeHepHhIM 3a):(aqaM H n:OCTHraeTCSI Ha H306peTaTeJIhCKOM ypoBHe. |
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BhI60p pa3pYIlleHHhIX cBSl3eH, HX MeCTa H KOJIHqeCTBa - |
3TO OTBeT |
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CTBeHHeHillaSi 3a):(aqa rrpH rrpOeKTHpOBaHHH COOPYlKeHHSI rrOBhIIlleH HOH lKHByqecTH.
B rrp06JIeMe rrpen:OTBpameHHSI aBapHH H KaTacTpo<!;> KpaHHe BalKHhI He3aBHCHMOCTh 3KcrrepTH3 H rrOBhIIIIeHHe HX KaqeCTBa. 3ToH rrp06JIe Me rrOCBSImeHO rrHChMO fJIaBrOC3KcrrepTH3hI POCCHH (NQ 24-10-3/1281 OT 28.05.2004), B KOTOpOM rOBopHTCSI 0 rrOBhIIIIeHHH KaqeCTBa paCqeTHhIX
80 I CM. CKopo6oraTOS IKaTaCTpocj>bl H>KHSY4eCTb ...
060CHOBaHMH npoeKTHbIX peweHMH CTpOMTeJIbHbIX KOHCTPYK~MH: « ... qT06bI ocyrneCTBJIHTb paCqeTbI He MeHee qeM no .uBYM cepTM<pM~M
pOBaHHbIM He3aBMCMMO pa3pa60TaHHbIM M npOBepeHHbIM B npaKTMKe nporpaMMHbIM KOMnJIeKCaM, He06xo.uMMO npOBo.uMTb conOCTaBMTeJIb
HbIH aHaJIM3 nOJIyqeHHbIx pe3YJIbTaTOB» [2.48] CnpaBeL(JIMBO
OTMeqeHO, qTO npM ocyrnecTBJIeHMM 3TMX peKOMeH,Ua~MH He peweHbI BonpOCbI BepM<pMKa~MMnporpaMMHbIX KOMnJIeKCOB M nOBbIweHMH KBaJIM<pMKa~MMpaCqeTqMKOB no MHTepnpeTa~MMpe3YJIbTaTOB BbIqMC JIeHMH. ,LJ;aJIee OTMeqaeTCH, qTO HLlPO paCqeTHOrO nporpaMMHoro KOM nJIeKCa opMeHTMpOBaHO Ha onpe.ueJIeHMe napaMeTpOB HanpIDKeHHO
.ue<popMMpOBaHHoro COCTOHHMH, a 3Ta <PyHKIIMH npMH~MnMaJIbHOHe HopMMpyeMa. 3.ueCb MHTepeCHO BcnOMHMTb, qrO B eBponeHCKMX HOpMax
[2.19] MMeIOTCH HOBbIe orpaHMqMTeJIbHbIe napaMeTpbI K HanpIDKeHMIO M BeJI~MHaM OTHOCMTeJIbHbIX .ue<popMa~MHMaTepMaJIOB KOHCTp~MH.
3TM OrpaHMqMTeJIbHbIe napaMeTpbI CJIYJKaT cepbe3HbIMM peKOMeH,Ua
~MHMM no nOBbIweHMIO Ha.ue)l(}{OCTM KOHCTP~MH M no npe.uOTBpa meHMIO aBapMH M KaTaCTpO<p.
He3aBMCMMOCTb 3KcnepTM3 M B03MO)l(HOCTb conOCTaBMTeJIbHO ro aHaJIM3a pa3JIMqHbIX BbPIMCJIeHMH MO)l(eT 6bITb opraHM30BaHa npM KOMnOHOBKe Mo.ueJIM COOPYJKeHMH. Mo.ueJIb COOpYJKeHMH COJIM,UHO 06 CYJK,UaeTCH B pa60Te [2.49]. QT06bI He MCnOJIb30BaTb TepMMH «Mo.ueJIb» Hea.ueKBaTHO, aBTopbI [2.49] npeL(JIaraIOT MCnOJIb30BaTb CJIe.uYIOmYIO nOHHTMHHYIO MepapXMIO: <pM3MqeCKaH Mo.ueJIb, paCqeTHaH Mo.ueJIb M Ma TeMaTMqeCKaH Mo.ueJIb. l-I3BecTHo, qTO .uJIH CJIO)l(HOrO YHMKaJIbHOrO coopYJKeHMH MO)l(}{O npeL(JIO)I(MTb He O.uHy <pM3MqeCKYIO Mo.ueJIb. 3TO Bb130BeT HeCKOJIbKO BapMaHTOB paCqeTHOH MaTeMaTMqeCKOH Mo.ueJIM. 06ecneqeHHOCTb B 6e30naCHOCTM npM npOeKTMpOBaHMM npM 3TOM Kap
.uMHaJIbHO nOBbICMTCH, oc06eHHO B COqeTaHMM C MeTo.uMKoH 3anpoeKT HOro MJlM 3anpe.ueJIbHOrO npOeKTMpOBaHMH [2.50].
BblBOAbl Kpa3AeJlY 2.3
CTeneHb 3<p<peKTMBHoCTM OT.ueJIbHbIX BbIWenepeqMCJIeHHbIX pe KOMeH,Ua~MHK TMnaM KaTacTpo<p yCTaHoBMTb MO)l(}{O TOJIbKO yCJIOB HO - Me)l(L(y MeL(JIeHHbIMM KaTaCTpo<paMM TMna «TpeH,U» M «3KCTpeMYM» rpaHM~bI paCnJIbIBqaTbI.
BTOpaH, TpeTbH M qeTBepTaH peKOMeH,Ua~MM06eCneqMBaIOT npe.uOT BpaweHMe KaTacTpo<pbI TMna «TpeH,U» M qaCTMqHO TMna «3KCTpeMYM».
rnasa 2. KJlaCcHcj>HKau,HH KaTaCTpocj>... |
I 81 |
qeTBepTaH, nHTaH, wecTaH, ce.ubMaH M .ueCHTaH peKOMeH,Ua~MM nOBbI
waIOT BepoHTHoCTb npe.uoTBpameHMH KaTaCTpo<p TMna «3KcTpeMYM». DepBaH, .ueBHTaH, O.uMHHa.u~aTaH,.uBeHa.u~aTaHM TpMHa.u~aTaH pe
KOMeH,Ua~MMCHM)I(aIOT BepoHTHoCTb nOHBJIeHMH 6bICTpOH KaTaCTpo<pbI
nma «CPbIB».
PacwMpeHMe M yrOqHeHMe npeL(JIaraeMOH KJIaCcM<pMKa~MMTeXHO reHHbIX cTpOMTeJIbHbIX KaTaCTpo<p HBJlHeTCH npe.uMeToM .uaJIbHeHWMx MCCJIe.uoBaHMH (CM. rJI. 3-5 HacToHmeH MOHOrpa<pMM).
2.4.COOTHoweHllle Me>KAY TlllnaMIII KaTacTpo<l> III OTKa3aMIII no rOCT 27751-88
B aBTOpMTeTHOM faCT [2.51] MHoro BHMMaHMH y.ueJIeHO OTKa3aM, BJIMHIOmMM Ha Ha.ue)l(}{OCTb M 6e30TKa3HOCTb. O.uHaKO MHoroqMCJIeH HbIe TepMMHbI, xapaKTepM3yIOmMe MX npMqMHbI, pa3p03HeHbI M He KJIaCCM<pM~MpOBaHbIC TOqKM 3peHMH MX npe.uCKa3yeMocTM MJlM <paKTa Henpe.uCKa3yeMOCTM. TaKMe OTKa3bI MMeIOT 06mee Ha3HaqeHMe M npe.u Ha3HaqeHbI, B qaCTHOCTM, L(JIH 06JIaCTM MawMHOCTpoeHMH. ECJIM B3HTb
60JIee y3KYIO 06JIaCTb .ueHTeJIbHOCTM - CTpOMTeJIbCTBO, TO nOHBJIHeTCH B03MO)l(}{OCTb XOTH 6bI yCJIOBHOH MX KJIaCCM<pMKa~MM C TOqKM 3peHMH TMnOB KaTaCTpo<p.
DOnbITaeMCH KJIaCCM<pM~MpOBaTb3TM OTKa3bI C TOqKM 3peHMH MeL(JIeHHbIX «<TpeH,U» M «3KCTpeMYM» ) M 6bICTpOH «<CPbIB» ) KaTaCTpO<p. Ho BHaqaJIe onpe.ueJIMMCH C 06mMMM nOHHTMHMM no faCT [2.51]:
OTKa3 (failure) - C06bITMe, 3aKJIIOqaIOweeCH B HapyweHMM pa60To cnoc06HOro COCTOHHMH 06'beKTa; nOBpe)l()l.eHMe (damage) - C06bITMe, 3aKJIIOqaIOmeeCH B HapyrneHMM McnpaBHoro COCTOHHMH 06'beKTa npM coxpaHeHMM ero pa60Tocnoc06Horo COCTOHHMH; KPMTMqHOCTb OTKa3a (failure criticality) - COBOKYllHOCTb npM3HaKOB, xapaKTepM3YIOWMX no CJIe.uCTBMH OTKa3a. DOCJIe.uHee nOHHTMe CBH3aHO OrqaCTM co CTeneHbIO npe.ucKa3yeMocTM, fJIaBHbIM CMMnTOMOM npM onpe.ueJIeHMM TMna KaTa cTpo<p. KpMTepMM OTKa30B CJIe.uyeT OTJIMqaTb OT KpMTepMeB nOBpe)l()l.e HMH [2.51]. HanoMHMM, qTO no.u KpMTepMeM nOBpe)l()l.eHMH nOHMMaIOT
npM3HaKM HeMcnpaBHoro, HO pa60Tocnoc06Horo COCTOHHMH 06'beKTa. 3TO nOJIO)KeHMe MO)I(HO conOCTaBMTb C HaJI~MeM TpemMH B )KeJIe306e
TOHHOH 6aJIKe, .uocTMfIIIeH npe.ueJIbHOH BeJIMqMHbI paCKpbITMH M3 HOpM.
82 1 CM. Ct<opo60raTOB IKaTaCTpo<jlbl iii >KIiIByyeCTb ...
lIoIDITHe «KPHTHqHOCTb OTKa30B» paccMoTPHM rrO,ll,p06HeH. fOCT BBeJI rrOH5ITHe «KPHTHqHOCTh» ,ll,JI5I TOro, qT06bI KJIaCcH<pHUHpOBaTh OT
Ka3bI rro TIDKeCTH HX rrOCJIe,ll,cTBHH. lIo,ll,06Ha51 KJIaCcH<pHKaUIDI CO,ll,ep )I(lfTC5I B Me)l(,ll,yHapO,ll,HbIX,ll,oKYMeHTax, MCO, M3K H EOKK, a TaIOKe B OTeqeCTBeHHoH HopMaTHBHO-TeXHHqeCKOH ,ll,oKYMeHTaUHH Ha 06beK TbI CeJIbCKOX0351HcTBeHHoro MaIIIHHOcTPoeHIDI. lIpH KJIaCcH<pHKaUHH OTKa30B MOryr 6hITh HCrrOJIb30BaHhI HeCKOJIhKO KaTeropHH OTKa30B.
B Me)l(,ll,)'Hap0,ll,HbIX ,ll,oKYMeHTax MCO, M3K, EOKK yqTeHbI KpHTH qeCKHe (critical) H HeKpHTHqeCKHe (non-critical) OTKa3hI. lIocJIe,ll,HHe OTKa3bI rrO,ll,pa3,ll,eJI5lIOT Ha cYIUecTBeHHhIe (major) H HecYIUecTBeHHhIe
(minor). CrrpaBe,ll,JIHBO H rrpaBoMepHo OTMeqaeTC5I, qTO rpaHHUhI Me)l()Jy KareropH5IMH OTKa30B YCJIOBHhI. lIpHMeHHTeJIbHo K CJIO)l(JlhIM CTPOH TeJIhHhIM coopYllCeHH5IM HHTepeCHO 3aMeqaHHe, qTO «HeCYIUecTBeHHhIH OTKa3 06beKTa», BXO,ll,5lIUerO B COCTaB 60JIee OTBeTCTBeHHoro 06beKTa, MO)l(eT paccMaTPHBaThC5I KaK CYIUeCTBeHHhIH HJIH ,ll,a)I(e KpHTHqeCKHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rrOCJIe,ll,CTBHH OTKa3a CJIO)l(Jloro 06beKTa.
B pe3YJIbTaTe aHaJIH3a rroIDITHH H TepMHHOB [2.51] MO)I(JIO rrpe,ll,rro JIO)l(lfTh, qTO Me,ll,JIeHHa51 KaTacTPo<pa THrra «TPeH,ll,» corJIacyeTcH C OTKa
3aMH THrra «51BHbIH OTKa3» H «rrOCTerreHHbIH OTKa3»
«<gradualfailure»). 51BHbIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, 06Hap~BaeMhIHBH3YaJIhHO HJIH IIITaTHhIMH MeTO,ll,aMH H Cpe,ll,CTBaMH KOHTPOJI5I H ,ll,HarHOCTHKH.
lIOCTerreHHhIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, B03HHKaIOIUHH B pe3YJIhTaTe rro CTerreHHoro H3MeHeHH5I BeJIHqHH O,ll,HOro HJIH HeCKOJIhKHX rrapaMeT POB 06beKTa. 3Ta xapaKTepHCTHKa MO)l(eT 6hITh rrepeHeceHa K Hapac TaHHIO rrpom60B H pacKphITHIO TPeIUHH B )I(eJIe306eTOHe, T. e. K THrry «TPeH,ll,» .
Me,ll,JIeHHaH KaTaCTPO<pa THrra (<3KcTPeMYM» cOfJIacyeTc5I C OTKa3aMH THrra «,ll,erpaUHOHHhIH OTKa3» ( «wear outfailure» «againgfailure» ) H «pe CypCHbIH OTKa3» «<marginalfailure») ..nerpaUHOHHhIH OTKaJ 06yCJIOBJIeH eCTeCTBeHHhIMH rrpoueccaMH CTapeHH5I H H3HaIIIHBaHH5I, qTO MO)l(eT 6bITb a,ll,eKBaTHO rrepepaCTaHHIO MHKpOTpeIUHH B Me30- H MaKpOTpe IUHHbI B 6eTOHe. qTO KaCaeTC5I KOPP03HH H yCTaJIOCTH, TO 3TO MO)l(eT 6bITb OTHeceHO K CKpbITOMy OTKa3Y B )I(eJIe306eTOHe.
PecypCHhIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, B pe3YJIhTaTe KOTOpOro 06beKT ,ll,OCTHra eT rrpe,ll,eJIbHOrO COCT05lHIDI. O,ll,HaKO 3TO rrOIDITHe CB5I3aHO C rrOIDITHeM «OCTaTOqHbIH pecypc» «<residual li/e») , ,ll,JI5I KOTOpOro MO)I(JIO XOT5I 6hI rHrrOTeTHqeCKH rrO,ll,CqHTaTb Hapa60TKy, T. e. rrp0,ll,OJI)I(HTeJIhHOCTh pa60ThI.
rllaBa 2. KllaccliI<jllilt<a41i11i1 t<aTaCTpo<jl ... |
1 83 |
EbICTpa51 KaTacTpo<pa THrra «CPhIB» |
(<<splitting») cOfJIacyeTc5I C OT |
Ka3aMH THrra «CKPhIThIH OTKa3» «<latentfailure») H «KOHCTPYKTHBHhIH OTKa3» «<design ailure»). CKPhITbIH OTKa3 - OTKa3, He 06Hap~BaeMbIH
BIf3YaJIbHO HJIH IIITaTHhIMH MeTO,ll,aMH H cpe,ll,CTBaMH KOHTpOJI51 H ,ll,H arHOCTHpOBaHH5I. B )I(eJIe306eTOHe 3TOT OTKa3 06HapYllCHTb Tpy,ll,HO, ero MO)I(JIO 06Hapy)I(HTh He3aBHCHMOH 3KcrrepTH30H HJIH CIIJIOIIIHhIM ceHCMOMeTPmeCKHM rrp03ByqHBaHHeM. KOHCTPYKTHBHbIH OTKa3 - OT Ka3, CBH3aHHhIH C OIIIH6KaMH rrpH rrpOeKTHpOBaHHH, KOTOphIH Tpy,ll,HO 06Hap~Th, TaK KaK MHOme ro,ll,bI KOHCTPYKUH5I MO)l(eT 3KCIIJIYaTH pOBaTbC5I rrpH rrOHH)I(eHHbIX 3KCIIJIYaTaUHOHHhIX Harpy3Kax.
MCrrOJIb30BaHHe rrOH5ITHH H TepMHHOB H3 ,ll,pymx OTPaCJIeH HaYKH
If TeXHHKH (CM. fOCT rro Ha,ll,e)I(JIOCTH crroc06CTBOBaJIO 60
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6. Pa3pa6oTKa TeopHH KaTaCTpoepbI rro THrry «3KCTpeMYM» Heo6xo
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KOTOpbIX ern;e He orrpe,UeJIeHbI 3aKOHbI H He HaKOIIJIeHbI CTaTHCTWIeCKHe oueHKH pcrrpe,UeJIeHH1I CBOHCTB MaTepHaJIa rrpH rrOCTpOeHHH MeTO,UHKH Ha,Ue)I(JIOCTH. .
Ib1TepaTypa KrllaBe 2
2.1. Aeapuu u KamacmporjJbl. IlpeoynpeJICoeHue u AUKeuoau,UJl no
cAeocmeuu; KH. 5 I |
Iloo peo. B.A. KOmAJlpeeCK020 u A. B. 3a6e2aeea. |
M.: ACB, 2001. - |
416 c. |
2.2. Ky3Heu,oe B. H., IlucapeHKo B. CP., POOKUH M. B. K np06AeMe KAaCcurjJuKau,uu KamacmporjJ: napaMempu3au,UJI e030eucmeuu u yllJ,ep6a II Fe03KoA02UJ1. - 1998. - Ng 1. - C. 16-29.
2.3.IIIneme r. HaOeJICHOCmb HecyllJ,UX cmpoumeAbHblX KOHcmpyK u,uu. - M.: Cmpouu30am, 1974. - 288c.
2.4.EemoHHble u JlCeAe306emoHHbie KOHcmpyKu,uu. OCHoeHbie nOAOJICe
HUJl. CHuIl 52-01-2003. - M: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2004. -
2.5. EemoHHbte u JlCeAe306emOHHbie KOHcmpyKu,uu 6e3 npeoeapumeAb H020 HanpJlJICeHUJI apMamypbl. Ceoo npaeWl no npoeKmupoeaHUIO u cmpou meAbcmey CIl 52-101-2003. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2005. -
rnasa 2. KllaccVlepVlKal.\VIVI KaTaCTpoep ... |
1 85 |
2.6. IlpeoeapumeAbHo HanpJlJICeHHble JlCeAe306emoHHble KOHcmpyK u,uu. Ceoo npaeWl no npoeKmupoeaHUIO u cmpoumeAbcmey. CIl 52-102 2004. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2004. -
2.7. Ha2pY3Ku u e03oeucmeUJI. CHuIl 2.01.07-85*. - M.: MUHcmpou Poccuu, 1996. - 43 c.
2.8.FOCT 27751-88 (CT C3B 384-87). HaOeJICHOCmb cmpoumeAb HblX KOHcmpyKu,uu u oCHoeaHuu. OCHoeHble nOAOJICeHUJI pac'lema c U3Me HeHUJIMU om 21.12.93; Ng 18-54.
2.9.IlpaeWla 06cAeooeaHuJl HecyllJ,UX cmpoumeAbHblX KOHcmpyKu,uu
30aHuu u coopyJICeHuu. C800 npa8W1 CIl 13-102-2003. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 2004. -
2.10. HHJlCeHepHaJI 3allJ,Uma meppumopuu, 30aHuu u coopyJICeHuu om onaCHblX 2eOA02U'leCKUX npou,eCC08. OCH08Hbie nOAOJICeHUJI npoeKmup08a HUJl. CHuIl 2.01.15-90. - M.: Foccmpou Poccuu, 1991. - 32c.
2.11. TCH 31-332-2006. )/(Wlble u 06llJ,eCm8eHHble 30aHUJI. - CaHKm JIemep6yp2: Ilpa8umeAbcm80 CaHKm-Ilemep6yp2a, 2006. - 56 c.
2.12. MFCH 3.01-01. )/(uAble 30aHUJI. - M.: Ilpa8umeAbcm80 MOCK8bl, 2001. - 52 c.
2.13.MFCH 4.19. MH020rjJyHKU,UOH(JJlbHble 8blcomHble 30aHUJI U KOM nAeKCbl. - M.: Ilpa8umeJIbcm80 MOCK8bl, 2005.
2.14.PeKoMeHoau,uu no 3allJ,ume JlCWlblX 30aHuu cmeHoeblX KOHcm
pYKmU8HbIXcucmeM npu '1pe38bl'lauHblXcumyau,UJIX. - M.: MHHHT3Il, 3AO CTAJ(HO. - 2000.
2.15. PeKoMeHoau,uu no 3allJ,Ume JlCWlblX KapKaCHblX 30aHuu npu '1pe3 8bl'laUHblX cumyau,UJIX. - M.: MHHHT3Il, 2002.
2.16.Iloc06ue K MFCH 3.01-96. )/(Wlble 30aHUJlI MHHHT3II. M.: FYIl «HHAIk>, 1997.
2.17.MFCH 5.01-94*. CmOJlHKU Ae2KoebIX a8moM06W1eu.
2.18.EN 1991-1-2002. Eurcode 1. Actions on Structures. E8poneucKue HOpMbl. E8pOKOO 1. B03oeucm8UJ1 Ha KOHcmpyKu,uu.
2.19. Pr EN 1992-1-1. Eurocode 2. Design ofconcrete structures - Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings. Supersedes (3aMeHJlem) ENV 1992-1-1, ENV 1992-1-3, ENV ENV ENV 1992-1-6 and ENV 1992-3. IlpoeKmup08aHue 6emoHHbix (JlCeAe30 6emoHHbix KOHcmpyKu,uu. 06llJ,ue npa8W1a u npa8W1a OAJI 30aHuu. April 2003.,225pp.).
2.20. EN 1990-2002. Eurocode O. Basis ofstructural design (OCH08bl npoeKmup08aHUJl KOHcmpYKu,uu).